學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作2——摘要篇

1、Academic English WritingLecturedBy Cui HTel 十三頁(yè)Topical HighlightsThe successful circulation of a professional paper depends to a great extent on its abstract. General Functions of Abstract: miniaturizing the text, deciding “yes” or “no”, expending the circulation.Lingusitic Features of

2、Abstract: limited length, categories of abstracts, complete content, formalized structureWrtiting Requirements for Abstract: integrated, concise, consistent, and concentrated. 共十三頁(yè)General Functions of Abstract:Miniaturizing the textShort concise and highly generalized text, a condensed statement of

3、the contents of a paerA mini-version or a miniature of the document, summarizing the content of main body.A useful tool in searching for information, enables readers to identify the basic content of a document more quickly and conveniently, to determine their interest, and finally to decide whether

4、they need to read the whole document. Deciding “yes” or “no”Directly influences the papers acceptence to a learned journal: the reviewer or editor may be perilously close to a final judgement of the manuscript after reading the abstract alone. Many international conference sponsors just review the a

5、bstract and make the decision without referring to the whole text. Expending the circulationWith the growth of electronic data storage, abstracts dramatically facilitate information retrieval. It may be recorded, sometimes verbatim, by various abstracting services that publish reference volumes used

6、 for literature searching, e.g. Science Abstract, Engineering Abastract, Linguistics Abstracts, etc. 共十三頁(yè)Lingusitic Features of AbstractLimited lengthNormally, 200 words should be a sensible maximum for a relatively long paper. 50-100 words may suffice for a short article.The length of an abstract g

7、reatly varies depending on the length of the paper and where the abstract appears: each journal or abstracting index has a different requirement. As a general rule, an abstract will be approximately 3-5% of the length of the paper, but is seldom more than 2/3 rds of a page. 共十三頁(yè)Categories of Abstrac

8、ts1. Descriptive(Indicative) AbstractsUsually states the general subject matter of the document that follows. It tells in a qualitative(定性) way what the paper or report contains.Tells readers what information the report, article, or paper contains.Include the purpose, methods, and scope of the repor

9、t, article, or paper. Usually do not provide results, conclusions, or recommendations. Are always short, usually under 50 words. 描述性摘要，多用于理論(lln)性較強(qiáng)的論文，如專論、評(píng)論、綜述、數(shù)學(xué)計(jì)算、理論(lln)推導(dǎo)等，主要概括論文的主要論點(diǎn)、分析過程和結(jié)論。該類摘要很少傳遞具體數(shù)據(jù)，而只告訴讀者本文采用了什么方法、討論了什么問題、得出了什么結(jié)論。內(nèi)容宏觀，篇幅較短。綜述性、評(píng)論性或資料性論文宜寫成概括型摘要。這類摘要一般不分段。共十三頁(yè)Terms： Conv

10、ersion efficiency:換能效率； thermalperformance：熱力性能；solar collector array：太陽(yáng)能集熱器陣列(zhn li)；reflected refracted light ray：反射/折射光線；dynamic operating characteristics：動(dòng)態(tài)運(yùn)行特性 E.g. The Design of a High-efficiency Solar Energy System共十三頁(yè)2. Informational (informative) AbstractCommunicate specific information fr

11、om the paper, should be specific and quantitative.Include the purpose, methods, and scope of the paper. Highlights the papers findings, results, conclusions and recommendations, briefly but quantitatively（定量(dngling)）, giving mainly essential data. Most of academic journal aricles use informative ab

12、stracts, and the word limit is in general between 100-150 words. Components of Informational Abstract:共十三頁(yè)E.g. 信息型摘要(informative abstract ) 也稱報(bào)道型摘要,主要用于實(shí)驗(yàn)性和技術(shù)性較強(qiáng)的論文,報(bào)道論文的研究成果、數(shù)據(jù)和結(jié)論,對(duì)于(duy)最佳條件、成功的數(shù)據(jù)及誤差范圍、結(jié)論及適用范圍如實(shí)給出。綜述論文的主要內(nèi)容、要旨、重點(diǎn),還需列出有關(guān)的具體數(shù)據(jù)、實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果以及采用的方法。內(nèi)容微觀,篇數(shù)較長(zhǎng)。文字簡(jiǎn)明準(zhǔn)確,很少用修飾語。句子之間沒有必然的聯(lián)系,一句話說明一件事

13、。征文時(shí)提交的摘要和獨(dú)立成篇的文摘屬該類型。這類摘要可分段。Terms： Steady state:定態(tài)，恒穩(wěn)態(tài)；equation：方程式；nonlinear mode：非線性模型；linearity：線性共十三頁(yè)摘要(zhiyo)寫作的注意事項(xiàng) 為了(wi le)便于檢索，科技論文英文摘要結(jié)構(gòu)比較固定，通常由主題句(陳述研究的目的及研究和解決的問題) 、展開句(介紹作了哪些研究及研究的途徑、采用的模型、實(shí)驗(yàn)范圍與方法) 、結(jié)尾句(陳述研究結(jié)果及評(píng)價(jià)論文的價(jià)值) 組成。其寫作要求邏輯連貫(Coherence) 、表達(dá)明晰(Clearness) 與暢達(dá)( Fluency) 。下面分別從時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)

14、、常用句式、篇幅等方面就科技論文英文摘要寫作中應(yīng)遵循的原則逐一進(jìn)行闡述。共十三頁(yè)時(shí)態(tài) 寫作(xizu)時(shí)常用三種時(shí)態(tài):1 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：這是最常用的時(shí)態(tài)，描述沒有時(shí)間性的“評(píng)述”、“討論”、“報(bào)導(dǎo)”、“提出”、“認(rèn)識(shí)”、“研究”等客觀存在的背景信息介紹，常用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)；2 一般過去時(shí)：表示撰寫論文前已作的工作或分階段研究中的情況(如描述實(shí)驗(yàn)(shyn)活動(dòng)中實(shí)驗(yàn)(shyn)樣品的制備、成分、實(shí)驗(yàn)(shyn)現(xiàn)象，以及描述實(shí)驗(yàn)(shyn)結(jié)果、數(shù)據(jù)、觀察結(jié)果、得到的效果性能.3 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：表示某項(xiàng)研究或狀態(tài)已經(jīng)完成，強(qiáng)調(diào)其影響與作用，或是這種研究或狀態(tài)到撰寫論文時(shí)還在持續(xù)。共十三頁(yè)共十三頁(yè)Thank You !共十三頁(yè)內(nèi)容摘要Academic English Writing。描述性摘要，多用