現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用法——持續(xù)性用法

1、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用法持續(xù)性用法現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用法持續(xù)性用法持續(xù)性用法肯定句，疑問(wèn)句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞：表示過(guò)去已經(jīng)開(kāi)始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。此時(shí)常與“for 一段時(shí)間或“since過(guò)去的點(diǎn)時(shí)間或從句從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)以及so far到目前為止等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。for + 段時(shí)間since +點(diǎn)時(shí)間 實(shí)例：1I've lived here since 1990自從1990年以來(lái)我就住在這里。  = I've lived here since 13 years ago.= I've lived here for 13 years.

2、60; = It is 13 years since I began to live here.2I haven't seen him for three years 我三年沒(méi)有看見(jiàn)他了。  = I haven't seen him since three years ago .  = It is 3 years since I saw him last time.3Mr Wang has worked in the factory since he came to the city    自從到這

3、個(gè)城市以來(lái)，王先生一直在這家工廠工作。4She's been at this school since five years ago   自從五年前以來(lái)她就在這個(gè)學(xué)校。注意：在這類句子的肯定句和疑問(wèn)句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。短暫性動(dòng)詞由于動(dòng)作不能持續(xù)，故不能與for(到達(dá)；累計(jì))或since自從。到現(xiàn)在引出的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。對(duì)for和since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)提問(wèn)要用How long1  他入團(tuán)兩年了。誤：He has joined the League for two years正：He has been a League membe

4、r for two years2我買這輛自行車三年了。誤：I have bought this bike for three years正：I have had this bike for three years2  局部短暫性動(dòng)詞與之對(duì)應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞：  短暫性動(dòng)詞                延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞die        

5、;             be deadborrow                  keep  buy/catch                

6、;haveget up                   be  up  come                    be  in  finish   &

7、#160;               be  over  leaver                   be  away  open          &

8、#160;         be  open  close                    be  closed  begin             &

9、#160;      be  on  become  interested  in        be  interested  in一般過(guò)去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)所表示的動(dòng)作都發(fā)生在過(guò)去，那么這兩種時(shí)態(tài)有什么區(qū)別呢？一般過(guò)去時(shí)與具體的表示過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)如：yesterday連用；強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作在過(guò)去發(fā)生，與現(xiàn)在無(wú)關(guān)。      現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與自已的特征詞連用，強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在

10、的影響或過(guò)去開(kāi)始發(fā)生一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作。例： He saw the film last night. (過(guò)去時(shí)，表示他昨晚看過(guò)那部電影了，現(xiàn)在不知還要不要再看一次)He has (ever) seen the film before.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，表時(shí)他已看過(guò)那部電影，現(xiàn)在不想再看了穩(wěn)固練習(xí)：I按要求轉(zhuǎn)換以下各句，每空一詞。1、He has already finished his homework改為否認(rèn)句   He _ finished his homework _2They have found the lost books already改為一般疑問(wèn)句，并

11、作否認(rèn)答復(fù)    _ they _ the lost books _？No，they_3Julia has not got home from school yet改為肯定句    Julia _ _ _ home from school 4You have never been to Shanghai before，_ _ ？改為反意疑問(wèn)句5.  Hes gone to Beijing, _ _?改為反意疑問(wèn)句6Mr Wang began to teach English in th

12、is school in 1999改為同義句   Mr Wang _ _ English in this school since 19997. He  hasnt  left  home  for  3  days.(同義句)  He _has_ _not_ _been_ home for 3 days.8. They have lived here since 3 years ago.  (對(duì)劃線提問(wèn)) II選擇正確答案。(    )1Who is M

13、ary ？         _？I saw you talking with her at the meeting        ADon't you meet her yet          BDidn't you met her yet       CHaven

14、9;t you met her yet           DHadn't you met her yet(    )2How do you like Beijing ，Mr Black？         Oh ，I  _ such a beautiful city       

15、Adon't visit           Bdidn't visit       Chaven't visited              Dhadn't visited(    )3The old people  _ lonely

16、 at all since we began to visit them once a week       Adon't feel              Bhasn't felt       Chaven't felt        

17、60;           D.didnt feel(    ) 4We have lived here  _  five years ago       Awhen          Bsince        

18、60;    Cbefore             Dafter11.11 用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型1It is the first / second time. that結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句局部，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 It is the first time that I have visited the city. It was the third time that the boy had been late.2This is

19、 the that結(jié)構(gòu)，that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí). This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. 這是我看過(guò)的最好的電影。 This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing.這是我第一次聽(tīng)他唱歌。典型例題(1) -Do you know our town at all? -No, this is the first time I _ here.A. was have been C. came D. am

20、 coming (2) -Have you _ been to our town before? -No, it's the first time I _ here.A. even, come B. even, have comeC. ever, come D. ever, have come 注意：非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的否認(rèn)形式可以與表示延續(xù)時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。即動(dòng)作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)是可以持續(xù)的。錯(cuò)I have received his letter for a month.對(duì)I haven't received his letter for

21、 almost a month.            二、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的根本用法1.動(dòng)作開(kāi)始于過(guò)去，結(jié)束于過(guò)去，但和現(xiàn)在的情況關(guān)系密切。例如：-Can I help you with your homework?-Thank you all the same. I have finished it already?從這里可以看出，“做作業(yè)這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生于過(guò)去，而且也結(jié)束于過(guò)去，但和現(xiàn)在關(guān)系密切。“Thank you all the same.暗指無(wú)須幫助?，F(xiàn)在由于做完了fini

22、shed已不用幫助。強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“做完這個(gè)動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響。2.動(dòng)作發(fā)生于過(guò)去一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。這個(gè)動(dòng)作可能是屢次發(fā)生，也可能是表示某種狀態(tài)或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。例如：I have lived here since 1979.He has worked in Beijing for 20 years.在這個(gè)用法中，有一點(diǎn)需要特別注意，即含有中止或短暫意義的詞不能跟一段時(shí)間搭配。例如：我們?nèi)绻氡磉_(dá)“他已離開(kāi)此地兩天了。不能說(shuō)“He has left for two days.而應(yīng)說(shuō)成“He has been away for two days.像此類型的單詞不多，大致有：begin，end，come，go，

23、leave，join，die等。三、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的標(biāo)志詞是否使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不僅可以通過(guò)了解句子的漢語(yǔ)意思套用其根本用法，還可以通過(guò)觀察時(shí)間標(biāo)志詞。和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)主要有以下三種：1.句中出現(xiàn) just，never，ever， already， yet等詞時(shí)句子一般使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例如： I have already had my lunch.He hasn't found the answer to the question yet.2.for 一段時(shí)間或since點(diǎn)時(shí)間或引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句一般多為過(guò)去時(shí)。例如：He has b

24、een a teacher for 20 years.I have known him since we were little-boys.3.so far(到目前為止)，in the past/last表示一段時(shí)間的詞語(yǔ)。例如：I haven't seen him so far.He hasn't talked with me in the past/three days.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) Present perfect  by Mr. Fu肯定句式： We have just finished our homework   She has

25、gone home一般疑問(wèn)句式： Have you read this story book yet？特殊疑問(wèn)句及反意疑問(wèn)句結(jié)構(gòu)如下： What have you done with my bike? You've read this story book, haven't you?注意：1現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的一般疑問(wèn)句往往在句末加yet。2把現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的一般疑問(wèn)句譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)，往往譯成“過(guò)嗎？、“已經(jīng)了嗎？等。3其肯定答復(fù)用“Yes，havehas，否認(rèn)答復(fù)用“No，haven'thasn't，有時(shí)用“No，not yet或“No，never。接觸三：否認(rèn)句式：現(xiàn)在完成

26、時(shí)的否認(rèn)句式是“haven'thasn't過(guò)去分詞。如： We haven't studied Unit 2 yet   The train hasn't stopped yet注意：1現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否認(rèn)句句末往往加yet。2否認(rèn)句常譯為“還沒(méi)有等?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)穩(wěn)固練習(xí)一I. 用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。1. I_never_speakto a foreigner2. _Tom_returnthe library book？ Yes，he has   When_he_returnit？  

27、     Half an hour agoII. 按要求轉(zhuǎn)換以下各句，每空一詞。1. He has found nothing in the room改為一般疑問(wèn)句      _he found_in the  room？2. I have already finished the work改為否認(rèn)句   I_finished the work_.3. She has got a notebook對(duì)劃線局部提問(wèn)    _ _s

28、he got？4. They've never learned Japanese,_ _改為反意疑問(wèn)句接觸四：用法之一：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生或完成的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。如：Have you read that story？你讀過(guò)那個(gè)故事嗎？“讀這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響是：是否知道故事的內(nèi)容。I have bought two apples 我買了兩個(gè)蘋果?！百I這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的結(jié)果是：擁有兩個(gè)蘋果。I have already finished my homework我已經(jīng)做完家庭作業(yè)了。He has just had his meal

29、他剛吃過(guò)飯。Have you ever sung this English song？你曾唱過(guò)這首英文歌嗎？They haven't started yet他們還沒(méi)有動(dòng)身。We have never heard of it我們從來(lái)沒(méi)有聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)這件事。接觸五：用法之二 :表示過(guò)去已經(jīng)開(kāi)始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。注：這一用法即現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法因?yàn)楸硎镜氖浅掷m(xù)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，所以使用的動(dòng)詞通常是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞：be, stay, study, wait, keep, have 等；使用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)通常由for或since 引導(dǎo)，但二者后接的詞有所不同：for后常

30、跟一個(gè)時(shí)間段，指某個(gè)動(dòng)作到現(xiàn)在為止已持續(xù)了多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，如for three years, for half an hour等。 since 作介詞，后面可以接一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)，如since 1980，也可以接“一段時(shí)間+ago,如: since three years ago, since two months ago等。since 還可用作連詞，引導(dǎo)一個(gè)過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。如：We have known each other since we went to college.非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞不能直接和for 或since 連用，但我們可以找一個(gè)相應(yīng)的

31、延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)來(lái)替換這些非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，如:comebe, come tobe in / at, go out be out, leavebe away, begin / startbe on, stop be over，buy have, borrow keep, openbe open, closebe closed, joinbe a member of, diebe dead, catch a coldhave a cold, get to knowknow, become a teacher be a teacher, fall asleepbe asleep, fall ill

32、 be ill等。句型It is the first second, third.) time that.的that從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞須用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，表示到說(shuō)話時(shí)為止動(dòng)作發(fā)生過(guò)幾次。如：It is the first time that I have been here. 接觸六：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的用法比擬現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響；一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間在過(guò)去。試比擬：The plane has arrived . 飛機(jī)已經(jīng)來(lái)了。說(shuō)明現(xiàn)在的情況：飛機(jī)在這兒。The plane arrived a quarter of an hour ago.