2016-美國(guó)文學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)資料

1、美國(guó)文學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)資料I . Each of the followi ng stateme nts below is followed by four alter native an swers. Choose the one thatwould best complete the statement.（1 分 x 20 題 =20 分）II. Fill in the blanks. （1 分 x 10 題 =10 分）1. The colonial history of the Un ited States refers to the history of the land fromthe sta

2、rt of Europea n settleme nt to the time offrom Europe,and especially to the history of the thirteen colonies of Britain which declared themselves in depe ndent in 1776.in depe ndence2. The first writingsthat we call American were the narratives敘 事作品andof the early settleme nts 移民. journal 日記3. The f

3、irst En glish perma nent settlement- in North Americawas set up in 1607.Jamestown4. The May Flower 五月花（the ship in which the Pilgrim Fathers sailed fromEn gla nd to Massachusetts in 1620 ）arrived in December 1620 with 102 Purita npilgrims on board 在船上 who came to the New World in search of religious

4、 freedom. The ship headed for Jamestow n, but strong wind drove her to what isnow Prin cet on Harbor and ano ther settleme nt the wasestablished. Plymouth Colony 1620 年12月，五月花號(hào)”承載著102名清教徒來(lái)到了這 片新大陸尋找宗教自由。"五月花號(hào)"的目的地是詹姆斯敦，但強(qiáng)風(fēng)使她偏離了航線，最后來(lái) 到了今天的普林斯頓港口，在此清教徒們建立了第二個(gè)殖民點(diǎn)：普利茅斯殖民點(diǎn)。5. The war between t

5、he English governmentand the colonies broke out inSeptember, 1775, and came to an end in October, 1781, with Gornwallis's en circled army surre nderi ng to Gen eral Wash ington. The triumph of the war bythe coloni sts brought into being an, the Un ited States, in 1783.in depe ndent n ati on6. Tr

6、an sce nden talistdoctri nes found their greatest literary advocatesin and Thoreau. Emerson7. The May Flower arrived in December 1620 with 102 Purita n pilgrims on boardwho came to the New World in search of religious freedom. The ship headed forJamestownbut strong wind drove her to what is now Prin

7、cetonHarbor andano ther settleme ntwas established. the Plymouth Colony8. The most in flue ntial religious thought of this period was the Purita nism whichis the practices and beliefs of the Purita ns. During the reig n of Elizabeth I , one of the sects 教派 of Puritans separated from the Protestants新

8、教徒 and after muchpersecuti onthey took refuge in the Netherla nds. They fin ally determ inedtoimmigrate to the New World in search of.religious freedom9. Writers of the colonial period were mostly. They wrote abouttheir voyages to the New World, about adapti ng to the new circumsta nces, about farmi

9、ng and hunting, and about their dealing with the Indians. They also wrote about political and religious matters, and about their dreams of the vast land which stretched before them. In their writ in gs, the history of early America, especially in New England, was filled with references to The Bible

10、and God's will.Everything could be explained from the religious perspective: storms and sickness might represent God's wrath; a good harvest might signify God's bless ing. Europea n immigrants10. Thomas Jeffers onis remembered as the author of The Declarati on ofIn depe ndence (1776). He

11、 is con sidered a trueand one of thefou nders of the Un ited States. He is the third Preside nt of the Un ited States (1801 -1809).En lighte nment thin ker11. The English colonies 殖民地人民 in North America rose in arms against theirpare nt country and the con ti nen tal con gress adopted 批準(zhǔn)in1776. The

12、Declarati on of In depe ndence12. Thomas Paine was very active in the cause of America n Revoluti on and gainedthe title of , which showed his contribution. TheFather of America n Revoluti onth13. In Americanliterature, the 18 century was the age of Enlightenment.was the domi nant.Rati on alism14. J

13、oh n Smith (1580-1631) was remembered for his role in establishi ng the firstpermanent English settlement in North America at, Virginia.With the greater part of his letter being published in 1608, John Smith was regarded as the first America n writer.Jamestow n15. William Bradford was on the Mayflow

14、er, la nded at Plymouthat the age of 30and was elected the first gover nor of the colony. He is chiefly remembered as theauthor of. The History of Plymouth Plantation16. Joh n Win throp was elected gover nor of the Massachusetts Bay Colo ny beforethey arrived there and he became a leader of the sett

15、lers throughout the remaining years of his life. The journals that he kept as the colonial official were published as. The History of New England17. Anne Dudley Bradstreet, an American poet, came from England with her husba nd Simon Bradstreet to the Massachusetts Bay Colony of North America atthe a

16、ge of eightee n in 1630. As the mother of eight childre n, she was kept busy by house-keep ing, but she was not conten ted and tried her hand at poetry .In 1650, her first collectio n of poems was published, which wasen titled. The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America在 1650 年， 約翰伍德布里奇牧師替安妮用美國(guó)的一位淑女

17、”的名字出版了名為出現(xiàn)在美國(guó)的第十個(gè)繆斯的詩(shī)集，這使得安妮成為了英國(guó)和美國(guó)第一位出版詩(shī)作的女詩(shī)人。18. is father of the detective story 偵探小說(shuō) and of psychoanalytic心理分析批評(píng) criticism. Edgar Allan Poe19. What did Fitzgerald call the 1920s?.The Jazz Age20. Mark Twain was a representativeof in American literature. localcolorism21. is a no vel about how a

18、group of people on a whali ng ship捕bu 鯨船 kill a great whale but themselves are killed by the whale, with the conflictbetwee n man and his fate. Moby-Dick22. Naturalism is evolved from realism when the author' s tone in writing becomesless serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more .Pe

19、ssimistic23. The short story“ Rip Van Winkl里普 萬(wàn)溫克爾（美國(guó)作家歐文所寫(xiě)一篇故事名及其主人公）” reveals theattitude of its author.Conservative24. Whichof the followi ngstateme nts about O. Henryis NOT right? The plots are usually clumsy情節(jié)復(fù)雜難懂、文體臃月中 .25. WilliamFaulkner ' s worksmainly concern the American .South26. The

20、 coloni al literature is rich. The reas on is self-evide nt if webear in mind that they were almost all religious people - Purita ns.in religiouscolor27. The Enlightenmentwas an intellectualmovement that was originated fromFran ce. The moveme nt attracted widespread support from all progressive forc

21、esof Europe and North America in the second half of the 18th century. The En lighte nment advocates hold that man n eed not wait for God's grace to perfect him in heave n, but can atta in the perfect ion on earth by trusti ng reas on and scie ntific experime nts. Therefore, the En lighte nment i

22、s sometimes called .the Age of Reas on28. is NOT a fictional 虛構(gòu)人物 character in The Scarlet Letter .San tiago29. During the period after the Civil War, the American society entered in whatMark Twain referred to as. the Gilded Age （1873 年，馬克 吐溫出版了小說(shuō)鍍金時(shí)代。從此，人們用這個(gè)詞來(lái)形容，從南北戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束到20世紀(jì)初的那一段美國(guó)歷史。南北戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)為美國(guó)資本主義發(fā)展

23、掃清了道路，加上不斷涌入的移民和西部新發(fā)現(xiàn)的礦藏，這一切使得美國(guó)的工業(yè)化極速發(fā)展，國(guó)家財(cái)富迅速增長(zhǎng)。到20世紀(jì)初，美國(guó)已經(jīng)是世界上最強(qiáng)的工業(yè)國(guó)之一了。）30. In Leaves of Grass , is all that concernedWhitman.in dividualism, freedom, democracy31. In American literature the first important writer who earned an internationalIn thefame on both sides of the Atla ntic Ocea n is. Wa

24、shin32. “ Two roads diverged in yellow wood and sorry I could not travel bothabove two lines of Robert FrostThsRoad Not Take n , the poet, by implicati on,33.34.was referri ng toone' s course of lifeBenjamin Franklin was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States ofAmerica. He was one of t

25、he most important American thinkers during therevoluti onary period. He stood as the epitome丄縮影)of the Enl ighte nment(美國(guó)啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng))and as the versatile embodiment of rational man of the period. His PoorRichard's Almanac 窮理查年鑒contains a large number ofabout life. It was a particularly in flue ntial bo

26、ok in the early America n literature. HisThe Autobiography 自傳：It records the author's rising from poverty or humblebeg innings to success. It is an early example of the America n dream. It could besee n as the represe ntative work of Fran kli n.practical say ingsThomas Paine's greatest contr

27、ibutionto the Enlightenment Movement is hisThe Age of Reas on, a deistic declarati on自然神的宣言 advocati ng a rati on alisticview of religio n主張一種理性的宗教觀點(diǎn).His Com mon Se nse常識(shí)is his mostfamous political pamphlet and is regarded as the greatest of the Revolutionarypamphlets. It had great impact on America

28、 n Revoluti on. His: Itin spired the reside nts of coloni al la nds to resist the British Army.(本書(shū)鼓勵(lì)殖民地人民抵抗英國(guó)軍隊(duì)。)His The Rights of Man人的權(quán)利supported the French Revoluti on. The America n Crisis 美國(guó)危機(jī)35. Thomas Jeffers on 托馬斯杰弗遜(1743-1826) is remembered as the author of (1776). He is con sidered a true

29、 En lighte nment thi nker and oneof the foun ders of the Un ited States.He is the third Preside nt of the Un ited States(1801 -1809). The Declarati on of In depe ndence36. America n writers after World War I self-c on sciouslyack no wledgedthat theywere“, ” d evoid of 缺乏自信 faith and alienated from t

30、heWestern civilizatio n疏離西方文明. Lost Gen erati on37. AmericanRomanticismstretches from the end of the centurythrough the outbreak of.18th, the Civil War38. In his poems, Walt Whitman is innovative倉(cāng)S新 in the terms of the form of hispoetry, which is called“. ”ree verse 自由詩(shī)體39. From 1732 to 1758 , Benja

31、min Franklin wrote and published his famous,an annual collect ion of proverbs. Poor Richard ' sAlma nac 本杰明 富蘭克林：窮 理查年鑒40. Transcendentalistsrecognized as the “ highest power of the soul ”Intuition 直/覺(jué)/41. Which is regarded as the “ Declaration of Intellectual Independence ” ? The America n Scho

32、lar42. For MeJyille, as well as for the reader and, the n arrator, Moby Dick白鯨 is still a mystery, an ultimate mystery終極奧秘 of the uni verse. Ishmael 伊希梅爾43. is called by Hemingway the one from which“ all modern Americanliterature comes. The Adve ntures of Huckleberry Finn44. Dreiser ' Trilogy of

33、 Desire 德萊塞的 欲望三部曲 includes three novels. They areThe Financier, The Titanand. The Stoic 德萊塞(1871 1945)，美國(guó)小說(shuō)家。生于印第安納州特雷霍特鎮(zhèn)。父親是貧苦的德國(guó)移民。他在公立學(xué)校接受了早期教育， 以后進(jìn)印第安納大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)。一生的大部分時(shí)間從事新聞工作。走遍芝加哥、匹茲堡、紐約 等大城市，廣泛深入地觀察了解社會(huì)，為日后的文學(xué)創(chuàng)作積累了豐富的素材。第一部小說(shuō)為嘉莉妹 妹(1900)，通過(guò)農(nóng)村姑娘嘉莉到芝加哥謀生而成為名演員的故事，揭露了資本主義社會(huì)繁榮外衣掩蓋下的生存斗爭(zhēng)，對(duì)美國(guó)貧富對(duì)立的社會(huì)作了深

34、刻的描寫(xiě)。這部 小說(shuō)因被指控有破壞性”而長(zhǎng)期禁止發(fā)行，但一些散發(fā)出去的贈(zèng)閱本卻引起了許多重要作 家的注意。1911 年,珍妮姑娘問(wèn)世，接著又發(fā)表了欲望三部曲的前兩部 金融家 (1912)和巨人(1914)，斯多噶(1947),奠定了德萊塞在美國(guó)文學(xué)界的地位。天才 (1915)是德萊塞自己最滿意的一部長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)。它通過(guò)一青年畫(huà)家的墮落控訴了資本主義社會(huì)對(duì)藝術(shù)的摧殘。以真實(shí)的犯罪案件為題材的美國(guó)的悲劇(1925)是德萊塞的代表作。他的藝術(shù)特色 廣闊的社會(huì)畫(huà)面，豐富曲折的情節(jié)，深入細(xì)致的心理描述，不同情景的 對(duì)比手法及獨(dú)具個(gè)性的語(yǔ)言 一一統(tǒng)統(tǒng)體現(xiàn)在這部杰作中。1944年，德萊塞被美國(guó)文學(xué)藝 術(shù)學(xué)會(huì)授予

35、榮譽(yù)獎(jiǎng)。堡壘(1946)和斯多噶兩部長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)是在作家死后出版的。這 兩本書(shū)都反映了德萊塞晚年對(duì)宗教哲學(xué)的興趣。1945年，他加入美國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨。同年12月28日逝世。45. Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) was the head of the.5.56.Tran see nden talist moveme ntEmers onwas a liberator from old and a leader inexperime ntati on and self-relia nee. Conv Emers on

36、believed in the limitlessand dig nity of man and poin tedout that" man is everything" and man can master his own destiny. potential One of Emerson ' s most important works is Nature , which was regarded a s “ the man ifesto of America n ” Tran see nden talismEmerson firmly believed in

37、the transeendence of.“ ove-soul ”Emers on regarded n ature as the purest, the most san ctify ing moral in flue nee on man, and advocated aof spiritual and imma nent God in n ature.direct in tuiti onEmers on held that every one should un dersta nd that he makes himself mak ingthe world, and he makes

38、the world by.maki ng himselfEmers on held asserts that each in dividual is a mani festati on of creati on and assuch holds the key to uniocking the. mysteries of theuni verseIn 1862, Preside nt Lin coln exclaimed:“ So you are the little woma n who wrotethe book that started this great war!” Who is t

39、his woman referred to?Mrs.StoweStylistically, Henry James' fiction is characterized by. highlyrefined Ian guage“I celebrate myself, and sing myself,And what I assume you shall assume,Forevery atom belonging to me as good belongs to you. ” Whocould have writt en these lines? .Walt Whitman 我V贊 美V我

40、V自 己V,歌唱 我V自 己V,我V承/擔(dān)的你V也V將承/擔(dān)，因?yàn)閷賄于/我的每V個(gè)原/子V也V同/樣屬V于/你V.惠特曼草V葉 集/自 己V之歌本詩(shī)1855年出版的草葉集Leaves of Grass 中首 次發(fā)表時(shí)沒(méi)有詩(shī)題.后來(lái)用 Poem of Walt Whitma n,a nAmerica n(1856),WaltWhitman (I860),等不同名陸續(xù)發(fā)表，最后才用Song of Myself 的，詩(shī)中表明了兩信仰：普 遍性信仰；人類個(gè)別性和平等性.In, Robert Frost compares life to a journey, and he isdoubtful whe

41、ther he will regret his choice or not when he is old, because the choice has made all the differenee. “ The Road Not Taken ”57. The short story The Lege nd of Sleepy Hollow ” is take n from Irvi ng ' work named. The Sketch Book 見(jiàn) 聞/札 zha/記The Sketch Book ofGeoffrey Crayo n, Gen t.1819-1820)其中收錄睡

42、谷的傳說(shuō)(The lege nd ofthe Sleepy Hollow )和瑞普.凡.溫克爾(Rip Van Winkle )等名篇(見(jiàn)聞札記開(kāi)創(chuàng)了美國(guó)短篇小說(shuō)的傳統(tǒng))58.With Howells, James,and Mark Twainactive on theliterarysce ne,became the majortrend in Americanliterature in theseve nties andeighties of the 19th cen turyRealism59.Mark Twain wrote mostof his literaryworks withI

43、an guage.60.vern acular白話的、方言的Accordingto Hawthorne,the scarlet Letter“A” whichorigi nallysta nds for” ,fin ally obta ins the meaning of“able ” or“angel” through Hester ' s efadultery_ 通奸61.Shortly after his graduationfrom Harvard, Thoreau establisheda closefrie ndship with the Tran sce nden tal

44、ist writer Ralph Waldo Emers on, who becamehis literary men tor. And Thoreau' s frie ndship with Emers on led to his invo Iveme ntwith theClub.Tran see nden talist62. Henry David Thoreau ' s Transcendentalphilosophy and his scientifickno wledge con tributed to his love of.nature63. In 1845,

45、Thoreau built himself a cab in in the woods byand livedthere alone for two years. He raised his own food and spent very little money,devot ing most of his time to study and reflect ion. Later he wrote a famous bookWalde n to illustrate his philosophy and observati ons of life.Walde n Pond64. Walden

46、is one of the best-known non-fiction books written by Henry David Thoreau, a famous American writer. Published in 1854, it details Thoreau's living in a cab in n ear Walde n Pond, amidst woodla nd owned by his frie nd and men torRalph Waldo Emers on, n ear Con cord, Massachusetts. Thoreau lived

47、at Walde n for two years, two mon ths, and two days with expressed seas onal divisi ons.Thoreau hoped to isolate himself from society in order to gain a more objective客觀的 understandingof it. Simplicity and self-relianeewere Thoreau's othergoals, and the whole project was in spiredby philosophy.T

48、ranscenden talistWalde n emphasizes the importa nee of solitude, con templati on, and close ness toin tran sce nding the "desperate" existe nee that, he argues, is the lotof most people. NatureWilliam Faulkner ' works mainly concern the American. South is often regarded as the greatest

49、 American woman poet and she wrote over 1,700 short lyric poems in her life time. Emily DickinsonIn William Faulkner ' The Sound and the Fury 喧嘩與 騷動(dòng), he used a technique called, in which the whole story was told through the thoughts of onecharacter. stream of con scious nessIt is on his that Was

50、hingtonIrving ' fame mainly rested. talesabout AmericaAt the middle of 19th century, America witnessed a cultural flowering興盛which is called“” the American RenaissaneeAs a philosophical and literary movement, the main issues invoIved in the debate of Tran sce nden talism are gen erally concernin

51、g .4.75.n ature, man and the uni verseThe great seaadve ntureconsideredman' s relati on ship with n atureWhich stateme nt is right about the no velstory Moby-Dick is usually an adve nturousexplorati on intoA Farewell to Arms ? The authoremphasizes his belief that man

52、is trapped both physically and men tally and suggests that man is doomed to be en trapped.In American literature the first important writer who earned an international fame on both sides of the Atla ntic Ocea n is. WashinIn Emily Dickinson ' sBecause I Could Not Stop for Death , death is a stage

53、 of life and it leads people to the Heave n of immortalityWhich is gen erally regarded as the mani festoand the Bible of America nTran sce nden talism?Emers on' s NatureThe Publicati on of establishedEmers onas the mosteloque ntspokesma n of New En gla nd Tran sce nden talism. Nature“Theappartio

54、n of these faces in the crowd, Petals on a wet, black bough.'This is the shortest poem writte n by. Ezra Pound 這幾張臉在人群中幻景般閃現(xiàn)一；濕漉一漉的黑樹(shù)一枝上花瓣一數(shù)v點(diǎn)/。龐/德/在地_鐵/站一里vBenjamin Franklin' s masterpiecerecords his rising from pov erty orhumble beg innings to success. AutobiographyThe greatest Transcenden

55、talwork by Henry David Thoreau is .Walde nwas the first America n to achieve an Intern atio nal literary reputati on.Wash ington Irvi ngRalph Waldo Emerson' s essay The American Scholar has been regarded as8.89.America ' s Declaration ofIndependence.Intel

56、lectualThan atopsis is William Culle n Brya nt s most famous n ature poem, the Greektitle means. view of deathEzra Pound was the leader of a new moveme nt in poetry which he called themovement” . imagistNature hasbeen called“ the manifestoof AmericanTranscenden talismIn 1954, Ern est Hemi ngway was

57、awarded afor hisof moder n n arrati on” Nobel Prizemastery of the artWhat did Fitzgerald call the 1920s?The Jazz AgeThe famous lines from The Declaration of Independenceare “ Wehold thesetruth with certa in un alie nable rights, that among them are Life, andthe pursuit of Happ in ess. LibertyThe Slave ' s Dream not only shows Longfellows sympathy for slaves but alsoreveal