英語的句子成分

1、英語的句子成分六種基本句型n實詞n有實在意義n在句子中能獨立承擔(dān)句子成分n實詞有詞形的變化，尤其是動詞： n1、名詞(n.)：表示人、事物、地點或抽象概念的名稱。如：boy，morning，bag，ball，class，orange. 2、代詞(pron.)：主要用來代替名詞。如：who，she，you，it . 3、形容詞(adj.)：表示人或事物的性質(zhì)或特征。如：good，right，white，orange . 4、數(shù)詞(num.)：表示數(shù)目或事物的順序。如：one，two，three，first，second，third，fourth. 5、動詞(v.)：表示動作或狀態(tài)。如：am，is

2、，are，have，see . 6、副詞(adv.)：修飾動詞、形容詞或其他副詞，說明時間、地點、程度等。如：now，very，here，often，quietly，slowly. n虛詞：n沒有多少實在意義，n在句子中不能獨立承擔(dān)句子成分n虛詞沒有詞形的變化： 7、冠詞(art.)：用在名詞前，幫助說明名詞。如：a，an，the. 8、介詞(prep.)：表示它后面的名詞或代詞與其他句子成分的關(guān)系。如in，on，from，above，behind. 9、連詞(conj.)：用來連接詞、短語或句子。如and，but，before . 10、感嘆詞(interj.)表示喜、怒、哀、樂等感情。如：

3、oh，well，hi 各個句子成分n一、主語(subject)。句子所要說明的動作或狀態(tài)的主體（人或事物）?？梢宰髦髡Z的：名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式短語、-ing分詞短語、名詞化的形容詞、主語從句。e.g. a. The rich are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer.c. How much water is flowing can be measured easily.二、謂語(predicate)。表示主語的動作或狀態(tài)。nis ,was n三、表語(predicative)。n放在連系動詞后(is，are,am)表示主語的身份或

4、特征。n可以作表語的：名詞、形容詞、代詞、副詞、數(shù)詞、不定式短語、-ed分詞、-ing分詞短語、介詞短語、表語從句。 n系動詞必須用在表語后面n四、賓語(object)。n表示及物動詞動作的對象。n可以作賓語的：名詞、代詞、名詞化的形容詞、數(shù)詞、不定式短語、-ing分詞短語、賓語從句。e.g. a. We should heal the wounded and save the dying. b. He wanted to have a cup of tea. n五、賓語補(bǔ)足語(object compliment)。n是對賓語的補(bǔ)充說明和描述。n可作賓補(bǔ)的：1、 形容詞：I find the

5、problem very difficult.2、 副詞：I found John out when I called at his house.3、 名詞：The students of Class 1 elected him monitor.4、 不定式短語：The people had considered him to be a great leader.5、 -ing分詞（短語）：We can see them flying along the river.6、 -ed分詞（短語）：He tried hard to make himself understood.7、 介詞短語：Wh

6、at makes you in such a hurry? n六、主語補(bǔ)足語(subject compliment)：n是對主語的補(bǔ)充說明和描述。可作主補(bǔ)的：1、 名詞：Their first satellite was called Early Bird.2、 介詞短語：Today, Lincoln is considered as one of the greatest of all American presidents.3、 不定式短語：They will be encouraged to eat healthy foods.4、 -ing分詞短語：This is called “do

7、ing ones homework”. n七、定語(attribute)。n限定或修飾名詞、代詞之用。n可作定語的：形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞、不定式（短語）、-ed分詞（短語）、-ing分詞（短語）、名詞所有格、副詞、介詞短語、定語從句。e.g. The classmates here are very kind to me.n八、狀語(adverbial)。n修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞之用，表示時間、地點、狀態(tài)、程度等含義。n可以作狀語的：副詞（詞組）、名詞（詞組）、介詞短語、不定式短語、-ing分詞短語、-ed分詞短語、狀語從句。e.g. a. We like this picture ver

8、y much. nb. They worked day and night. n九、同位語?？梢宰魍徽Z的：1、 名詞：Many English people have three names: a first name, a middle name and the family name.2、 代詞：We had a lovely holiday, one of the best ever.3、 數(shù)詞：These handbooks are for you five.4、 -ing分詞（短語）：He had earned enough money to start his own busin

9、ess, offering guide services to tourists.5、 of所有格：I live in the city of Nanjing.6、 介詞短語：These coins were used for the next 2,000 years, that is, from 221BC until 1916. n十、插入語（獨立成分）What was worse, this wine was not at all suitable for drinking with a meal. n去掉插入語句子仍然有意義n一、主語不及物動詞（S+V）不及物動詞：后面不能跟賓語ne.

10、g. a. Spring is coming.b. This factory opened in 1989. n二、主語連系動詞表語（S+V+P）e.g. a. She looked worried.b. Miss Zhao is one of the most popular teachers in the school. n三、主語及物動詞賓語（S+V+O）及物動詞：后面能跟賓語的動詞ne.g. She has bought a new house.n四、主語及物動詞間接賓語直接賓語（S+V+IO+DO）e.g. My father bought me a lot of books.q直接

11、賓語：動作涉及的事物 q間接賓語：動作對誰做或者為誰做 n五、主語及物動詞賓語賓語補(bǔ)足語n（S+V+O+C）e.g. a. They made him their monitor.b. We consider him very capable. There be句型nThere be”是表示“存在”的一種基本方式, 其句型結(jié)構(gòu)通常為:：There be + sb./sth. + somewhere/doing sth。但僅僅知道這點用法還遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠,“There be”還有更多較為特殊的用法。 一、一、“There be”后面可以跟名詞或動后面可以跟名詞或動名詞名詞n n在“There be +

12、主語+狀語的句型中, 作主語的名詞一般是非限定的,常是泛指而不是特指, 故一般不用this, that, these, those 等詞修飾, 修飾主語的一般應(yīng)該是不定冠詞、零冠詞、基數(shù)詞或a, an, some, any, no, several, many, much, a few, a little, another, a lot of, enough等非特指的詞匯。請看下面例句: n nThere is a shop at the corner. n在拐角處有家商店。n nThere are two books on the desk. n 課桌上有兩本書。n nThere are m

13、any sheep bleating in the field. n 田里有許多綿羊在叫。n二、我們也可以根據(jù)表達(dá)的需要二、我們也可以根據(jù)表達(dá)的需要, 在在There與與be之間用上恰當(dāng)?shù)那閼B(tài)動詞之間用上恰當(dāng)?shù)那閼B(tài)動詞can, may, must, should, will等，構(gòu)成等，構(gòu)成: There will /may/must/can, etc. be.:n nThere will be an interesting talk on English next week. n下個星期有個關(guān)于英語方面的有趣報告。n nMy watch doesnt work, there may be so

14、mething wrong with it. n我的手表不走了，可能出了故障。三、三、“There be” 句型還有擴(kuò)展形式句型還有擴(kuò)展形式n n在There be 句型中, 除be之外, 某些表示存在概念的不及物動詞也可以用于這種句型, 這些動詞大致是: live, come, stand, lie等。請看：n nOnce there lived an old fisherman near the sea. n海邊曾經(jīng)住著一位老漁夫。n nThere stands a big tall apple tree in front of my house. n我家屋前有一棵高大的蘋果樹。n nTh

15、en there came a knock at the door.n那時傳來了敲門聲。使用使用“There be”句型時要注意主謂一句型時要注意主謂一致致n n在There be引導(dǎo)的句子中, 謂語動詞be的人稱和數(shù)應(yīng)該和它后面的主語(名詞)保持一致, 當(dāng)有兩個或兩個以上的名詞作并列主語時, be的形式則和第一個名詞保持一致(就近原則)。如: n nThere is a small river near the village. n村子附近有條小河。n nThere are two thousand students in our school. n我們學(xué)校有2000名學(xué)生。n nThere

16、 is a pen and two books on the desk. n課桌上有一枝鋼筆。nB. “there be”結(jié)構(gòu)與have的區(qū)別：“there be”結(jié)構(gòu)與have /has都含“有”的意思。have /has表“所有、擁有、所屬”，而 “there be”則表示“存在”。試比較：a. I have a recorder.b. There is a recorder on the desk. 句子成分分析練習(xí)n1.We always work hard at English.n2. He said he didnt come. n3.They love each other. n4.What did you buy? n5.She watched her daughter playing the pia