ScholarsandScripts,EyeballsandEpistemes_WhatitMeanstoPublish

1、Scholars and Scripts, Eyeballs and Epistemes: What it Means to PublishBlaise CroninOCLC, April 29, 2004Publishers Economic ProblemAnnual (generalized) 4% reduction in journal subscriptions4% increase in materials to be published4% annual rate of inflationSource: Peter Bolman (Elsevier)Academic Tribe

2、s and Epistemic CulturesSocio-cognitive differences exists across disciplinesModes of communication and publication differGenres of academic writing and discursive conventions varyRules and institutional norms relating to publication varyThe academic reward system is differentially operationalizedIC

3、Ts are adopted and co-opted in many different waysResearchers material practices shape and are shaped by ICTsTribal PracticesChemists submit to the Inglefinger RuleHigh-energy physicists trust e-preprintsAmerican historians are wild about monographsThe lunatics run the legal asylumLone wolves roam i

4、n the humanitiesSole-authored, interpretative books counts in history, lit. & lang.Collaboration is a way of life in scienceThe author is dead in biomedicinePhilosophers think via the act of writingEconomist have a rigid hierarchy of journalsLinguists publish articles rather than booksQuality Filter

5、s and AccessPeer review (burdensome; least worst; heavy lite)Career review (Guild mode; institutional legitimacy)Fear review (open/deep review; 360 degree scrutiny)Dear review (author fees; OA business model)Humanists, Presses, and PromotionLibrary budgets for monographs decliningFar fewer scholarly

6、 monographs being purchasedCompetition for faculty positions intensifyingIncreasing emphasis on monographic publishingFewer outlets for traditional scholarly monographJunior faculty between a rock and a hard placeNeed for alternative forms of scholarly expressionPublishing subventions for junior fac

7、ultySee: MLA, 2002, The Future of Scholarly PublishingTipping PointPrint journal subscriptions declining 3-5% p.a.Concomitant growth in online accessEase of access and use paramountIn the “river of knowledge” readers find “near substitutes”“Informal versions of peer review are in operationscholars p

8、ursue a variety of cues in selecting what materials to access.”Source: Odlyzko, 2002Disruptive Technologies“What Christensen calls DTs tend to have three important characteristics”Initially under-perform established productsEnable new applications for customersPerformance improves rapidly“Electronic

9、 publishing has these characteristics”Source: Odlyzko, 2002arXE-mail interface started August 1991Download data available from startWWW usage logs starting from 1993233,000 full text documents (with full graphics), as of 1 May 2003Physics, mathematics, computer science, non-linear scienceGrowi

10、ng at 40,000 new submissions per year (est. 2003)20 references per article (over 4.5 million total)Over 20 million full text downloads during calendar year 02Over 300 downloads per article from 96-02Source: Ginsparg, 2003Open Access (OA)OA is free online access to digital works on the public Interne

11、tOA (so far) involves royalty free article publishingOA removes most licensing and copyright restrictionsOA is not synonymous with public domainRevenues generated via author submission fees: new business modelOAI-compliant archives/institutional repositoriesRetroactive OA existing commercial databas

12、es?Creation of electronic scholarly commonsOpen AccessGold publishers Open access journals (free at point of use) = 5%Green publishers Formally support author self-archiving = 55%White publishers Tolls and controlsOpen Access Developments24,000 peer-reviewed journals across all disciplines and langu

13、agesThese journals publish 2,500,000 articles per year (Harnad)Full-texts of 85-90% of these articles are not accessible toll-free onlineResearch impact of open access articles is greater (Lawrence)Growing open access movement; development of institutional repositories and growth self-archivingPubli

14、c Library of Science (Plos Biology: $9M grant + Howard Hughes)BioMed Central (90 peer-reviewed journals; article processing fee)Budapest Initiative for Open Access (Soros Foundation)Berlin Declaration on Open Access; DC Principles (48 scientific societies)American Scientist Open Access ForumPublic A

15、ccess to Science Act (Rep. Martin Sabos bill)Top story: Nature, Science Magazine, Wall Street JournalDSpace, Google and superarchivesThe Attention Economy“What information consumes is rather obvious: it consumes the attention of its recipients. Hence, a wealth of information creates a poverty of att

16、ention and a need to allocate that attention efficiently among the overabundance of information sources that might consume it.”Herbert Simon, 1971“Attention is a mode of payment, as well as the main input to scientific productionreputation is the asset into which the attention received from colleagu

17、es crystallizes.”Georg Franck, 1999Harvesting EyeballsHeterogeneous Publishing EnvironmentP-journals, E-journals, E-p-journals, P-e-journals, P+e-journalsDigital librariesOAI-compliant e-print archivesWeb-based publishing/posting/bloggingBibliometric/Webometric IndicatorsCitationsHits/accesses/reads/downloadsAcknowledgementsSituationsInvocationsB