conversationanalysis實用學習教案

1、會計學1conversationanalysis實用實用(shyng)第一頁，共26頁。 What is conversation? A way of using language socially, of doing things with words. A interaction of two or more participants. Number of participants and length of contribution to the conversation can vary. Open-ended, has the potential to developed in an

2、y way. planned for occasions for speaking, such as meetings or debates.第1頁/共26頁第二頁，共26頁。What is conversation analysis? CA is the study of recorded, naturally occurring talk-in-interaction. Its object of the study is the interactional organization of social activities. CA aims at discovering how part

3、icipants understand and respond to one another in their turns at talk, with a central focus on how sequences of actions are generated.It is an empirical approach which avoids premature theory construction. methods are inductive, search for recurring patterns.第2頁/共26頁第三頁，共26頁。Origin of the conversati

4、on analysisInspired by ethnomethodology(人類(rnli)方法學）, CA was developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Representatives（famous American scholars） ： Harvey Sacks, Emmanuel Schegolff Gail JeffersonFundamental essay ：A simplest systematic for the organization of turn-taking for conversation.第3頁/共26頁第

5、四頁，共26頁。Today CA is an established method used in sociology, anthropology, linguistics, speech-communication and psychology. It is particularly influential in interactional sociolinguistics, discourse analysis and discursive psychology, as well as being a coherent discipline in its own right.第4頁/共26

6、頁第五頁，共26頁。 Basic notions： Turn：basic unit of conversation it may contain many illocutions, it is everything that a speaker communicates during a unit of conversation.第5頁/共26頁第六頁，共26頁。Turn-taking: basic form organization for conversation.speakers change occursmostly, one speaker talks at a timecurren

7、t speaker may select another speaker or parties, or may self-select in starting to talktransition from one turn to the next without gap or overlap turn order and size not fixedrepair mechanisms: deal with turn-taking errors and violations第6頁/共26頁第七頁，共26頁。Transition relevance places(TRP)Transition: a

8、 relay of the right to speak to the next speaker Mechanisms of selection (self- or other-) TRP can be exploited by the speaker holding the floorDirectly, for the purpose of allocating the right to speaker to a next speaker of his/her choiceIndirectly, by throwing the floor wide open to whoever第7頁/共2

9、6頁第八頁，共26頁。Adjacency pairs（相鄰(xin ln)對子）緊挨在一起的話輪稱作相鄰對子。特點：必須是由兩個言語行為組成的序列這兩個行為由不同的發(fā)話人發(fā)出這兩個行為通常緊挨在一起，且排列順序有規(guī)律，先出現(xiàn)的是相鄰對子的第一部分，后出現(xiàn)的為第二(d r)部分兩部分之間有固定的聯(lián)系，第一部分出現(xiàn)預示著第二(d r)部分的出現(xiàn)第8頁/共26頁第九頁，共26頁。Complaint/denialE：Hey yuh took my chair by the way anI dont think that was very nice.N：I didnt take yer chair, i

10、ts my chair.Complaint/rejectionA: Im glad I have you for a friend.B: Thats because you dont have any others.例子(l zi)：第9頁/共26頁第十頁，共26頁。Preference organization of adjacency pairs例子(l zi)：A: What does John do for a living?B: a. Oh this and that. b. He doesnt. c. Ive no idea. d. Whats that got to do wit

11、h you?第10頁/共26頁第十一頁，共26頁。分類：合意等級（preferred organization）：指應答無標記的，很快的發(fā)出，結(jié)構(gòu)(jigu)上簡單。不合意等級（dis-preferred organization）：有標記的，形勢復雜。第11頁/共26頁第十二頁，共26頁。Levinson 歸納了一些標記性特征：（1）在說出不合意的應答前有延遲，如 發(fā)話前的停頓；使用各種開端語（見（2），通過補救引發(fā)語插入序列來造成錯位。（2）使用各種開端語（preface），如“uh”、“well”之類的標記；象征性的同意、感謝或道歉；限制語；各種形式的猶豫躊躇，包括自我修正。（3）說明解

12、釋為什么合意的應答沒有出現(xiàn)（4）拒絕的部分，在形式上可以與第一部分配對，但比較簡潔(jinji)委婉。第12頁/共26頁第十三頁，共26頁。請求(qngqi)前序列位置1：A請求(qngqi)前話語位置2：B肯定回答位置3：A發(fā)出請求(qngqi)位置4：B答應或拒絕請求(qngqi)Mary: Hi, Lily, What are you going to do?Lily: Not much.Mary: you wanna drink?Lily: Okay.第13頁/共26頁第十四頁，共26頁。Insertion sequences (pre-sequences)Example:A: can

13、 I have a bottle of Mich? Q1B: Are you over twenty one? Ins1A: No. Isn2B: No. A1第14頁/共26頁第十五頁，共26頁。repair mechanism（補救(bji)機制）四種基本(jbn)補救類型：自我引發(fā)的自我補救，指發(fā)出補救對象的人引發(fā)和實施的補救；例子：啊我感覺到雖然呢班主任的工作很瑣碎的，但是 也有很多#其中也有很多樂趣。他人引發(fā)的自我補救，指發(fā)出補救對象的人在聽話人要求下進行的補救。例子： A： 兩個燒賣，一個花卷。 B：幾個燒賣？ A：兩個。 B：恩。（把燒賣和花卷遞給A）第15頁/共26頁第十六頁，

14、共26頁。自我引發(fā)(yn f)他人補救，指發(fā)出補救對象的人自己要求但由他人完成的補救。例子：B：He had dis uh Mistuh W-m whatever k-I cant think of his first name, Watts on, the one that Wrote that pieceA： Dan Watts. 他人引發(fā)(yn f)的他人補救，指發(fā)現(xiàn)補救對象的聽話人自己要求并由他本人完成的補救。Milly：and then they said something about Kruschev has Leukemia so I thought oh its all a

15、big put on.Jean: BreshnevMilly: Breshnev has leukemia. So I dont know what to think.第16頁/共26頁第十七頁，共26頁。Discourse analysis and conversation analysis Discourse analysis: is the study of (1)How sentences in spoken and written language form larger meaningful units, such as paragraphs, conversations, int

16、erviews, etc.(2)How the choice of articles, pronouns, and tenses affect the structures of discourse.(3)The relationship between utterances in a discourse.(4)The moves made by speakers to introduce a new topic, change the topic, or insert higher role relationship to the other participants.第17頁/共26頁第十

17、八頁，共26頁。Similarities:Concerned with giving an account of how coherence and sequential organization in discourse is produced and understand.CA is closely connected With DA because sometimes analysis of spoken discourse is called conversation analysis.第18頁/共26頁第十九頁，共26頁。Differences:CA emphasizes on th

18、e interactional and inferential consequences of the choice between alternative utterances and on what can actually be found to occur, not on what one would guess to be acceptable.DA could be an analysis of any text, so it would include written texts, lectures, etc.第19頁/共26頁第二十頁，共26頁。會話分析(fnx)的應用機構(gòu)性談話：如醫(yī)患關(guān)系交談，采訪、電視錄制(l zh)、現(xiàn)場直播節(jié)目、法庭辯論等。從詞語