何家弘法律英語課件_第二課

1、Lesson TwoLegal Profession法律職業(yè)法律職業(yè)法律英語1Background 律師律師法官法官檢查官檢查官法學(xué)教師法學(xué)教師法律英語2法律職業(yè)法律職業(yè)變換頻繁變換頻繁 Harlan Fiske Stone法律英語3Part 1 The BarBar法庭中將公眾與法官、律師法庭中將公眾與法官、律師及其他訴訟參與人分隔開的及其他訴訟參與人分隔開的隔板隔板。后來用于通指法律職業(yè)或律師職業(yè)。后來用于通指法律職業(yè)或律師職業(yè)。法律英語4美國律師協(xié)會美國律師協(xié)會法律英語5律師律師美國美國LawyerAttorneyAttorney at-lawCounselerCounseler at-

2、law法律英語6英國英國Barrister訴訟律師訴訟律師大律師，出庭律師大律師，出庭律師Solicitor非訴律師非訴律師訴狀律師，事務(wù)律師訴狀律師，事務(wù)律師法律英語7The regulation of the legal profession is primarily the concern of the states, each of which has its own requirements for admission to practice. Q：Why is the concern of each state?admission to the bar授予職業(yè)律師資格；律師職業(yè)許可

3、（法院確認(rèn)申請人的居住資格、公民身份、教育狀況、道德品格等符合法定資格要求，授予申請人在其管轄區(qū)域內(nèi)從事律師事務(wù)的特權(quán)或許可證）Most require three years of college and a law degree. Each state administers its own written examination to applicants for its bar. 法律英語8三年大學(xué)三年大學(xué)法律學(xué)位法律學(xué)位書面考試書面考試Three years of college and a law degreeIn the United States, a law school i

4、s an institution where students obtain a professional education in law after first obtaining an undergraduate degree.Law schools in the U.S. issue the Juris Doctor degree (J.D.), which is a professional doctorate, and for most practitioners a terminal degree. Although most law schools only offer the

5、 traditional three-year program, several U.S. law schools offer an Accelerated JD program.法律英語9Almost all states, however, make use of the Multistate Bar Exam, a day-long multi-choice test, to which the states adds a day-long essay examination emphasizing its own law.法律英語10各州律師聯(lián)考各州律師聯(lián)考州綜合問答題州綜合問答題Th

6、e Multistate Bar Examination (MBE) is a six-hour, two-hundred question multiple-choice examination covering contracts, torts, constitutional law, criminal law, evidence, and real property. 法律英語11A substantial fraction of all applicants succeed on the first try, and many of those who fail pass on a l

7、ater attempt. Translation:通過第一次考試的人很多，但通過第二次考試通過第一次考試的人很多，但通過第二次考試的人很少。的人很少。大部分人都能一次通過，即使沒通過的在之后大部分人都能一次通過，即使沒通過的在之后的考試中也能順利通過。的考試中也能順利通過。法律英語12In all, over forty thousand persons succeed in passing these examinations in their respective states. 每年各州有每年各州有4萬多人通過律師考試。萬多人通過律師考試。No apprenticeship is re

8、quired either before or after admission. Admission: admission to the barapprentice: a person who is learning from a skilled employer (lawyer), having agreed to work for a fixed period at low wages 法律英語13The rules for admission to practice before the federal courts vary with the courts,在在聯(lián)邦法院執(zhí)業(yè)聯(lián)邦法院執(zhí)業(yè)

9、的要求各州不同，的要求各州不同，but generally those entitled to practice before the highest court of a state may be admitted before the federal courts upon compliance with minor formalities. 在在州最高法院執(zhí)業(yè)州最高法院執(zhí)業(yè)的人辦理了一些的人辦理了一些無關(guān)無關(guān)緊要的手續(xù)緊要的手續(xù)后可以在后可以在聯(lián)邦法院聯(lián)邦法院執(zhí)業(yè)。執(zhí)業(yè)。法律英語14before the court 出庭、在法庭上出庭、在法庭上Federal courts hear ca

10、ses involving 法律英語15the constitutionality of a law; cases involving the laws and treaties of the U.S.; ambassadors and public ministers; disputes between two or more states; admiralty law; and bankruptcy cases. The Highest CourtSupreme CourtA supreme court is the highest court within the hierarchy o

11、f many legal jurisdictions. Other descriptions for such courts include court of last resort, instance court, judgment court, apex court, and highest court of appeal. Broadly speaking, the decisions of a supreme court are not subject to further review by any other court.In a few places, the court nam

12、ed the Supreme Court is not in fact the highest court; examples include the Supreme Court of the State of New York and the former Supreme Court of Judicature of England and Wales. 法律英語16A lawyers practice is usually confined to a single community for, although a lawyer may travel to represent client

13、s, one is only permitted to practice in a state where one has been admitted. 律師通常在律師通常在一個固定地區(qū)一個固定地區(qū)執(zhí)業(yè)執(zhí)業(yè)可以代表當(dāng)事人到其他州辦理事務(wù)可以代表當(dāng)事人到其他州辦理事務(wù)只能在獲準(zhǔn)開業(yè)的州從業(yè)只能在獲準(zhǔn)開業(yè)的州從業(yè)法律英語17Practice of lawOnce admitted to practice by the highest court of a state (the state supreme court), a function sometimes administered by th

14、e states bar association, an American attorney may file legal pleadings and argue cases in that state court, provide legal advice to clients and draft important legal instruments such as wills, trusts, deeds and contracts.Arguing cases in the federal courts requires separate admission.法律英語18 It is c

15、ustomary to retain local counsel for matters in other jurisdictions. retain: 付定金聘定律師付定金聘定律師Local counsel: A lawyer licensed to practice law in a particular jurisdiction or before a particular court who assists a lawyer who is not licensed, but who has been given permission to provide advice and repr

16、esent a client in an action in that jurisdiction or before that court, with matters regarding the application and interpretation of the local laws as well as with the local court customs, practices, and rules.有些州曾把有些州曾把“本州居民本州居民”規(guī)定為申請律師資格的前提條件。規(guī)定為申請律師資格的前提條件。但聯(lián)邦最高法院在但聯(lián)邦最高法院在19851985年裁定這種規(guī)定為非法。此外，在美年

17、裁定這種規(guī)定為非法。此外，在美國擔(dān)任律師的人國擔(dān)任律師的人并不必須是美國公民并不必須是美國公民。 法律英語19One who moves to another state can usually be admitted without examination if one has practiced in a state where one has been admitted for some time, often five years. 如果一個人如果一個人已經(jīng)執(zhí)業(yè)已經(jīng)執(zhí)業(yè)5 5年以上年以上，那，那么當(dāng)他移居到另外一個州的時(shí)候，么當(dāng)他移居到另外一個州的時(shí)候，通常通常不用再參加該州的律師資格

18、考不用再參加該州的律師資格考試試就可以就可以獲準(zhǔn)執(zhí)業(yè)獲準(zhǔn)執(zhí)業(yè)。 法律英語20A lawyer may not only practice law, but is permitted to engage in any activity that is open to other citizens.法律英語21從事律師業(yè)務(wù)從事律師業(yè)務(wù)參加任何其他公民可以參加的活動參加任何其他公民可以參加的活動It is not uncommon for practicing lawyer to serve on boards of directors of corporate clients, to engage

19、 in business, and to participate actively in public affairs. 法律英語22在公司的董事會任職在公司的董事會任職從事商業(yè)活動從事商業(yè)活動積極參與公共事務(wù)積極參與公共事務(wù)A lawyer remains a member of the bar even after becoming a judge, an employee of the government or of a private business concern, or a law teacher, and may return to private practice from

20、 these other activities. 律師在成為律師在成為法官法官、受雇于政府受雇于政府或或私營私營企業(yè)企業(yè)或者成為或者成為法律教師法律教師以后，還以后，還保留保留著律師的身份著律師的身份；從事上述職業(yè)的人，；從事上述職業(yè)的人，也可以再回到律師行業(yè)。也可以再回到律師行業(yè)。法律英語23 A relatively small number of lawyers give up practice for responsible executive positions in commerce and industry. 很少有律師為了工商業(yè)界的很少有律師為了工商業(yè)界的重要管理重要管理職位職

21、位而放棄律師職業(yè)。而放棄律師職業(yè)。法律英語24The mobility as well as the sense of public responsibility in the profession is evidenced by the career of Harlan Fiske Stone who was, at various times, a successful New York lawyer, a professor and dean of the Columbia School of Law, Attorney General of the United States, and

22、 Chief Justice of the United States. 法律英語25律師律師教授教授院長院長總檢總檢察長察長首席大首席大法官法官法律英語26Harlan Fiske Stone1872- 1946Distinguished jurist Harlan Fiske Stone was born on October 11, 1872 in Chesterfield, New Hampshire. 著名法理學(xué)家著名法理學(xué)家After graduating from Amherst College in 1894, he continued on to Columbia Unive

23、rsity from which he received his law degree in 1898. The next year he was admitted to the New York bar. 加入紐約律師協(xié)會加入紐約律師協(xié)會法律英語27In 1910 Stone became the dean of the Columbia Law School. In 1924 he was appointed by President Coolidge to be Attorney General. 哥倫比亞大學(xué)法學(xué)院院長哥倫比亞大學(xué)法學(xué)院院長司法部長（總檢察長）司法部長（總檢察長）法律英

24、語28In 1925 he was nominated to the Supreme Court. While on the Court, Stone was a strong supporter of President Roosevelts New Deal legislation. Roosevelt appointed Stone Chief Justice in 1941. Stone died in 1946 at the age of 73.最高法院法官最高法院法官羅斯福新政羅斯福新政最高法院首席大法官最高法院首席大法官法律英語29These is no formal divis

25、ion among lawyers according to function. 美國沒有律師職業(yè)的劃分。美國沒有律師職業(yè)的劃分。法律英語30英國：英國：Barristers：出庭律師出庭律師、大律師、訴訟律師大律師、訴訟律師Solicitors：訴狀律師訴狀律師、小律師、非訴律師小律師、非訴律師 Barristers: a person called to the bar and entitled to practise as an advocate, particularly in the higher courts.Solicitors: a member of the legal pr

26、ofession qualified to deal with conveyancing, the drawing up of wills, and other legal matters. A solicitor may also instruct barristers and represent clients in some courts.法律英語31there is no branch of profession that has a special or exclusive right to appear in court, nor is there a branch that sp

27、ecializes in the preparation of legal instruments. 法律英語32美國：美國：出庭代理訴訟出庭代理訴訟準(zhǔn)備法律文書準(zhǔn)備法律文書attorneyAn exclusive right is the power or, in a wider sense, right to perform an action or acquire a benefit and to permit or deny others the right to perform the same action or to acquire the same benefit. The t

28、erm is restricted for use for official state or sovereign (i.e., constitutional) powers. Exclusive rights are a form of monopoly.Exclusive rights can be established by law or by contractual obligation, but the scope of enforceability will depend upon the extent to which others are bound by the instr

29、ument establishing the exclusive right; thus in the case of contractual rights, only persons that are parties to a contract will be affected by the exclusivity.法律英語33Legal instrument is a legal term of art that is used for any formally executed written document that can be formally attributed to its

30、 author, records and formally expresses a legally enforceable act, process, or contractual duty, obligation, or right, and therefore evidences that act, process, or agreement. Examples include a certificate, deed, bond, contract, will, legislative act, notarial act, court writ or process, or any law

31、 passed by a competent legislative body in municipal (domestic) or international law.法律英語34 The American lawyers domain includes advocacy, counseling, and drafting. Furthermore, within the sphere broadly defined as the “practice of law” the domain is exclusive and is not open to others. 代理訴訟，出庭辯護(hù)；代理

32、訴訟，出庭辯護(hù)；咨詢服務(wù)；咨詢服務(wù)；起草文書；起草文書；律師實(shí)務(wù)律師實(shí)務(wù)法律英語35 In the field of advocacy, the rules are fairly clear: any individual may represent himself or herself in court but, with the exception of a few inferior courts, only a lawyer may represent another in court. 出庭辯護(hù)：出庭辯護(hù)：當(dāng)事人本人當(dāng)事人本人代理律師代理律師法律英語36Self-representat

33、ion / Pro se legal representationPro se legal representation means advocating on ones own behalf before a court, rather than being represented by a lawyer. This may occur in any court proceeding, whether one is the defendant or plaintiff in civil cases, and when one is a defendant in criminal cases.

34、 Pro se is a Latin phrase meaning for oneself or on ones own behalf. Most U.S. states have a constitutional provision that either expressly or by interpretation allows individuals to represent their own causes in the courts of that state.法律英語37Nonlawyers are authorized to represent others in formal

35、proceedings of a judicial nature before some administrative agencies.非律師也可被授權(quán)代理其他人參與行非律師也可被授權(quán)代理其他人參與行政機(jī)關(guān)的一些司法性質(zhì)的政機(jī)關(guān)的一些司法性質(zhì)的正式程序正式程序。 法律英語38The lines of demarcation are less clear in the areas of counseling and drafting of legal instruments, as for example between the practice of law and that of acco

36、unting in the field of federal income taxation. 咨詢服務(wù)與起草法律文件之間的劃分不咨詢服務(wù)與起草法律文件之間的劃分不明確。明確。就聯(lián)邦所得稅，律師執(zhí)業(yè)與會計(jì)執(zhí)業(yè)劃就聯(lián)邦所得稅，律師執(zhí)業(yè)與會計(jì)執(zhí)業(yè)劃分不清。分不清。法律英語39the lines of demarcation: the dividing lineIn its most general sense, the practice of law involves giving legal advice to clients, drafting legal documents for clie

37、nts, and representing clients in legal negotiations and court proceedings such as lawsuits, and is applied to the professional services of a lawyer or attorney at law, barrister, solicitor, or civil law notary. However, there is a substantial amount of overlap between the practice of law and various

38、 other professions where clients are represented by agents. These professions include real estate, banking, accounting, and insurance.法律英語40 However, the strict approach of most American courts is indicated by a decision of New Yorks highest court that a lawyer admitted to practice in a foreign coun

39、try but not in New York is prohibited from giving legal advice to clients in New York, even though the advice is limited to the law of foreign country where the lawyer is admitted. 美國大多數(shù)法院都采取了如美國大多數(shù)法院都采取了如紐約最高法院紐約最高法院規(guī)規(guī)定的定的一項(xiàng)嚴(yán)格措施一項(xiàng)嚴(yán)格措施：在外國而不是在紐約取：在外國而不是在紐約取得執(zhí)業(yè)資格的律師，得執(zhí)業(yè)資格的律師，不得為紐約的當(dāng)事人提不得為紐約的當(dāng)事人提供法律咨詢

40、供法律咨詢，即使該律師提供的咨詢范圍僅，即使該律師提供的咨詢范圍僅限于允許其執(zhí)業(yè)所屬國家的法律。限于允許其執(zhí)業(yè)所屬國家的法律。法律英語41One of the biggest traps for lawyers is MJP multi-jurisdictional practice. The ABA Model Rule of Professional Conduct 5.5 prohibits the practice of law where lawyers are not licensed, as well as the aiding and abetting of it: A “l(fā)a

41、wyer shall not: (a) practice law in a jurisdiction where doing so violates the regulation of the legal profession in that jurisdiction; or (b) assist a person who is not a member of the bar in the performance of activity that constitutes an unauthorized practice of law.”法律英語42A foreign lawyer may be

42、 admitted to the bar of one of states and may, even without being admitted, advise an American lawyer as a consultant on foreign law.外國律師可以被一個州的律師協(xié)會外國律師可以被一個州的律師協(xié)會接接納為會員納為會員，甚至在沒有被接納的情況，甚至在沒有被接納的情況下，下，作為外國法律顧問作為外國法律顧問向美國律師咨向美國律師咨詢詢。法律英語43RULES OF THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE ADMIN

43、ISTRATIVE RULES 35 TO 59 Rule 42D. Licensing and Practice of Foreign Legal Consultants.(1) General Regulation as to LicensingIn its discretion, the supreme court may license to practice in this United States jurisdiction as a foreign legal consultant, without examination, an applicant who:(a) is, an

44、d for at least five years has been, a member in good standing of a recognized legal profession in a foreign country, the members of which are admitted to practice as lawyers or counselors at law or the equivalent and are subject to effective regulation and discipline by a duly constituted profession

45、al body or a public authority;(b) for at least five of the seven years immediately preceding his or her application, has been a member in good standing of such legal profession and has been lawfully engaged in the practice of law in the foreign country or elsewhere substantially involving or relatin

46、g to the rendering of advice or the provision of legal services concerning the law of the foreign country;(c) possesses the good moral character and general fitness requisite for a member of the bar of this State, as required by Rule 42(5); and(d) intends to practice as a foreign legal consultant in

47、 this jurisdiction and to maintain an office in this jurisdiction for that purpose.法律英語44Part 2 Lawyers in private practice獨(dú)立開業(yè)的律師獨(dú)立開業(yè)的律師Among these fifteen lawyers in practice, nine, a clear majority, are single practitioners .在獨(dú)立開業(yè)的律師中，大多數(shù)在獨(dú)立開業(yè)的律師中，大多數(shù)（9/15）是）是單獨(dú)開業(yè)者單獨(dú)開業(yè)者。法律英語45Single practitionerP

48、roprietorships 個體業(yè)主個體業(yè)主Proprietorships are not separate legal entities法律英語46A practitioner is someone who engages in an occupation, profession, religion, or way of life.Practitioner may refer to:Medical practitionerJustice practitionerThe remaining six practice in law firms, which are generally orga

49、nized as partnerships. 剩下的剩下的6個人組成律師事務(wù)所，一般采用個人組成律師事務(wù)所，一般采用合伙制。合伙制。 Four or five of these six are partners and the others are associates, a term applied to salaried lawyers employed by a firm or another lawyer. 6個人中有個人中有4、5個是律師合伙人個是律師合伙人；其余的是受雇律師，他們受雇于律師事務(wù)所或其其余的是受雇律師，他們受雇于律師事務(wù)所或其他律師，領(lǐng)取工資。他律師，領(lǐng)取工資。par

50、tnershipsA business enterprise entered into for profit which is owned by more than one person, each of whom is a partner. A partnership may be created by a formal written agreement, but may be based on an oral agreement or just a handshake. Each partner invests a certain amount (money, assets and/or

51、 effort) which establishes an agreed-upon percentage of ownership, is responsible for all the debts and contracts of the partnership. http:/ trend toward group practice is relatively recent origin. 法律英語49合伙開業(yè)合伙開業(yè)Throughout most of nineteenth century, law practice was general rather than specialized,

52、 its chief ingredient was advocacy rather than counseling and drafting, and the prototype of the American lawyer was the single practitioner. 律師業(yè)務(wù)是一般化的，而不是專業(yè)化的律師業(yè)務(wù)是一般化的，而不是專業(yè)化的主要業(yè)務(wù)是出庭辯護(hù)，而不是提供咨詢和起主要業(yè)務(wù)是出庭辯護(hù)，而不是提供咨詢和起草文書草文書美國律師的原型是單獨(dú)開業(yè)者。美國律師的原型是單獨(dú)開業(yè)者。法律英語50 Marked specialization began in the later part

53、 of that century in the large cities near the financial centers. the work of the lawyer accommodated itself to the needs of clients for expert counseling and drafting to prevent as well as to settle disputes. 19世紀(jì)后期，在金融中心附近的大城市，出世紀(jì)后期，在金融中心附近的大城市，出現(xiàn)了顯著的現(xiàn)了顯著的律師專業(yè)化律師專業(yè)化。律師為客戶提供律師為客戶提供專業(yè)咨詢和起草文書專業(yè)咨詢和起草文書

54、，以防止和解決爭議。以防止和解決爭議。法律英語51The best lawyers were attracted to this work 最好的律師最好的律師被吸引來做這些事。被吸引來做這些事。 leadership of the bar gravitated to persons who rarely if ever appeared in courts and who were sought after as advisors, planners, and negotiators. 律師界的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人物多為那些律師界的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人物多為那些極少出庭極少出庭即即使確曾出庭的話使確曾出庭的話的人，和那

55、些作為的人，和那些作為顧問、顧問、計(jì)劃者和談判者計(jì)劃者和談判者而深受歡迎的人。而深受歡迎的人。法律英語52Move towards Today the lawyer regards it as sound practice to be continuously familiar with clients business problems and to participate at all steps in shaping of their policies. 目前律師們都認(rèn)為不斷地熟悉目前律師們都認(rèn)為不斷地熟悉當(dāng)事人的當(dāng)事人的經(jīng)營問題經(jīng)營問題，并，并參與商業(yè)決策形成的每一參與商業(yè)決策形成的每

56、一個步驟個步驟是較為是較為合理的執(zhí)業(yè)合理的執(zhí)業(yè)慣例慣例。法律英語53Part 3 House Counsel 受雇于某公司而非獨(dú)立開業(yè)的律師受雇于某公司而非獨(dú)立開業(yè)的律師Out of every twenty lawyers, two are employed by private business concerns, such as industrial corporations, insurance companies, and banks, usually as house or corporate counsel in the concerns legal department. 20

57、個律師中有個律師中有2個受雇于個受雇于私人企業(yè)私人企業(yè)，如工業(yè)，如工業(yè)企業(yè)、保險(xiǎn)公司、銀行。企業(yè)、保險(xiǎn)公司、銀行。 專職法律顧問，公司法律顧問專職法律顧問，公司法律顧問法律英語54 the growth of corporationsthe complexity of businessthe multitude of problem posed by government regulation法律英語55firms to have in their employ persons with legal training非常了解企業(yè)的非常了解企業(yè)的特殊問題和條件特殊問題和條件The general

58、 counsel (總法律顧問總法律顧問) An officer of the companyServe on important policy making committeesServe on the board of directors. 法律英語56公司管理人員公司管理人員重要決策委員會重要決策委員會董事會董事會In large corporations the legal department may number 100 or more.House counselremain members of the bar 保留律師協(xié)會會員身份保留律師協(xié)會會員身份entitled to ap

59、pear in court有資格出庭進(jìn)行訴訟有資格出庭進(jìn)行訴訟An outside lawyer is retained for litigation.法律英語57House counselHowever, it is the house counsels skill as advisor rather than as an advocate that is a valued asset. 專職律師的專長是專職律師的專長是法律顧問法律顧問而不是而不是辯護(hù)律師辯護(hù)律師，這是個珍貴的財(cái)富。，這是個珍貴的財(cái)富。法律英語58Constantly in touch with the employers

60、problem, house counsel is ideally situated to practice preventive law and may also be called upon to advise the company on its broader obligation to the public and the nation.專職律師一直接觸雇主的問題，他們專職律師一直接觸雇主的問題，他們理當(dāng)致力于理當(dāng)致力于預(yù)防性的法律預(yù)防性的法律，并應(yīng)該建，并應(yīng)該建議公司為公共事務(wù)和國家承擔(dān)議公司為公共事務(wù)和國家承擔(dān)更多的更多的義務(wù)義務(wù)。法律英語59Part 4 Lawyers in