現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)wordformation課件

1、 Word-formation IVThe Minor Processes1English Lexicology(II) Important PointsI. Abbreviation/ShorteningAcronymy: Initialisms/AcronymsClipping:BlendingII. Back-formationIII. ReduplicationIV. AnalogueV. Words from Proper Nouns2English Lexicology(II)I. The Introduction of ShorteningWhen new words are f

2、ormed by compounding or affixation, the result is of course a longer unit. Shortening is contrary to the tend of compounding or affixation.There are several ways of shortening English words as follows:Acronymy: Initialisms/AcronymsClipping Blending3English Lexicology(II)I. Acronymy1.1 Initialisms 1.

3、2 Acronyms4English Lexicology(II)1.1 InitialimsInitialisms are words formed from the initial letters of words which are pronounced as sequences of letters e.g., EEC. Acronyms are also formed from the initial letters of words, but are pronounced as a word, e.g. radar (radio detecting and ranging). 1)

4、 non-technical: O.K. (= all correct) / VIP (very important person) 2)borrowings: AD (= L. Anno Domini) 5English Lexicology(II)3) proper nouns: U.S.A. / OPEC (=Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) / IBM (=International Business Machines Corporation) 4) technical: IQ(intelligence quotient) /

5、 N-bomb (= nuclear bomb6English Lexicology(II)IOC=International Olympic CommitteeBBC=British Broadcasting CorporationISBN=International Standard Book NumberCAD=computer assisted designcm=centimeterTB=tuberculosis7English Lexicology(II)CPUDIYCEOITAISOScentral processing unitDo it yourselfChief Execut

6、ive OfficerInformation technologyartificial intelligenceSave our shipinternational direct dialWrite out in full the following initialisms8English Lexicology(II)IDDGMTVIPP.S.a.m. ernational direct dialGreenwich Mean Timevery important personpostscriptante meridiempost meridiemWrite out in full

7、 the following initialisms9English Lexicology(II)1.2 AcronymsAcronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word. Most of the words are from the name of an organization or scientific terms10English Lexicology(II)radarWAVESNATOAIDSBASICRadio detecting and rangingWomen Appoi

8、nted for Voluntary Emergency ServiceThe North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationAcquired Immune Deficiency SyndromeBeginners all-purpose symbolic Instruction CodeWrite out in full the following initialisms11English Lexicology(II)N-bombD-NoticeG-manD-dayV-dayNuclear bombDefense NoticeGovernment manDecimali

9、zation dayVictory daySome acronyms are formed with the intial letter of the first word plus the whole of the second.12English Lexicology(II) This term refers to the process by which a word of two or more syllables (usually a noun) is shortened without a change in its function taking place. Advertise

10、ment, examination, gymnasium, laboratory, photograph. professor, all have commonly-used clipped forms: ad or advert, exam, gym, lab, photo, Prof. Clipped words are generally used in less formal situations than their full-length equivalents: they indicate an attitude of familiarity on the part of the

11、 user, either towards the object denoted, or towards the audience.II. Clipping13English Lexicology(II)2.1Clipped Wordsad=advertisementexpo=expositionphone=telephonepro=professionalmemo=memorandumtec=detectiveheli or copter=helicoptercomfy=comfortable14English Lexicology(II)gymnasium dormitory handke

12、rchief gasoline kilogram gymdormhankyGaskiloGive clippings for the following words15English Lexicology(II)influenza business parachute refrigerator taxicab flubizchutefridgetaxi or cabGive clippings for the following words16English Lexicology(II)1.Noun-verb conversion2.2 Types of Clipping Back Clipp

13、ings/ApocopeFront Clippings/AphaeresisFront and back ClippingsMiddle Clippings/SyncopePhrase Clipping17English Lexicology(II)1.2.1 Back ClippingThe shortening may occur at the end of the word, sometimes with an addition of -o, -y, or -i.e., picturePoliomyelitisProfessionalRhinocerosstereophonicpicPo

14、lioProRhinostereo18English Lexicology(II)advertisement business Coca-cola championdemobilize doctorgasolinegentlementadbizcokechampdemobDocGasgentGive clippings for the following words19English Lexicology(II)hippopotamusinformationlaboratory lavatorymathematicsmechanichippoinfolablavmathmecGive clip

15、pings for the following words20English Lexicology(II)ammunitionconscious objectortelevisionAustralianrecruittrigonometryumpireveterinarianammoconchytellyAussierookietrigumpvetGive clippings for the following words21English Lexicology(II)2.2.3 Front Clipping bus (= omnibus) / bo (= hobo) / chute (=pa

16、rachute) / coon (=raccoon) / copter (= helicopter) / dozer (=bulldozer) / mum (=chrysanthemum) / phone (= telephone) / quake (=earthquake) 1.2.4 front and back clippingsflu (= influenza) / fridge (=refrigerator) / tec (=detective) / scrip (=subscription)/ vic (=convict)22English Lexicology(II)1.2.5

17、Middle Clippingbike (= bicycle) / trike (= tricycle )/ cric (= critic) / Frisco (=San Francisco 1.2.6 Some clipped words are used only in journalismGovt (= government); Intl (= International); Dept (= department); Hkong(=HongKong); Spore (=Singapore 23English Lexicology(II)1.2.1 Phrase ClippingMany

18、phrases and sentences have shortened, simply because they are too lengthy and used too often in conversation. Goodbye and farewell were once God be with you and Fare thee well. After all is said to be the remnant of after all is said and done, and the Americanism fall is shortened from of fall of th

19、e leaf. The following are some recent examples:24English Lexicology(II) consols (= consolidated annuities)pyro (= pyro-gallic acid)jet (=jet-propelled plane)private (= private common soldier)lube (lubricating oil)/ pub (public house)25English Lexicology(II)III. BlendingThe definition of blendingBlen

20、ding（拼綴法）is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining parts of two words. The result of such a process is called a blend or telescopic word or portmanteau word ( 并合詞）. Blending is thus a process of both compounding and abbreviation.26English Lexicology(II)Examplesnewscas

21、t (newsbroadcast) brunch (breakfastlunch) smog (smokefog) talkathon (talkmarathon) slimnastics (slimgymnastics) videophone ( video telephone)27English Lexicology(II)sci-fihi-fiworkaholicstagflationUnicomsitcommoteldawksciencefiction highfidelity workalcoholic stagnationinflation United Communication

22、ssituationcomedymotorhoteldovehawk28English Lexicology(II)Structurally blends may be divided into four types.29English Lexicology(II)avionicsbeautilitybitbotellidarmingysmogaviationelectronicsbeautyutility binarydigit boathotellight radarmeanstingysmokefog A. First part of the first word + Last part

23、 of the second one30English Lexicology(II)comsatfortranmopedsitcomSci-fitelexcommunicationsatelliteformulatranslationmotorpedalsituationcomedyscience fictionteleprinterexchange B. First part of the first word + First part of the second one31English Lexicology(II)airtelfactionlunarnautslimnasticstalk

24、athonairhotelfactfictionlunarastronautslimgymnasticstalk marathon C. Whole form of the first word + Last part of the second one32English Lexicology(II)docudramamedicaremotowndocumentarydramamedicalcaremotortown D. Whole form of the first word + Last part of the second one33English Lexicology(II)II.

25、Backformation1.The definition of backformationBack-formation（逆成法） is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed suffix. It is also known as a reverse derivation. This is because many of the removed suffixes are not true suffixes but inseparable parts of the

26、words.eg. editor-editor34English Lexicology(II)Examplesedit from editorautomate from automationenthuse from enthusiasmgloom from gloomydonate from donationbrainwash from brainwashingsleep-walk from sleep-walking35English Lexicology(II)2. Back-formation usually involves the following types of words:2

27、.1 Abstract Nounsdiagnose diagnosisdonate donationenthuse enthusiasm emote emotion36English Lexicology(II)2.2 Human nounsExamplesloafsculptburglebegLoaferSculptorBurglarbeggar37English Lexicology(II)2.3 Compound nounsExampleseavesdropmerrymakebabysiteavesdeoppingMerry-makingbaysitter38English Lexico

28、logy(II)2.4 Adjectives Examplesdrowselazefrivoldrowsylazyfrivolous39English Lexicology(II)Note: Words created through back-formation are mostly verbs. There are only a few that can be used as nouns or as both nouns and verbs.eg.gloom-gloomy greed-greedyStylistically, back-formed words are largely in

29、formal and some of them have not gained public acceptance. Therefore, they should be used with care.40English Lexicology(II)III. RedulicationMinor type of word-formation by which a compound is created by the repetition. They are characterized by being rhymed or alliterated.eg. go-go, ping pong, teen

30、y-weenyWilly-nilly, wishy-washy, dilly-dallyShilly-shally41English Lexicology(II)The common use of Reduplicative are:A. To imitate sounds: tick-tick, quack-quackB. To suggest alternating movements sea-saw: up and down, to and pro zigzag: right and left alternatively at sharp anglesC. To express ones

31、 contempt of the character, appearance and behavior of a personeg. hocus-pocus, dum-dum, no-no42English Lexicology(II)D. to disparage by suggesting that sth is in disorder, or of small value or of inferior quality.eg. fiddle-faddle hurry-skurryTopsy-turvyE. to show ones approvalSuper-duperTip-top43E

32、nglish Lexicology(II)IV. AnalogyThe definition of analogy（類比）The process by which words or phrases are created or re-formed according to the existing patterns in the language44English Lexicology(II)ExamplesMarathon-telethon, talkathonblue-collar workers-white-collar workers, gray-collar workers, pin

33、k-collar workers, gold-collar workersenvironmental pollution-visual or eye pollution, noise pollution, cultural pollution, graffiti pollutionFirst Family-First Lady, First Dog Landscape-moonscape, marscapeBirds eye-fish-eye, worms-eye, cats-eye45English Lexicology(II)V. Words form Proper NameName of

34、 PeopleName of PlacesName of BooksTrade names46English Lexicology(II)Boycott: v&n refusal or refuse to do business with, attend or take part in, as a way of disapproval or opposition.From the 19th century landlord Captain BoycottCabal: v&nA clique or make secret plans for political action.From the initial letters of the five ministers Clifford, Ashley, Buckingham, Arlington, and Lauderdale47English Lexi