英語醫(yī)學(xué)論文格式要求

1、真誠為您提供優(yōu)質(zhì)參考資料，若有不當(dāng)之處，請指正。英語醫(yī)學(xué)科研論文的格式和要求打開一本醫(yī)學(xué)專業(yè)期刊，可以看到不同文體的文章。除了綜述(review)或述評（comments）、編者按（editorials）和個例報告（case reports）外，大量的是醫(yī)學(xué)科研論文，即原始報告（original articles）。醫(yī)學(xué)科研論文有許多不同的類型，常見的有兩大類：醫(yī)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)研究報告和臨床研究報告。I格式 根據(jù)國際醫(yī)學(xué)雜志編輯委員會 (The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, ICMJE) 制定的生物醫(yī)學(xué)雜志投稿統(tǒng)一要求（The

2、Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals, 5th Ed., 1997，URMSBJ）(國際溫哥華格式1979年創(chuàng)建, 2006年2月最新版本bbb:/)*, 一篇生物醫(yī)學(xué)科研論文（以下簡稱論文）應(yīng)包括以下12個部分： 1標(biāo)題（Title） 7致謝（Acknowledgements） 2摘要（Abstract） 8參考文獻(xiàn)（References） 3引言（Introduction）9插圖說明（Legends） 4材料與方法（Materials and Methods ） 1

3、0插圖（Figures） 5結(jié)果（Results）11表格（Tables） 6討論（Discussion） 12照片和說明（Plates and Explanations） 以上除7、9、10、11、12部分因?qū)嶋H情況不需要外，其他各部分是一篇論文必不可少的內(nèi)容。下面分別介紹對各部分的基本要求，其中標(biāo)題和摘要兩部分將在以后單元另行討論。 II要求 1標(biāo)題 A. 標(biāo)題的要求Titles are to be written to be understood by those in your field, telling them exactly what you have done in your

4、 work.（告訴你的同行確切研究了什么） 要求： （1） Short and concise（簡明扼要）：Write in one line (not a sentence); not containing an active verb; not exceeding 25 words or 120-140 letters and spaces; no abbreviations or chemical symbols except those that are generally accepted, e.g. DNA, RNA, AIDS, CT, etc.; 中文標(biāo)題常見的“試論”，“淺談

5、”，“初探”等詞在英文標(biāo)題中一般不用。我國的國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（GB771387）要求將一般英文標(biāo)題的實(shí)詞控制在10個詞以內(nèi)。例：Association between Duration of Obesity and Risk of Non-insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus 肥胖期與非依賴胰島素糖尿病之關(guān)系（2）Informative（信息豐富）：State exactly what you want the reader to know about your paper and your work;（3）Indexing（便于索引）：Pack as many ke

6、y words or indexing terms as possible into the title without overloading it; key words not in the title will be in the abstract or can go in the Key Words section of the paper; key words are usually in the beginning or ending place of the title. 標(biāo)題是讀者檢索文獻(xiàn)的重要標(biāo)識，是著錄題錄和索引等第二次文獻(xiàn)的重要內(nèi)容。標(biāo)題中所選每一個實(shí)詞必須是正確通用的術(shù)

7、語，能提供文獻(xiàn)檢索，盡量包含關(guān)鍵詞。要求盡量把關(guān)鍵詞（索引詞）安排在標(biāo)題最前面或最后面的位置上 （4）Highlighting the head word. (突出中心詞): 每條標(biāo)題都有中心詞，它們是能高度概括論文中心內(nèi)容和主題的單詞，要將其放在最顯著突出的位置。中心詞的內(nèi)容一般是研究方法，研究對象，研究目的或效果，一般為名詞，名詞短語，分詞短語或動名詞短語。例：Knowledge-based Technology in the Service of Health 論衛(wèi)生事業(yè)中的知識技術(shù)Cognitive Impairment and Intracranial Calcification i

8、n Chronic Hyparathyroidism 鑒別力受損與顱內(nèi)鈣化甲狀旁腺功能逐漸減退B. 標(biāo)題的結(jié)構(gòu)標(biāo)題的結(jié)構(gòu)一般都用名詞作主干的名詞短語型，這類標(biāo)題結(jié)構(gòu)中作為主干詞的名詞一般帶有動詞意義，有時也用完整句，以陳述句較多，偶爾也用疑問句。例：Resolution of Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome after Recovery from Fulminant Hepatic Failure 治療成年人突發(fā)性肝衰竭康復(fù)后呼吸窘迫綜合癥Using a Title Table to Evaluate Syncope 列表診斷暈厥1) 表示診斷，治療方式

9、或藥物治療的標(biāo)題結(jié)構(gòu)這類標(biāo)題中的diagnosis, treatment, therapy 等作主干的名詞都帶有動詞意義，后跟for, in, to, with 等引導(dǎo)的介詞短語引出病名或接受診治的部位及所使用的藥物。例：Adjunctive Therapy with Aspirin in Vernal Conjunctivitis 用阿司匹林輔助治療春季結(jié)膜炎Basic Approach in the Management of Intraocular Foreign Bodies 眼內(nèi)異物的基本處理方法2) 表示研究，分析，實(shí)驗(yàn)調(diào)查，觀察，評估等的標(biāo)題結(jié)構(gòu)study (analysis /

10、trial/appraisal/ observation / evaluation / assessment/survey/estimation/test) of (on) (by) using (by 方法 / with工具)Assessment of Liver Function 肝功能的鑒定Presurgical Evaluation of Eyes with Opaque Media 用不透明介質(zhì)進(jìn)行眼術(shù)前檢查3) 表示關(guān)系，相關(guān)，比較，對照等的標(biāo)題結(jié)構(gòu)這類標(biāo)題結(jié)構(gòu)一般用 (the) correlation, relationship, association, comparison,

11、 contrast等詞為主體詞干，加ofand, ofwith, ofwithand, betweenand 等表示范圍，比較對象等。例：Correlation of Histology and Sensibility after Nerve Repair 神經(jīng)修補(bǔ)后組織結(jié)構(gòu)與感官能力間的關(guān)系A(chǔ) Comparison of Digoxin and Dobutamine in Patients with Acute Infarction and Cardiac Failure 用DIGOXIN 和DOBUTAMINE治療急性梗塞和心衰之比較常用修飾詞: positively (正) / nega

12、tively (負(fù)) / significantly (明顯) / insignificantly (不明顯) / strongly (很大) / little (很小) e.g. Positive correlation of CD44v6 expression with invasion and metastasis of human gastric cancer4) 表示技術(shù)，使用，特點(diǎn)，結(jié)果，方法，模式，證據(jù)，測定，介紹等的標(biāo)題結(jié)構(gòu)這類標(biāo)題結(jié)構(gòu)一般用（A或The）technique, use, properties, characteristics, introduction, met

13、hod, result, evidence, essay 等詞，加for, in, to, in 等介詞引導(dǎo)的短語，或帶to不定式短語，表示方面，范圍，類型等。例：Use of sulphamethizole in the treatment of urinary tract infection in the elderly 用磺胺甲噻二唑治療老年泌尿道感染Biological Properties of the Human Colonic Adenocarcinoma Cell Lines SW620 結(jié)腸腺癌細(xì)胞系SW620 的生物特征5) 標(biāo)題中分詞短語的用法醫(yī)學(xué)英語論文中分詞短語一般作

14、定語，大多放在被修飾詞的后面，必要時與名詞一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合分詞作定語。例：Analysis of Surface Protein of Mouse Lung Carcinoma Using Monolconal Antibiotics分析使用單克隆抗生素的鼠肺癌表面蛋白C標(biāo)題頁 根據(jù)URMSBJ要求，論文標(biāo)題及有關(guān)著錄內(nèi)容應(yīng)單獨(dú)雙行打印，稱為標(biāo)題頁（Title page），其內(nèi)容包括： 1） 標(biāo)題 （the title of the article）； 2） 所有XXX的姓名及其最高學(xué)位、所屬單位（the name by which each author is known, with his o

15、r her highest academic degree(s) and institutional affiliation）； 3）研究工作的歸屬部門或單位名稱（the name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed）； 4）棄權(quán)者（若有）（disclaimers, if any）； 5）負(fù)責(zé)通訊和校稿XXX的姓名能夠和詳細(xì)XXX（the name and address of the author responsible for correspondence and pr

16、oof about the manuscript）； 6）申請副本XXX人姓名和XXX（the name and address of the author to whom requests for reprints should be addressed）； 7）資助、設(shè)備、藥品來源（sources of support in the form of grants, equipment, drugs, or all of these）； 8）不超過40個字母（包括間隔）的頁眉標(biāo)題（a short running head of no more than 40 letters and spac

17、es at the foot of the title page）； D 著錄部分寫法示例 1) 標(biāo)題： Use of steroid in the treatment of clinical septic shock Unstable angina pectoris: Clinical, angiographic and myocadial scintigrapgic observations 2) 姓名： 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)式：Yang Jianguo, Guo Xiaoan *, Ouyang Kunpeng, and Lin Li 變式：YANG Jianguo；OUYANG Kunpeng; Ya

18、ng, Jianguo, Jiangguo Yang 3) 單位：（From）Microbiology Department of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 許多英美醫(yī)學(xué)刊物中，單位置于標(biāo)題頁下方以腳注形式表示，這時工作單位前一般要用from4) XXX：800 Xiang Yin Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China 5) 副本XXX：Address reprint requests to: Cai Guangwen, Microbiology of Second Military Medical

19、 University, 800 Xiang Yin Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China6) 資助：Supported / funded / granted / sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation （標(biāo)書號、合同號等）/ A projected funded by the National 863 Program 7) 頁眉標(biāo)題：angina pectoris 原標(biāo)題Unstable angina pectoris: Clinical, angiographic and myocardial

20、 scintigraphic observations 對不穩(wěn)定心絞痛的臨床，血管造影和心肌閃爍法觀察2. 引言部分 總的要求是：The purpose of an introduction is to bring the reader into the general area of your study and then state the specific area of study (move from the general to the specific). The introduction shows the scope of your investigation efforts

21、.* 即：說明研究的總體范圍和目的。 具體內(nèi)容包括： A背景 - 說明所研究問題的目前總體情況或歷史（statement of general area or history of problem） B意義 - 說明研究的意義或必要性（statement of importance or need） C進(jìn)展 - 說明有關(guān)該問題的先有發(fā)現(xiàn)、報告或研究（statement of previous findings, reports or studies）。陳述這部分內(nèi)容時一般要有引文（citations） D目的 - 說明本研究的目的（statement of purpose of current

22、 study） E范圍 - 說明要研究問題的具體范圍（statement of specific area of problem to be studied） 示例： In the military, it has been common to treat hyperthermic heat casualties by immersion in ice-containing water. 【研究背景】 This method is highly unphysiologic, because the secondary profound cutaneous vasoconstriction sh

23、unts blood away from the skin, which greatly slows heat loss from the body core. In addition, shivering occurs soon after immersion, even though core temperature has decreased very little; and this is counterproductive by virtue of muscular heat production. Finally, immersion cooling is extremely un

24、pleasant to the alert patient. 【本研究意義】 Recently Weiner and Khogali 7 have developed a method for cooling hyperthermic patients based on the principle of vaporization of warm water from the body surface by blowing warm dry air over the skin. Their method is an improvement on previous experience with

25、vaporization of cold water from the body surface. 3,4 【研究進(jìn)展】 Based on their experience, we have utilized the same physiologic principles in treating heat casualties during a two-week period of desert training (44th MAU,CAX 9-82,MCAGCC,29 Palms, Calif.). In addition, we have applied these principles

26、to normothermic volunteers to study the difference of the method and evaluate untoward effects. 【本研究的目的】 3. 材料與方法部分 總的要求是：Readers must be able to reproduce your results, evaluate the validity of your results and the soundness of your methods, and follow the logic in the paper. 即：結(jié)果的可重演性、方法的可靠性以及前后的邏

27、輯性。 具體內(nèi)容包括： 簡要說明研究設(shè)計（study design / protocol），如：回顧（retrospective / review），前瞻（prospective），臨床（clinical），動物（animal），實(shí)驗(yàn)（experimental），活體內(nèi)（in vivo）活體外（in vitro），原位（in situ）隨訪（follow-up），對照（controlled），隨機(jī)（random / randomized），雙盲交叉（double-blind crossover），人群（population / cohort / migrant），對比（comparative）

28、，流行病學(xué)（epidemiological）等研究性質(zhì)；詳細(xì)說明研究對象（subject）情況，包括動物（animal）的性別（sex）、年齡（age）、物種（species）、品種（breed）、生理狀態(tài)（physiological state）; 微生物菌株（strain）、血清型（serotype）及其他區(qū)別特性（identity characteristics）；隨機(jī)分組方法（methods of any random assignment of subjects to groups）和選擇標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（criteria for admission to study groups）； 詳細(xì)說明

29、所用的藥物（drug），激素（hormone），試劑（reagent）和其他化學(xué)品（chemical）的名稱、商標(biāo)（trademark）、生產(chǎn)廠家（manufacturer）及所在地（location）； 簡要說明測定方法（method of measurement），包括名稱，引文和偏差（variations）；簡要說明統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析方法（method of statistic analysis）這部分的陳述程序一般為：研究設(shè)計 研究對象性質(zhì) 處理 / 干預(yù)方法 測定 / 觀察手段 統(tǒng)計分析 除指示性說明外，如：病人資料見表1（Data of the patients are shown in

30、Table 1）材料與方法和結(jié)果兩部分一律用過去時表達(dá)。 示例：A retrospective analysis was conducted of all adults and pediatric patients (age less than 18 years) who received a prolonged course of parenteral nutrition at UCLA Medical Center from January 1976 through December 1983. 研究設(shè)計：性質(zhì)、時間、地點(diǎn)、對象 Criteria for patient selection

31、 included a minimum course of a months and development of calculous or acalculous cholecystitis requiring cholecystectomy. From 1976 through 1983 136 patients underwent a prolonged course of TPN at the UCLA Medical Center. Sixty-two of these patients were found to have gallbladder disease. Cholecyst

32、ectomy was performed in 21 of these patients before the initiation of TPN, and in 35 patients during or after administration of long term TPN. This latter group of 35 patients forms the basis for this report. 選擇標(biāo)準(zhǔn) Specific data regarding age, sex, length of time receiving TPN, underlying disorders,

33、indication for TPN, number of previous operations, preoperative assessment, and the operative biliary procedure, findings and outcomes were all recorded.研究對象性質(zhì) Patient data are summarized in Table 1. 指示性說明 (以下詳細(xì)說明所選35個研究對象的情況，表格等內(nèi)容，略) 4.結(jié)果部分 總的要求：This section tells the reader what happened in your w

34、ork. Remember: let your results speak for themselves and dont embellish (leave that for the Discussion section), 即：讓研究的客觀結(jié)果說話，不要添枝加葉。 具體要求： 1） 對所獲結(jié)果進(jìn)行概述（overview of the results）； 2）說明所獲資料或數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)計意義（statistical significance）； 3）統(tǒng)計支持（statistical support），包括圖，表，照片等 （凡用圖表表示的內(nèi)容不再用文字詳述）。 注意：不要用模棱兩可的詞或短語表述結(jié)果

35、，如： The results tended to be greater than, showed no promising trends, It could / might be inhibited by 。 示例： Clinical and laboratory findings Although the findings of abdominal pain, nausea, emesis, fever, and chills were present alone or in combination in 31 of 35 patients (88 percent), the diagno

36、sis of biliary disease was often delayed. The initial diagnosis in five of the seven children less than 6 years of age was catheter sepsis. Results of preoperative liver function tests were available in 27 patients. Twenty-five of these 27 patients (93%) had some evidence of hepatic dysfunction. Hyp

37、erbilirubinemia was present in 8 patient (30 percent), elevated alkaline phosphatase levels in 25 (93 percent), and elevated transminase levels in 13 patients (48 percent). In almost all these patients, the abnormal results of liver function tests had been noted early after the initiation of TPN and

38、 before the diagnosis of biliary tract disease. Either hepatosplenomegaly or laboratory evidence of a coagulation abnormality (prolonged prothrombin or partial thromboplastin time) or both were present in 19 patients (54 percent). Hepatobiliary scans (HIDA or PIPIDA) were performed in eighth patient

39、s and were suggestive of cystic duct obstruction in six. Abdominal ultrasonography was performed in 24 patients and correctly identified biliary sludge, gallstones, or both in 22 (92 percent). Gallstones were documented in two additional patients by oral cholecystogram in one and endoscopic retrogra

40、de cholangiography in the other. The remaining patient was explored with a presumptive diagnosis of cholecystitis without the benefit of any of these diagnostic tests. Although the clinical diagnosis was delayed in many of these patients, a correct preoperative diagnosis of calculous or acalculous c

41、holecytitis was made in all but two patients who were thought to have some other focus of intraabdominal sepsis. 用統(tǒng)計數(shù)字說明臨床和實(shí)驗(yàn)室發(fā)現(xiàn) Operative findings (略) Complications （略） Four of the 35 patients (11 percent) died after their biliary operation. Two adults and one child died within 30 days of operation

42、, and a second child died as a result of progressive respiratory and hepatic failure. He had previously undergone two attempts at cholecystectomy that had to be aborted because of massive hemorrhage and was being prepared for a third attempt when he died. The other child died as a result of persiste

43、nt sepsis and respiratory failure. A 75 year-old patient with previously documented carcinoma of the colon and short bowel syndrome secondary to multiple resections for radiation enteritis died 23 days after emergent cholecystectomy for acalculous cholecystitis. His immediate preoperative and postop

44、erative course were complicated by progressive hepatic insufficiency and renal failure. He died on the eighth postoperative day. Hospital mortality was 24 percent in the 14 patients who required urgent operqtions. 死亡率及死亡原因 5. 討論部分 總的要求：The author should tell the reader what the results mean by placi

45、ng them in the context of previous published studies of the problem, 即：與先有研究相比，本研究有何意義。 具體要求： A簡要說明研究背景（background） B簡要介紹總的發(fā)現(xiàn)（general findings） C介紹具體要點(diǎn)（introduction of points） D與現(xiàn)有發(fā)現(xiàn)（若有）進(jìn)行比較（comparison in the context of other studies） E意義（suggested meaning） F結(jié)論（conclusion） G前瞻研究（future studies） 結(jié)論往往

46、是論文中最長也是最難寫的部分，主要原因是XXX要對研究結(jié)果和發(fā)現(xiàn)進(jìn)行分析、推斷、演繹和推理，要求XXX具有很強(qiáng)邏輯思維能力和英語文字組織能力。此外，這部分時態(tài)比較復(fù)雜，要分清實(shí)驗(yàn)過程和結(jié)果（過去時）與分析意見（確定：現(xiàn)在時；不確定或假設(shè)：過去時）的區(qū)別；他人研究結(jié)果（過去時或現(xiàn)在完成時）與本研究結(jié)果（過去時）的區(qū)別；普遍適用的結(jié)論（現(xiàn)在時）與只適用本研究的結(jié)論（過去時）的其別等。因此，對于however, may, might, could, would, possibly, probably, be likely to 等詞（組）的使用以及we believe (think / consid

47、er) that, to our knowledge, in our experience (practice) 等插入語的使用就顯得格外重要。 示例： Parenteral nutrition is being used with increasing frequency as a primary source of caloric support in adult and pediatric patients with gastrointestinal problems. Numerous complications have been associated with the admini

48、stration of TPN, including a significantly increased incidence of gallbladder disease 3-5,7. The data here suggest that cholecystectomy is often required for the management of symptomatic gallbladder disease in this group of patients, and is associated with significant risks.【說明研究背景，包括意義】 Of the 35

49、patients who required cholecystectomy for TPN-induced gallbladder disease, operative morbidity and mortality were 54 percent and 11 percent, respectively. Maingot 8 has stated that cholecystectomy is one of the simplest and safest of the abdominal operations, and is associated with a low operative m

50、ortality rate (about 0.5 percent). A review of the pediatric literature suggests that when cholecystectomy is performed in children, the operative morbidity is less than 10 percent, and the mortality is less than 1 percent. 8,9 Glenn 11 has reported a mortality rate of less than 0.1 percent in over

51、5,000 patients under the age of 50 years who underwent cholecystectomy. The morbidity and mortality observed in our group of receiving long-term TPN, therefore, were far in excess of what would be expected for a population of patients whose mean age was 29 years. 【提出本研究主要發(fā)現(xiàn)并將其與其他研究發(fā)現(xiàn)相比較】 Our data su

52、ggest that are specific factors unique to patients who require long-term TPN that contribute to the increased mortality and morbidity associated with cholecystectomy in this select group.以下，XXX用較大篇幅分析了這類病人死亡率和并發(fā)癥增高的臨床、實(shí)驗(yàn)室和手術(shù)等方面的原因，說明為什么本研究報告的手術(shù)發(fā)病率和死亡率比其他研究報告的要高，原文從略 Based on the results of our studi

53、es, we believe that early cholecystectomy is indicated in patients with TPN-induced gallbladder disease. Obviously, all patients with symptomatic disease should undergo cholecystectomy unless there specific medical contraindications. These operations should be performed in a timely, elective fashion

54、 because delay may result in the need for urgent surgery and thereby, increase an already high risk. Although recent studies have suggested that cholecystectomy may not be warranted in otherwise healthy patients with asymptomatic gallbladder disease 20, we believe that this axiom does not apply to p

55、atients with TPN-induced gallbladder disease. Out data suggest that the natural history of gallbladder disease in patients receiving TPN is considerably different from that of their counterparts not receiving TPN. Based on our findings, we recommend elective cholecystectomy in patients receiving TPN

56、 when gallstones first appear. Furthermore, cholecystectomy should be considered, especially in children without stones who are undergoing laparotomy for other reasons. 【從對結(jié)果的分析及與其他研究的比較得出結(jié)論性意見，這是討論部分最重要的內(nèi)容，也是摘要結(jié)論部分的基礎(chǔ) 】 Whether TPN-induced gallstones can be prevented through daily stimulated gallbl

57、adder emptying awaits the results of further studies. 【前瞻研究，即對研究存在或新發(fā)現(xiàn)的問題】 6. 致謝部分 總的要求：Always get approval of your intention to mention someone in the acknowledgement and approval of the form in which you will present the acknowledgement, 即：致謝詞和致謝方式必須征得受謝人或單位的同意。 7. 參考文獻(xiàn) 總的要求：Reference styles should be specific to each journal, 即：根據(jù)各雜志的具體要求，因?yàn)楦麟s志對參考文獻(xiàn)部分的編排順序和格式不盡統(tǒng)一?，F(xiàn)將URMSBJ要求的20多種參考文獻(xiàn)中最常見的6種格式列舉如下： 1.Vega KJ, Pina I, Krevsky B. Heart transplantation is associated with an increased risk for pancreatobiliary disease. Ann Intern Med 1996 Jun 1; 124(11): 980-3. 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)雜志文章 如期刊名稱用縮