托福閱讀常用技巧講義

1、準(zhǔn)備知識1文章數(shù)量：3-5篇和聽力相對應(yīng):3篇閱讀,9個聽力段子或5篇閱讀,6個聽力段子 文章長度:650-750詞/篇 題目數(shù)量：12-14個/篇每篇有一個多項選擇，形式為6選3,7選5或9選7測試時間：20分鐘/篇 測試分?jǐn)?shù)：0-30分由原始分42分換算到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分30分1主題:辨析文章的主要觀點，并與局部小觀點區(qū)分；辨析段落主題.注:所有文章都有標(biāo)題 細(xì)節(jié)：概括性信息的把握并判別具體信息的真?zhèn)我?TRUE? FALSE? NOT GIVEN?Gen eral stateme ntideasSome details 詞匯：辨析詞匯和短語的含義，并通過上下文推斷某些詞匯和短語的含義：認(rèn)知一詞多義

2、;詞匯推斷4推斷:根據(jù)上下文推斷出隱藏的信息5態(tài)度:根據(jù)文章描述判斷作者意圖和態(tài)度：WHY目的;HOW手段.6結(jié)構(gòu):判斷句子和句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，并確定段落的結(jié)構(gòu)托福閱讀是以句子為核心的3閱讀的本質(zhì)：1獲取有效信息2消除閱讀障礙4.文章結(jié)構(gòu)特點1文章主體分為結(jié)構(gòu)主體和細(xì)節(jié)主體?結(jié)構(gòu)主體支撐：主題段文章的前幾段和主題句每段的前幾句.? 細(xì)節(jié)主體填充2文章具體結(jié)構(gòu)如下：?Intro: background 細(xì)節(jié)& topic結(jié)構(gòu)? Body: sub-topic結(jié)構(gòu)，analysis細(xì)節(jié) & evidence細(xì)節(jié)?Conclusion: topic結(jié)構(gòu)1快速筆記的意義：?輔助思維框架形成? 索引功

3、能2快速筆記的內(nèi)容?結(jié)構(gòu)主體的核心詞?時間和數(shù)字：同步記錄時間及相應(yīng)的事件；一律記錄為數(shù)字? 人名地名專有名詞：使用首字母標(biāo)記?舉例主體?新概念和核心概念?重要的邏輯關(guān)系3快速筆記的簡單符號體系4快速筆記的重要性和必要性-閱讀中的指導(dǎo)性邏輯PREDICTING好筆記的特點：?筆記中有清晰的邏輯脈絡(luò)?根據(jù)筆記可以對文章進行有效復(fù)述6閱讀和口語的關(guān)系：1標(biāo)準(zhǔn)口語的邏輯2提供口語表達(dá)的素材(1) 句子閱讀中的障礙1) 定語?前置定語：adj+n?后置定語：n+ adj phrase 形容詞短語 :a book useful for youprep phrase 介詞短語:a pen on the d

4、eskv-ing/-ed phrase 分詞短語:a person walking on the road; a tool developed for theproject不定式:a way to solve the problem注：分詞短語作后置定語時，其邏輯主語是其修飾的名詞不定代詞只能用后置定語修飾不定式作后置定語其邏輯主語是第三方:sb use the way to solve the problem? 定語從句：關(guān)系代詞弓丨導(dǎo)定語從句:that, which, who, whom, whose 其中 that, which, who,whom引導(dǎo)的是非完整句，whose引導(dǎo)的是完整

5、句關(guān)系連詞：when, where, why 在句子中不作成分，引導(dǎo)的是完整句介詞+關(guān)系代詞：in which,此關(guān)系代詞不包括 what2同位語：同插入語一樣處理-刪除?A, B定語從句/同位語從句?A, or B? A that + 句子完整句? A of B: the city of Beiji ng3狀語：處理方式-隔離? Adv副詞 ? Prep phrase介詞短語?分詞短語? 不定式注：非謂語動詞作狀語其邏輯主語是句子的主語4并列結(jié)構(gòu)?并列連詞的用法：并列連詞連接結(jié)構(gòu)功能性質(zhì)均相同的成分-必須完全對等5that引導(dǎo)的各種從句? S+V+THAT+句子完整句-賓語從句S+系動詞+表

6、語+句子表語從句句子完整句? It + Vi + that + 句子It + be + adj +that + That + 句子 + VN+ that +句子+同位語(完整句)定語從句(非完整句)? S + Vi + that+ 句子：The sun rises that is bright.S + be + adj + that + 句子:The desk is clean that is used by the student(定語從句 );The fact is true that Tom is handsome(同位語從句 ).(2)復(fù)雜句的閱讀方法-層次化句子閱讀法1) 括號匹配?

7、關(guān)聯(lián)詞(完整句)?關(guān)聯(lián)詞+非完整句)2) 化右括號的條件：?句子終結(jié)?連接句子的并列連詞或標(biāo)點符號之前例 1: However , for many years physicists thought that (atom and molecules always weremuch more likely to emit light spontaneously)and that (stimulated emission thus always would be much weaker)例 2: It appeared that Canada was once more falling in st

8、ep with the trend toward smaller families (that had occurred all through the Wester n world since the time of the In dustrial Revolution).例 3: The history of cli ni cal nu tritio n, or the study of the relati on ship betwee n health andhow the body takes in and utilizes food substances(同位語,刪除),can b

9、e divided into fourdistinet eras: the first began in the nineteenthcentury and extended into the earlytwentieth century (when it was recognized for the first time that (food contained con stitue nts (that were esse ntial for huma n function) )and that (differe nt foods provided differe nt amounts of

10、 these esse ntial age nts).例 4: Using techniques first developed for the offshore oil and gas industry,theDSDP s drill ship, the Glomar Challe nger( 同位語),was able to ma in tai n a steady positi on on the ocean s surface and drill in very deep waterextracting samples of sediments androck from the oce

11、a n floor.例 5: The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that (reconstruction had to be un dertake n also in North, though less spectacularly ).例 6: The technique of direct carving was a break with the nineteenth century in which (the making of a clay model was considered the creative

12、act) and (the work was then turned over to studio assista nt to be cast in plaster or bronze or carved in marble).例 7: Anyone (who has handle a fossilized bone) knows that (it is usually not exactly like itsmodern counterpart), the most obvious differenee being that( it is often much heavier) 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

13、.例 8: The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily from the way in which (workersmade goods si nee 1790 s) , North America n enterpreneurs-evenwithout thetech no logical improvementhadbroadended the scope of the outwork system (that made manu facturi ng more efficie nt by distribut ing materials

14、to successi on of workers (who each performed a sin gle step of the product ion process)例 9: The fact that (artisanss, (who were locked on as mechanics or skilled workers in the eightee nth cen tury), (are freque ntly con sidered artists today) is directly attibutable to theArts and Crafts Moveme nt

15、 of the nin etee nth cen tury)例 10: A few art collectors James Bowdoin III of Bost on, William Bbyrd of Virgi nian, and the Aliens abd Hamiltons of Philadelphia 同位語introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries, especially aspiring artists and established i

16、n their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutionsdevoted to its encouragement.2倒裝句的閱讀方法1局部倒裝處理方法：把提前的助動詞/be動詞/情態(tài)動詞去掉或復(fù)原，并按順序理解.2完全倒裝的處理方法?構(gòu)成主語的成分：名詞代詞The +形容詞不定式主語從句動名詞? 完全倒裝的判斷流程例 1:Herein advlay賓語the beginningof whatultimately最終turnedfromignorance無知to denial

17、 of thevalue of nutritiontherapies inmedicine主語.例 2: Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals 主語,sometimes easily recognizable as such, often distorted into gorgeous, weird, but always functional shapes.例 3: With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War andthe econom

18、ic boom that followed it獨立主格,young people married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predecessors duri ng the Depressi on.沒有倒裝例 4: Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20years after the SecondWorld War 賓語is the country s impressive population

19、growth主語.句子結(jié)構(gòu):adj + prep +B+ be + A = A + be +adj +prep +B例 5: Among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliff of the Atlantic coastof Can ada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young are com mon murres, Atla ntic puffi ns, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gann ets主語.句子結(jié)

20、構(gòu)：Among A + be + B = B 是A的一局部例 6: Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well: that the medium has certain qualities of beauty and expressiveness with which sculptors must bring their own aesthetic sen sibilities into harm ony.例 7: Most important perhaps, was that they had all maintained with a

21、 certain fidelity 狀語a manner of technique and compositionconsistent with those ofAmerica s first popular Iandscapes artist, Thomas Cole, who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain sce nery bord ing the Huds on River .句型結(jié)構(gòu)：S + Vt + prep + n1 介詞短語+ n2, Vt的賓語實際上是 n2.例 8: With the turn-of-century

22、 Crafts movement and the discovery of nontraditionalsources of inspiration獨立主格 ,such as wooden African figures and masks, therearose a new urge for han ds-on, pers onal executi on of art and an in teract ion with the medium 主語.例 9: Accustomed though we are to倒裝speaking of the films made before 1927a

23、s slient , the film has never been seen, in the full sense of the word, silent.句型結(jié)構(gòu)：adj + though + S + be + prep + n = though + S +be + adj + prep + n,僅發(fā)生在讓步狀語從句中.例 10: Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species andhabitats has been a growing appreciationof the importaneeof biol

24、ogicaldiversity, the number of species in a particular ecosystem同位語,to thehealth of the Earth and human well-being主語.句型結(jié)構(gòu)：the importanee of A to B = A 對B的重要性例 11: Match ing the in flux of foreig n immigra nts into the larger cities of the Un ited Statesduring the late nineteenth century was a domest

25、icmigration主語,from town andfarm to city, with in the Un ited States.例 12: In deed, had it not bee n for the superb preservati on of these fossils虛擬條件句 if it had not been, they might well have been classified as dinosaurs.4強調(diào)句的閱讀方法? 構(gòu)成：It + be +強調(diào)成分+ that/ who+其他成分?注意：把強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)去掉句子仍然完整正確的就是強調(diào)句.強調(diào)句不強調(diào)形容詞和

26、代詞.例 1: It was just a decade before this強調(diào)句that many drug companies had foundtheir vitamin sales skyrocketingand were quick to supply practicingphysicians withgenerous samples of vitamins and literature extolling the virtue of supplementation for a vatiety of health-related con diti ons.例 2: It was

27、she, a Baltimore printer ,強調(diào)句who published the first office copies of the Declarat on, the first copie that in cluded the n ames of its sin gers and therefore heralded the support of all thirtee n coloni es.例 3: It was in the cities 強調(diào)句that the elements that can be associated with modern capitalism

28、first appearedthe use of money and commercial paper in place of barter,open competition in place of social deference and hierarchy, with an attendant rise in social disorder, and the appearance of factories using coal or water power in place of in depe ndent craftspeople work ing with hand tools.2.

29、泛讀-快速閱讀與有效閱讀1閱讀中的詳略結(jié)合-SKIMMING1需要詳細(xì)閱讀的內(nèi)容? 結(jié)構(gòu)主體的內(nèi)容?非舉例性質(zhì)的概括描述? 題目映射回原文的內(nèi)容2可以快速瀏覽的內(nèi)容?大量的數(shù)據(jù)堆砌? 明顯的舉例：為何而舉，舉例主體,結(jié)束位置? 比照類比讀一半? 讓步 轉(zhuǎn)折讀一半轉(zhuǎn)折以后的那一半(2) 理解單位擴大和閱讀中邏輯的構(gòu)建-模糊理解理論1) 閱讀中的惡習(xí)-指讀聲讀回讀視角高度過低二次閱讀2) 理解單位和閱讀邏輯?加大理解單位，變單詞為意群組合-焦點訓(xùn)練法?可以合并為意群的成分：副詞介詞短語分詞短語非謂語的不定式主語和謂語或謂語和賓語固定搭配例:Gen erally, in order to be pr

30、eserved in the fossil record, orga ni sms must prosess hardbody parts such as shells or bones. Soft, fleshy structures are quickly destroyed by predators or decayed by bacteria. Even hard parts left on the surface for certa in len gth of time will be destroyed. Therefore, orga ni sms must be buried

31、rapidly to escape destruct ion by elements and to be protected against agents of weathering and erosion. Marine orga ni sms thus are better can didates for fossilizati on tha n those liv ing on the land because the ocean is typically the site of sedimentation, whereas the land is largely the site of

32、 erosi on.Gen erally, ii order to be preservedin the fossil record, orfaani sms must prosesshardbody partssuch as shells or bones.Soft, fleshy structures are quickly destroyed| bypredatorsor decayed by bacteria. E/en hard parts left on the surface for certa in len gthof timewill be destroyed. Theref

33、ore,organisms must be buried rapidly to escapedestructio nby eleme nts and to be protected aga inst age nts of weatheri ng and erosi on.Marine orga ni sms thus are better can didates for fossilizati on tha n those livi ng on the landbecause the ocea n is typically the site of sedime ntati on, wherea

34、s the land is largely thesite of erosi on.構(gòu)建閱讀邏輯，變翻譯為整體理解-強調(diào)一遍閱讀3文章的類型和題材1文章類型：參見OG第19頁? 順承式：時間及時間開展線索.線型結(jié)構(gòu)? 分類式：分類方式及類別特征.樹型結(jié)構(gòu)?問題解決式現(xiàn)象解釋式：解決方案解釋及最終結(jié)論.傘型結(jié)構(gòu)2題材分類? 自然科學(xué)a. 生物學(xué)植物學(xué)：植物的分類和特征動物學(xué)：動物的分類和行為.鳥類群體昆蟲海洋生物微生物學(xué)：真菌蘑菇 真菌的頑固b. 地理地質(zhì)學(xué)地形地貌特征：成因分布?xì)夂蛏鷳B(tài)影響地質(zhì)事件：成因或原理 過程影響c. 天文學(xué)具體的星體特征:根本特征形狀 距離 軌道旋轉(zhuǎn) 溫度 質(zhì)量;大氣層

35、氫氣氦氣 氨氣 甲烷;外表特征；水和生命形式；人的探索天文學(xué)事件：成因 過程 影響d. 考古學(xué)古生物:恐龍滅絕,鳥類進化史 pterosaur宀archaeopteryx 宀modern birds古代遺址 遺跡：中國的古代遺跡災(zāi)害性天氣：成因過程危害預(yù)防 天氣預(yù)報：衛(wèi)星電腦技術(shù)f.新技術(shù)和新事物開展史特征及應(yīng)用?人文科學(xué)a. 美國歷史土人：生活宗教藝術(shù)都市化過程：人口增長城市擴張交通開展經(jīng)濟繁榮b. 歷史學(xué)和人類學(xué)原始人生活變遷：游牧到定居農(nóng)業(yè)古代文明c. 文學(xué)流派：產(chǎn)生思想代表作家：生平作品d. 繪畫和雕塑流派類型:城市藝術(shù)畫家e. 音樂類型:country, ragtime 樂器f. 心

36、理學(xué)：人類情感分析 三.新托福閱讀題型解析1. 詞匯題Vocabulary Question1詞匯題簡介和提問方式：參見0G第25頁2詞匯題的解答方法?認(rèn)識：直接解題，沾邊就對。? 不認(rèn)識：科斷：從詞的本身上下文：因果比照解釋代入驗證猜2. 指代題(Referenee Question)(1) 指代題簡介和提問方式：參見0G第2627頁(2) 指代題的解答方法? 代詞a. 從句的主語指代主語的主賓語(使用屬性判斷，不用含義)b. 關(guān)系代詞指代先行詞(插入結(jié)構(gòu)不影響指代關(guān)系)c. 重復(fù)概念指代：Tom and his cat(就近原那么)d. some of otherssome + n + o

37、f + n, others 指名詞some + v, some others共指之前概念? 名詞：a. 優(yōu)先選擇題干的上下意詞a is a kind of A, A 是a的上意詞b. 假設(shè)上下意詞不唯一那么當(dāng)作代詞指代處理b. 從句開頭往后找答案c. 代詞和被指代對象的數(shù)性和性質(zhì)必須一致d. 指代的傳遞現(xiàn)象Jupiters and other gia nt pla net are of a low-de nsity type quite distinct from the terrestrial planets: they are composed predominantly ofsuch s

38、ubstances ashydroge n, helium, ammon ia, and metha ne.The word they in the passage refers to(A) n uelear reacti ons(B) gia nt pla nets(C) terrestrial(D) substa ncesIf the physical barriers of the pla nt are breached, the n preformed chemicals may in hibit or kill the in truder,and pla nt tissues con

39、tain a diverse array of toxic or pote ntially toxic substa nces, such as resins, tannins, glycosides, and alkaloids, many of which are highly effective deterre nts to in sects that feed on pla nts.The word which in the passage refers to(A) tissues(B) substa nces(C) barriers(D) alkaloidsAciculturists

40、, people who raise birs for commercial sale, have not yet lear ned how to simulate the n atural in cubati on of parrot eggs in the wild. They con ti nue to look for better ways to in crease egg product ion and to improve chick survival rates.The word They in the passage refers to(A) birds(B) avicutu

41、rists(C) eggs(D) ratesWhat is particularly mea nin gful to an thropology is the realization that although the material available to a society may to some exte nd limit or in flue nee what itThe word it i n the passage refers to(A) realizati on(B) society(C) exte nt(D) in flue neeThe word others in t

42、he passage refers to(A) masters(B) baskets(C) pendants(D) surfacesThe word them in the passage refers to(A) America ns ofEuropea ndesce nt(B) pain ti ngs(C) Africa n America n artists(D) attitudescan do artistically, the materials by no means determ ine what is done.Some of their baskets were comple

43、tely covered with shell pendants;others with featers that made thebaskets surfaces as soft as the breasts of birds.En couraged by the example of certa in America ns of European descent such as Thomas Eakins, Robert Henri, and George Luks, who had in cluded pers ons of African descent in their painti

44、ngs as serious studies rather tha n as trivial or sen dime ntalstereotypes,African American artists of this period set about creati ng a new portrayal of themselves and their lives in the Un ited States. As they bega n to strive for social and cutural independence.Their attitudes towardthemselves ch

45、anged, and, to some extend, others segme nts of America n society bega n to cha nge their attitudes toward them.3. 事實信息題(Factual In formation Questio n)(1) 事實題簡介和提問方式：參見OG第20頁(2) 事實題的正確選項特征:原文重現(xiàn)和同義改寫 細(xì)節(jié)類題目的干擾方式1)信息滯留點?信息滯留點的概念?信息滯留點的表現(xiàn)形式a. A在原文的出現(xiàn)，B在原文中不出現(xiàn).,A + B在選項中出現(xiàn).b. AB均在原文中出現(xiàn)，A + B在選項中出現(xiàn).c. A+

46、 B在原文中出現(xiàn).A或B在選項中出現(xiàn).2)干擾選項特征? 虛假比擬：如果選項中出現(xiàn)了比擬級最高級 絕對化描述或范圍的擴張，那么該選項優(yōu)先不為正確選項，在除非在原文存在比擬的對應(yīng)? 答非所問：確保所選答案和題干構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系.4事實信息題的解題步驟1根據(jù)題目中的關(guān)鍵詞進行定位筆記 t原文關(guān)鍵詞：能夠縮小搜索范圍的詞段落號時間和數(shù)字人名地名專有名詞題 目的核心概念J Scanning:在原文中尋找某特定概念= 尋找關(guān)鍵詞及其同反義詞和上下義詞尋找關(guān)鍵詞及其相關(guān)概念的第一次出現(xiàn)位置2根據(jù)所讀內(nèi)容形成答案判斷3驗證選項，選擇與答案判斷一致的選項4假設(shè)無匹配選項那么檢查讀題定位理解正確性.注意:驗證選項中

47、的概念和最大的概念組合是否在文章中出現(xiàn) 確保所選答案和題干構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系確保所選答案和原文構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系4. 否認(rèn)事實信息題(Negative In formation Questio n)(1)否認(rèn)事實題簡介和提問方式：參見0G第21頁局部否認(rèn)事實題目的特點及解答? 特點a. 對應(yīng)原文某一處描述，通常是舉例b. 對應(yīng)原文兩處或兩處以上描述，并且通常是分散舉例或排比(未被選擇的選項應(yīng)和原文構(gòu) 成一一對應(yīng).?解答原那么a. 優(yōu)先利用筆記進行判斷排除b. 充分利用已做題目進行判斷排除c. 根據(jù)選項中的關(guān)鍵詞進行定位排除d. 直選和排除結(jié)合e. 盡量最后再做(3) 全局否認(rèn)事實題目的特點及解答5. 推斷

48、題(Inference Question)(1)推斷題簡介和提問方式：參見OG第23頁推斷題的特點和解答?正確答案不在原文中直接出現(xiàn)? 推理的邏輯因果：比照：時間比照；直接比照；比例比照(在總量構(gòu)成不變的情況下此消彼漲)?推理錯誤：附加條件(收斂線性推理)6. 修辭目的題(Rhetorical Purpose Question)(1) 修辭目的題見解和提問方式：參見OG第24頁(2) 修辭目的題的分類和解答?段落關(guān)系a. 順承：無明顯的標(biāo)志詞b. 轉(zhuǎn)折：有表示比照轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的關(guān)聯(lián)詞c. 支持：有表示舉例的關(guān)聯(lián)詞?作者意圖：對應(yīng)原文如果有表示舉例的關(guān)聯(lián)詞，那么答案在當(dāng)前句之前出現(xiàn)，否那么答案在當(dāng)前

49、句中出現(xiàn)；如果找不到概括性描述.那么想段落中心或全文中心靠攏.It is estimated that over 99 percent of all species that ever existed have become ext in ct. What causes ext inction? When species is no Ion ger adapted to a cha nged en vir onmen t, it may perish.The exact causes of a species dath vary from situati on to situati on. R

50、apid ecological cha nge mayWhat does the author say in paragraph 1 regard ing most species in earth s history(A) They have remained basically unchanged from their original from their original forms.(B) They have bee n able to adapt to ecological cha nges.(C) They have caused rapid cha nge in the env

51、ironment.render an environment hostile to a species. For example, temperatures may cha nge and a species may not be able to adapt. Food resources may beaffected by environmentalchanges, which willthen cause problems for a species requiri ng theseresources.Other species maybecomebetteradaptedto anen

52、viro nment,result ingincompetiti onand, ultimately, inthe deathof aspecies.The fossile record reveals that ext in cti onhasoccurred throughout the history ofearth.Recentan alyseshave also revealedthat onsomeoccasi onsmany species becameextinctatthesame time-amass ext inction.Oneofthebest-k nown exam

53、ples of mass ext inction occurred 65 milli on years ago with the demise of dino saurs and many other forms of life. Perhaps the largest mass exti nction was one that occurred 225 milli onyears ago, when approximately 95 percent ofallspecies died, mass exti nctions can be caused by a relatively rapid

54、 cha nge in the environment and can be worse ned by the close in terrelati on ship of many species. If, for example, someth ing were to happen to destory much of the plankon in the oceans, then the oxygen content of earth would drop, affect ion even orga ni sms not liv ing in the ocea ns. Such a cha

55、 nge would probably lead to a mass exti nction.One in teresti ng, and con troversial,finding isthat ext in cti ons duri ng the past 250 milli on years have tended to be more intense every 26 million years. This periodic extinction might be due to intersection of the earth orbit with a cloud of comets, but this theory is purely speculative. Some researchers have also speculated that ext in cti on may ofte n be ran dom. That is, certa in species may be eliminated and others may survive for no particular reason. A species survival may have nothing to do with its abil