西方語言學簡史16

1、Teaching goal DistributionalismDistributionalism American scholar, L. Bloomfield, proposed his own general theory of language, which was developed and systematized by his students under the name distributionalism美國語言學家。芝加哥博士。一戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)后，美國語言學家。芝加哥博士。一戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)后，布龍菲爾德開始研究菲律賓的他加祿語布龍菲爾德開始研究菲律賓的他加祿語,后后又研究馬來又研究馬來 -波

2、利尼西亞諸語言。波利尼西亞諸語言。1917 年后，研究北美印第安人的阿爾貢金諸語年后，研究北美印第安人的阿爾貢金諸語他和他和G.M.博林、博林、E.H.斯特蒂文特兩人聯(lián)名斯特蒂文特兩人聯(lián)名倡議設立美國語言學會倡議設立美國語言學會,出了會刊出了會刊語言語言，從此語言學在美國的地位蒸蒸日上，成為從此語言學在美國的地位蒸蒸日上，成為一門獨立的科學。一門獨立的科學。受行為主義心理學家受行為主義心理學家影響，影響，Bloomfield認為，人類行為（心理）認為，人類行為（心理）以語言為基礎，那么解釋語言現象就不能以語言為基礎，那么解釋語言現象就不能求助于心理，而要在物理世界中找原因，求助于心理，而要在物

3、理世界中找原因，這就是所謂這就是所謂“物理主義物理主義”。這種語言學理。這種語言學理論的根源，是哲學上的邏輯實證主義。布論的根源，是哲學上的邏輯實證主義。布龍菲爾德承認語言是有意義的，也承認有龍菲爾德承認語言是有意義的，也承認有愛情、忠心、智力等，但是覺得這些東西愛情、忠心、智力等，但是覺得這些東西不能用客觀方法來觀察測量，因此暫時不不能用客觀方法來觀察測量，因此暫時不必去研究必去研究 。1933年他寫出了名著年他寫出了名著語言語言論論.以后以后20年間此書成為美國語言學家的年間此書成為美國語言學家的必讀書。必讀書。 The philosophical foundation of distri

4、butionalism is the behaviorist psychology. Behaviorist psychology: its representative is Russian psychologist Ivan Pavolv; the American psychologist J. B. Watson, and B.F.Skinner. Behaviorist psychology attempts to explain psychological functioning in terms of observed behavioral data, standingin co

5、ntrast to introspective psychology, which appeals tothe notion of a mental state. Behaviorist psychologyHuman conduct is totally Explicable on the basis of the Situations in which it occurs, Independently of all “internal”Factors.Speech must also be explainedBy the external conditions Surrounding it

6、s production.mechanismmentalismSpeech must be explainedas an effect of the thoughts of the speaking subjectin contrast to Language is a possibility that Jill, seeing an apple, may ask Jack to pick it instead of doing it herself. SrsR Distributional Analysis corpusTo probe into linguisticregularities

7、The search for regularitiesCan be based on linear Context (environment)A set of utterances produced by users of the language at a given historical periodTo decompose the utteranceinto their immediate Constituents (IC) The IC analysis of a sentence The president of the united states has opened the Wo

8、rld Series. Whats the contribution of IC analysis of utterance?a. Attributing a hierarchical construction to the sentence.b. To classify the ICs, obtaining distributional classes 1st stage: to find broad series of classes 2nd stage: to subdivide the main classesDiscoveryproceduresMechanically produc

9、e a grammatical description Based on a corpus, arriving at classes that are increasinglyhomogeneous Distributionalism and Sassurianism departing from The specification of unitsSassurianismdistributionalismElements are never given, and their discovery is one with the discovery of the systemIn order t

10、o establish the distribution of a unit, its necessaryto have identified a certain unit and the units that constitutes its environment as wellThe difficulties pertaining to the specification of units imposed on distributionalism:IC analysis is not well-suited to the demarcation of units smaller than

11、the word. discharge; repel1. 2. Analysis into IC doesnt help in the identification of the occurrence of a given unit. The analogy between distributionalism and glossematics similaritiesLanguage is a set of combinational regularitiesdifferenceGlossematicsDistributionalism1.Concerned both with the lev

12、el of expression and with the level of content 2. Units may coexist with unit Of a higher levelConcerned with the level of expression2. being linear Among Sassures disciples, the opposition between the glossematicians and the functionalists has its correlative in the American school, namely, in the

13、opposition between Pikes theory of tagmemics and strict distributionalism Etic (phonetic):（(非位） refusing all hypothesis concerning the function of the events being reported and in characterizing them only by means of spatio-temporal criteria. （對語言的各種物理模式加以描寫，不考慮它們在語言系統(tǒng)中的功能） Emic ( phonemic) : (位） In

14、terpreting events according to their particular function in the particular cultural world to which they belong.（充分考慮各種功能關系，建立一個由抽象對立單位組成的封閉系統(tǒng)作為描寫的基礎） According to Pike, distributionalism is an example of an etic（非位）, or exterior point of view on language. In order to choose among the multiple rules and classification that are equally acceptable fr