醫(yī)學(xué)英語第一學(xué)期試題

1、Unit OneII. Vocabulary StudyPart A1Plasma 2Cholesterol 3cytoplasm 4chromosomes5Osmosis 6diffusion 7ribosomes 8Filtration9phagocytosis 10homeostasisPart B1be involved in 2permeable 3decompose 4hypotheses5broke off 6facilitate 7engulfed 8floats9collide, collide 10diluteIII. Translation Part A1. Althou

2、gh the DNA in the nucleus of each cell contains all of the genetic information for all human traits, only a small number of genes are actually active in a particular cell. These active genes are the codes for the proteins necessary for the specific cell type.盡管每一個(gè)細(xì)胞核中的 DNA 都包含有人類特性的所有遺傳信息，但實(shí)際只有少數(shù)基因在

3、特定細(xì)胞中有活性，這些活性基因是特有的細(xì)胞類型所必需的蛋白密碼。2. In facilitated diffusion, molecules move through a membrane from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration, but they need some help to do this.在易化擴(kuò)散中，分子經(jīng)一層膜從高濃度區(qū)域向低濃度區(qū)域移動(dòng)，但分子要完成這一工作需要某些幫助。3. The cell membrane is selectively permeable, that

4、 is, certain substances arepermitted to pass through and others are not.細(xì)胞膜的滲透性是有選擇性的，即某些物質(zhì)允許通過，而其他物質(zhì)則不行。4. Filtration means that water and dissolved materials are forced through a membrane from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure.過濾是指水和已溶解物質(zhì)經(jīng)一層膜從高壓區(qū)到低壓區(qū)。5. Active transport requi

5、res the energy of ATP to move molecules from an area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration.主動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)需要 ATP 這種能量，使分子從低濃度區(qū)域向高濃度區(qū)域移動(dòng)。Part B1. 體內(nèi)平衡取決于所有不同類型的細(xì)胞正常地發(fā)揮功能。(depend upon)Homeostasis depends upon the normal functions of all of the different kinds of cells.2. 就人口和地域而言，這兩個(gè)國家差異很大。

6、(with respect to)With respect to population and geographical area, these two countries vary greatly.3. 染色體由脫氧核糖核酸和蛋白構(gòu)成，而脫氧核糖核酸又是細(xì)胞特征和活性的遺傳密碼。(genetic code)Chromosomes are made of DNA and protein, and the DNA is the genetic code for the characteristics and activities of the cell.4. 氧氣從空氣中擴(kuò)散到血液以便在全身循環(huán)

7、，而二氧化碳從血液散播到空氣中以便排出體外。(diffuse)Oxygen diffuses from the air to the blood to be circulated throughout the body, but carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the air to be exhaled from the body.5. 科學(xué)不斷地提供新的發(fā)現(xiàn)，從而進(jìn)一步支持了他的假設(shè)。(back up)Science continued to throw up discoveries, which further backed up his

8、 hypothesis. Unit Two II. Vocabulary Study Part A1Vasodilation 2metabolism 3Anabolism 4neurons5dehydration 6hemoglobin 7catabolism 8thyroxine9digestive 10peristalsisPart B1Transferring 2saturate 3fluctuate 4evaporate5radiation 6encompass 7humidity 8generate9convection 10disperseIII. Translation Part

9、 A1. At either end of the age spectrum, however, temperature regulation may not be as precise as it is in older children or younger adults.然而，在年齡段兩端的人群，其體溫調(diào)節(jié)精確程度都不如少年或青年人。2. The pathways of heat loss from the body are the skin, respiratory tract, and to a lesser extent, the urinary and digestive tra

10、cts.人體散熱途徑是經(jīng)皮膚、呼吸道，少量經(jīng)尿道和消化道散熱。3. Changes in body temperature also have an effect on metabolic rate and heat production. This becomes clinically important when a person has a fever, an abnormally high body temperature.人體體溫的變化也會(huì)影響代謝率和產(chǎn)熱。當(dāng)一個(gè)人發(fā)熱、體溫異常升高時(shí)從臨床上講，體溫變化就顯得重要了。4. Anabolism means synthesis or “

11、formation” reactions, the bonding together of smaller molecules to form larger ones.合成代謝是指綜合或“形成”性反應(yīng)，即把小的分子結(jié)合在一起形成更大的分子。5. Catabolism means decomposition, the breaking of bonds of larger molecules to form smaller molecules. Cell respiration is a series of catabolic reactions that break down food mol

12、ecules to carbon dioxide and water.分解代謝是指分解，即將較大分子的鍵打斷使其分解成小分子。細(xì)胞呼吸過程就是一連串的分解代謝反應(yīng)將食物分子分解成二氧化碳和水。Part B1. 新陳代謝是指發(fā)生在生物體內(nèi)的化學(xué)過程，可分為合成代謝和分解代謝兩類。 (metabolism)Metabolism refers to the chemical reactions that take place in the living organisms.It may be divided into two major categories: anabolism and catab

13、olism.2. 正常人的體溫為 37。隨個(gè)體、年齡、活動(dòng)量和每日早晚略有差異，但波動(dòng)幅度不超過 l。(fluctuation)The normal body temperature is 37oC, and varies by person, age, activity, and time of day, but the fluctuations are usually no more than 1.0oC.3. 在正常情況下，人體通過體溫調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)使體溫保持相對(duì)穩(wěn)定。(constant)Under normal conditions, human body is able to mainta

14、in a relatively constant body temperature through the system of temperature regulation.4. 與生活在熱帶地區(qū)的人相比，在寒冷氣候下生活的人，新陳代謝率要高10%20%。(metabolic rate) People who live in cold climates may have metabolic rates 10% to 20% higher than those who live in tropical regions.5. 人體體溫的調(diào)節(jié)主要是通過汗腺的分泌及皮膚血管的收縮與舒張。(excret

15、ion)Human body temperature is mainly regulated through the excretion of sweat gland and vasodilation and constriction of blood vessels in the skin. Unit Three II. Vocabulary Study Part A1nicotine 2contractions 3myocardium 4pulmonary5arrhythmia 6Ventricular 7diastole 8fibrillation9systole 10membraneP

16、art B1simultaneous 2accumulated 3coordinate 4consistency5Spontaneous 6acceleration 7strategies 8strenuously9distinctive 10specializedIII. Translation Part A1. Ventricular contraction forces blood against the flaps of the right and left AV valves and closes them; the force of blood also opens the aor

17、tic and pulmonary semilunar valves.心室收縮使血液施壓于左右房室瓣并使其關(guān)閉；血液的壓力也使主動(dòng)脈半月瓣和肺動(dòng)脈半月瓣打開。2. Palpations are usually not serious, and may be the result of too much caffeine, nicotine, or alcohol. Much more serious is ventricular fibrillation, a very rapid and uncoordinated ventricular beat that is totally ineff

18、ective for pumping blood.心悸通常不會(huì)很嚴(yán)重，可能因攝入的咖啡因、尼古丁或酒精過量引起。更為嚴(yán)重的是室顫，室顫是一種快速而無節(jié)律的心室跳動(dòng)，可以導(dǎo)致心臟無效泵血。3. Although the heart generates and maintains its own beat, the rate of contraction can be changed to adapt to different situations. The nervous system can and does bring about necessary changes in heart rat

19、e as well as in force of contraction盡管心臟自身產(chǎn)生心跳并維持心跳，但為了適應(yīng)不同情況還可以改變收縮率。神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)能使心率和心肌收縮力進(jìn)行必要的改變。4. The heart will also be the effector in a reflex stimulated by a decrease in the oxygen content of the blood. The aortic receptors are strategically located so as to detect such an important change as soon

20、as blood leaves the heart.心臟在受到血氧量下降激起的反射中起到效應(yīng)器的作用。主動(dòng)脈感受器的位置非常關(guān)鍵，因而在血液從心臟泵出時(shí)，感受器能探查出其重要的變化。5. The cardiac cycle is a sequence of mechanical events that is regulated by the electrical activity of the myocardium. Cardiac muscle cells have the ability to contract spontaneously, that is, nerve impulses

21、are not required to causecontraction.心循環(huán)是一系列受到心肌電活性調(diào)節(jié)的機(jī)械性活動(dòng)。心肌細(xì)胞能自主收縮即不需要神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)而引起收縮。Part B1. 房顫是一種常見的不規(guī)律的心臟節(jié)律，房顫能引起心房，即心臟上腔室不正常收縮。(atrial fibrillation)Atrial fibrillation is a very common irregular heart rhythm that causes the atria,the upper chambers of the heart, to contract abnormally.2. 心電圖是用電來記錄

22、心臟的活動(dòng)，作用是協(xié)助診斷動(dòng)脈疾病、心肌梗死及一些先天性心臟病。(electrocardiogram)The electrocardiogram (ECG) is an electrical recording of heart action and aids in the diagnosis of artery disease, myocardial infarction, and some congenital heart diseases.3. 強(qiáng)烈要求高等教育改革的呼聲遍及全國，人大代表對(duì)此也做了提案。 (permeate)A strong desire for higher educ

23、ation reform permeates the whole country, for which deputies to the Peoples Congress have also made their proposals.4. 心律不齊即是心跳不規(guī)律，幾乎每個(gè)人都有心律不齊的經(jīng)歷。(arrhythmia)Arrhythmia means the irregular heartbeat, which nearly every individual can experience.5. 為了嬰兒飲食安全，他們正在努力研制盡善盡美的嬰兒配方奶粉。(formula)They are worki

24、ng on the perfection of the new milk powder formula to ensure the diet safety of the babies. Unit Four II. Vocabulary Study Part A1platelets 2physiological 3Extracellular 4nitrogen5Indigestible 6urinary 7lymphatic 8glycogen9deoxygenated 10oxidationPart B1excrete 2Evolution 3stabilize 4locomotion5not

25、ion 6dysfunction 7intricate 8endowed9liberate 10exquisitelyIII. Translation Part A1. The success of physiology in explaining how organisms perform their daily tasks is based on the notion that they are intricate and exquisite machines whose operation is governed by the laws of physics and chemistry.

26、生理學(xué)成功地解釋了生物體如何進(jìn)行日?；顒?dòng)，基于的觀點(diǎn)是生物體好比是結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜而靈巧的機(jī)器，其運(yùn)行機(jī)制受物理和化學(xué)規(guī)律的調(diào)控。2. Although it is helpful to study how each organ performs its functions, it is essential to recognize that the activity of the body as a whole is dependent on the intricate interactions between the various organ systems.雖然研究各器官如何行使功能很有益處，

27、但我們必須認(rèn)識(shí)到機(jī)體作為一個(gè)整體所做的活動(dòng)依賴于各器官系統(tǒng)間錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的相互作用。3. If there is an excess of potassium in the extracellular fluid, the cardiac muscle cells become too excitable and may contract at inappropriate times rather than in a coordinated manner.如果細(xì)胞外液中鉀離子過多，心肌細(xì)胞的興奮性增強(qiáng)，可能出現(xiàn)不規(guī)律收縮。4. A negative feedback loop requires a

28、 sensor of some kind that responds to the variable in question but not to other physiological variables.負(fù)反饋環(huán)是在機(jī)體出現(xiàn)紊亂時(shí)，通過感受器對(duì)出現(xiàn)的各種問題做出反應(yīng)，不是對(duì)其他生理變化做出反應(yīng)。5. Each functional structure contributes its share to the maintenance of homeostatic conditions in the extracellular fluid, which is called the intern

29、al environment.每個(gè)功能結(jié)構(gòu)都在維持細(xì)胞外液穩(wěn)態(tài)方面發(fā)揮其作用，這稱之為內(nèi)環(huán)境。 Part B1. 血小板和血漿蛋白通過阻止傷口繼續(xù)流血并修復(fù)傷口，從而維持機(jī)體的穩(wěn)態(tài)。 (hemostasis)Platelets and plasma proteins control hemostasis, a process that stops blood loss after injury and promotes wound healing.2. 鈉鉀泵將鈉離子（Na+）主動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)至細(xì)胞外，鉀離子（K+）轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)到細(xì)胞內(nèi)。每3個(gè)鈉離子被轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)出細(xì)胞，就有2個(gè)鉀離子被轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)到細(xì)胞內(nèi)。(transpo

30、rt)A sodium-potassium pump actively transports sodium ions (Na+) to the outside and potassium ions (K+) to the inside, with three Na+ moved out for every two K+ moved in.3. 體內(nèi)的水平衡由位于大腦下丘腦的滲透壓感受器自動(dòng)調(diào)控。(regulate)Water is autonomically regulated by osmoreceptors located in the hypothalamus of the brain.

31、4. 營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)和液體由小腸絨毛內(nèi)的毛細(xì)血管吸收進(jìn)入血液循環(huán)系統(tǒng)。(absorb)Capillaries within the villi of the small intestine are sites where nutrients and fluids are absorbed into the circulatory system.5. 所有的細(xì)胞每時(shí)每刻都需要氧氣（O2），并不斷排出二氧化碳（CO2）等代謝廢物。(eliminate)All cells require a continuous supply of oxygen (O2) and must continuously el

32、iminate metabolic waste products, such as carbon dioxide (CO2). Unit Five II. Vocabulary Study Part A1inflammation 2hypersensitivity 3homeostasis 4pathogen5hypertension 6constriction 7constipation 8infection9perspiration 10migrainePart B1maintenance 2aggravate 3conscientious 4predispose5intensity 6a

33、ltitude 7precipitate 8retain9compulsive 10barricadeIII.Part A1. The body is constantly striving to maintain a constant internal environment in the midst of ever-changing conditions.身體在持續(xù)變化的條件下努力維持內(nèi)環(huán)境的恒定。2. Cardiac output then becomes inadequate to meet the demands of the body, and the patient loses

34、consciousness because insufficient blood reaches the brain.心輸出量不足以滿足身體的需要，病人就會(huì)因?yàn)闆]有足夠的血液到達(dá)大腦而失去意識(shí)。3. The liver releases stored glucose into the blood when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system, thus providing an increased energy source for actively metabolizing cells.當(dāng)受到交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的刺激時(shí)，肝臟會(huì)釋放儲(chǔ)存的葡萄糖到

35、血液里，從而為活躍的新陳代謝細(xì)胞提供更多的能量來源。4. People subject to migraine headaches are generally hard-working and like order; a threat or a conflict causes them to become tense and fatigued.易患偏頭痛的人通常工作勤奮、喜歡井井有條，某種驚嚇或矛盾沖突會(huì)使他們情緒緊張，身心疲憊。5. Asthma, a disease characterized by marked changes in the diameter of the bronchi

36、 and obstruction of the air passageways, usually has an allergic basis.哮喘通常有過敏的基礎(chǔ)，這種疾病表現(xiàn)出支氣管直徑明顯變化和氣道阻塞。Part B1. 他受到嚴(yán)刑拷打, 但沒泄露秘密。(subject to)He had been subjected to punishment, but he didnt tell the secret.2. 如身體傷殘或患疾病，以致不能安全駕駛，就不應(yīng)駕駛。(suffer)You should not drive if you suffer from any disability or

37、 illness that may make it difficult for you to drive safely.3. 愛迪生說：“天才是 99%的血汗加上1%的靈感!”。(perspiration)Thomas Edison said, “genius is 99% perspiration plus 1% of inspiration.”4. 人們應(yīng)該為中國養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)體制的改革與完善提出具有針對(duì)性和可操作性的合理化建議，以便其更好地為社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)踐服務(wù)。(provide)The specific and feasible suggestions should be provided fo

38、r the reform and improvement of Chinas endowment insurance system so as to serve for the socioeconomic practice better.5. 較年輕的職員和那些做輔助性工作的人更容易感到無聊。(prone)Younger employees and those with more menial jobs were more prone to boredom. Unit Six Part A1Microbiology 2Pathophysiology 3remission 4etiology5s

39、ubclinical 6morphology 7malaise 8diabetic9Cytopathology 10prodromePart B1bewilder 2alteration 3parameter 4normalcy5oscillation 6constancy 7perspective 8abnormality9exaggerate 10encroachIII. Translation Part A1. Pathology, in the context of human medicine, is not only a basic or theoretical science b

40、ut also a clinical medical specialty.從人類醫(yī)學(xué)上講，病理學(xué)不僅是一門基礎(chǔ)或理論學(xué)科，也是具有臨床醫(yī)學(xué)特色的一個(gè)學(xué)科。2. However, on closer scrutiny, the concept of normalcy turns out to be complex and can not be defined succinctly; correspondingly, the concept of disease is far from simple.然而，從更嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)慕嵌葋砜矗B(tài)的概念很復(fù)雜，不能草草給出定義；相應(yīng)的，疾病的概念遠(yuǎn)非如此簡單。3. To place the above considerations in perspective, concepts of normalcy and even of disease are, to an extent, arbitrary and influ