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1、2008高考英語復(fù)習(xí) 短文改錯(cuò)的題型及要求短文改錯(cuò)是單句改錯(cuò),單項(xiàng)填空,閱讀理解和書面表達(dá)的綜合,是全面考察學(xué)生的英語 基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)和靈活運(yùn)用語言能力的測(cè)試題型。比較其它題型來說, 增大測(cè)試難度,對(duì)學(xué)生提出了更高的要求,對(duì)于考生的基本功是一個(gè)嚴(yán)峻的考驗(yàn),對(duì)于中學(xué)的英語教學(xué)的基本功訓(xùn)練也是一個(gè)有力的挑戰(zhàn)。短文改錯(cuò)共 10小題,10行左邊標(biāo)有題號(hào)。要求考生判斷是否有錯(cuò),如有錯(cuò)誤 則將其改正。錯(cuò)誤的類型包括詞法,句法,語篇結(jié)構(gòu),行文邏輯等。因此要求考生不僅要掌握 詞匯,語法方面的良好的語言基礎(chǔ)知識(shí),還要具有在詞義,詞性,詞型,句型,用法結(jié)構(gòu)方面 一定的語言綜合能力。短文改錯(cuò)題是難度最大的一個(gè)考題,因?yàn)檫@

2、種考題要求考生判斷和改正錯(cuò)誤,而這種錯(cuò)誤又是一般人在學(xué)習(xí)英語中最容易犯的錯(cuò)誤,并且很難覺察。在學(xué)習(xí)中模棱兩可,似是而非,一知半解的狀況普遍存在。所以,在學(xué)習(xí)和復(fù)習(xí)英語時(shí),要注意養(yǎng)成良好的學(xué) 習(xí)習(xí)慣。短文改錯(cuò)的特點(diǎn)1。沒有現(xiàn)成的答案可供選擇,判斷的依據(jù)只有短文本身。這就意味著,題目本身在內(nèi) 容上應(yīng)該是完整的。既然內(nèi)容完整正確,那么其中的錯(cuò)誤一般只會(huì)涉及語言形式。2。是否有錯(cuò),錯(cuò)在那里,范圍很大。這就要求考生對(duì)英語句子各個(gè)層次的結(jié)構(gòu)和詞語 的拼寫形式了如指掌。3。錯(cuò)誤一般只涉及一個(gè)詞,多一詞,少一詞,或錯(cuò)一詞。短文改錯(cuò)的解題思路做短文改錯(cuò)題的思路,即從那里來尋找錯(cuò)誤,可歸納為以下幾個(gè)方面:1。主謂

3、是否一致。2。代詞的指代是否明確恰當(dāng)。3。動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)是否正確,語態(tài)是否得當(dāng)。4。句型和固定搭配是否準(zhǔn)確無誤。5。同義詞,近義詞,易混詞是否用得確切。6。語序是否正確。7。句與句,段與段的承接詞用得是否正確。短文改錯(cuò)的解題方法1。迅速通讀短文,留心短文中關(guān)鍵的詞語,為下一步判斷和改錯(cuò)奠定基礎(chǔ)。同時(shí)應(yīng)正 確理解短文的主要內(nèi)容與各段大意,搞清楚段與段之間的關(guān)系。部分考生似乎認(rèn)為弄清文章主旨意義不大,因而只把注意力放在語法和單句上,忽視了對(duì)文章大意的理解。 看到自己認(rèn)為是錯(cuò)誤的地方,就急于提筆改動(dòng),結(jié)果見木不見林,舊錯(cuò)沒改,又犯新錯(cuò)??忌仨毭鞔_:在很 多情況下,判斷錯(cuò)誤不能只從某個(gè)單詞本身,甚至不能

4、從整個(gè)句子的本身去看, 而要從上下文,甚至從整篇文章去看。只有通宵全文的內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu),即從整體到局部,在從局部到整體,才能 在最后做出判斷。2。對(duì)照上下文,分析句意。以句子上下文的關(guān)系出發(fā),在每一行中,按以上七種思路, 仔細(xì)查找錯(cuò)誤,看句子結(jié)構(gòu)是否完整, 語氣是否連貫,看是否有與短文中心意思不相符的現(xiàn)象。 考生要充分運(yùn)用所掌握的詞匯與語法知識(shí),發(fā)揮閱讀理解和判斷推理的能力,按照本題的要求逐個(gè)作答。眾所周知,一層意思可以用多種語言形式來表示,英語也不例外。這就要求考生, 尤其是英語基礎(chǔ)較好的考生牢牢記住原行沒有錯(cuò)的請(qǐng)不要改”這一關(guān)鍵注釋,千萬不能用自己認(rèn)為比文中更好的表達(dá)法來改動(dòng)文中本來沒有任何錯(cuò)

5、誤的地放,這種 畫蛇添足”的做法與實(shí)際要求相違,當(dāng)然不能得分。3。重讀全文,仔細(xì)推敲。改正后的短文是否通 順,邏輯思維與概念是否合理,句子,短文的結(jié)構(gòu)是否 正確和完整。復(fù)讀過程中,凡遇到不通之處,須進(jìn)一步 進(jìn)行細(xì)致的分析和推敲,以便使答案更有把握。短文改錯(cuò)的答題技巧在改錯(cuò)過程中,可能涉及三類問題。1。虛詞方面的問題(介詞和小品副詞,連詞,代詞,助動(dòng)詞,限定詞,小品詞 to等)2。實(shí)詞的詞形有誤(名詞,主動(dòng)詞,形容詞,一般副詞的詞尾變化,詞性選擇,拼寫 形式)3。同義詞,進(jìn)義詞,形似詞選擇的問題。其中相當(dāng)一部分可能是針對(duì)中國(guó)學(xué)生的弱點(diǎn), 即受漢語的影響而設(shè)計(jì)的。短文改錯(cuò)的答題要求在答題時(shí),應(yīng)按照

6、試題要求,將做答的符號(hào)書寫正確,改正的詞要書寫清楚,句中要改 動(dòng)的部分應(yīng)標(biāo)明相應(yīng)的符號(hào), 做此題細(xì)心認(rèn)真是最重要的。 答此題的具體要求詳見試卷上的要 求。為了便于復(fù)習(xí),并且掌握 短文改錯(cuò)”的答題技巧,我們按照各種答題思路分別提供單句改錯(cuò)”和 短文改錯(cuò)”的系列練習(xí)。一篇短文是由若干個(gè)單句組成的,要提高短文改錯(cuò)”的答題技巧,首先要從 單句改錯(cuò)”入手,這種從 單句“到 短文”的訓(xùn)練過程一定會(huì)幫助學(xué)生穩(wěn)步地提高解答能力多一詞多詞的情況也常常出現(xiàn)在句子結(jié)構(gòu)中,如代詞,冠詞,介詞,助動(dòng)詞,不定式符號(hào),比 較級(jí)的疊用等。考生可以從以下幾點(diǎn)中尋找突破口。1。不可數(shù)名詞或抽象名詞前是否多用了冠詞;復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示類

7、別時(shí)前面是否多用了定 冠詞。2。及物動(dòng)詞后是否多用了介詞或其它詞。3。比較級(jí)是否出現(xiàn)重疊使用現(xiàn)象。4。固定搭配和習(xí)慣用語中是否多詞。多一介詞或小品副詞1。有些動(dòng)詞在漢語中是不及物動(dòng)詞,在英語中是及物動(dòng)詞,可能多一介詞。如:servefor * the people , follow after* him , play with* her in the match , marry with* her , engage with* her, make him as* our monitor 。2。有些動(dòng)詞可作及物動(dòng)詞,也可作不及物動(dòng)詞,但搭配不同,可能混淆而多一個(gè)介詞。 如:join in the

8、 game , join in* the club ; pay for a TV set , pay for* three dollars ; search for the maps, search for* the thief for the gun 。3。有些 動(dòng)詞+介詞”形式的動(dòng)詞后面沒有賓語時(shí),后面的介詞是多余的。如:She sang and she listen to*。 He looked at* but could see nothing 。 How are you getting on with* ? She has lost touch with* since then 。4

9、。有些動(dòng)詞,名詞,形容詞后接名詞或代詞時(shí)須加一個(gè)介詞, 但接that從句時(shí),必須去掉介詞。如: agree to it , agree to that.*;be sure of it, be sure of that.*; be sorry of it , be sorry for that.*.5。有些副詞或介詞詞組后加一個(gè)介詞,組成了復(fù)合介詞,若 后面沒有介詞賓語時(shí),最后的介詞則是多余的。如:He walked in frontof*。 If you cant go , Ill go instead of* 。 He walked out of* 。6。有些連詞后加 of成為復(fù)合介詞,如果

10、后接從句,of是多余的。如:Because of* he is ill。7。地點(diǎn)副詞的意義已包含to,如果有它是多余的。 如:on my way to* there , get to* home ,go to* upstairs , return to* home。8。名詞詞組直接充當(dāng)狀語,前面的介詞是多余的。如: in* last year , next month , this week, one day。9。有些動(dòng)詞受漢語影響而多一副詞,如: stop down*, raise up*, return back*, repeat again* obuild the bridge , bu

11、ild up10。有些動(dòng)詞在某些時(shí)候不加副詞,某些時(shí)后須加副詞。如: your body。多一連詞1。狀語從句與主句之間多一并列連詞。如:though.but*,because.so*, the more.and* themore; why.because*, once.and*.充當(dāng)狀語的分詞與主句之間多一并列連詞.如:sitting downand* he began to work.He sat at the window and* thinking. Regarded as the best in the class,so* he was praised at the meeting.

12、從屬連詞 后面多一個(gè) that.如:because that*.,since that*.,unless that*.間接疑問分句前多一that.如:I agree with that* what he said.Idont remember that* who did it.復(fù)合賓語前多一 thato 如:I heard that* him say it.I found that* her lying on the ground.多一代詞.主語與謂語之間多一關(guān)系代詞.如:Some people dont likefootball,but many people who* do like it

13、.作定語的分詞前多一關(guān)系代詞。如: I know the boy who* standing there. The man who* invited to the ball last night is my friend.定語從句中的一個(gè)名詞,已由關(guān)系代詞取代,再用一個(gè)代詞是多余的.如:She bought the book she had first asked for it*. I have seen the girl you talk of her*.用不定式作定語時(shí),如果其邏輯賓語或介詞賓語就是被修飾的名詞詞組,后面再用代詞是多余的.如:The tea is too hot to dr

14、ink it.He is a good friend to work with him*.在形容詞+不定式”句型中,如果不定式的邏輯賓語或介詞賓語就是被修飾的名詞詞 組,后面再用介詞是多余的。如:The tea is too hot to dring it* 。 He is a good comrade to work withhim*。.在 連詞+分詞/名詞/形容詞/副詞/介詞詞組/結(jié)構(gòu)中,加上代詞作主語是多余的。如: He took notes while he* reading。 If it* heated , ice turns to water。多一助動(dòng)詞.時(shí)間,條件從句中用一般現(xiàn)在

15、時(shí)表示將來時(shí),用will,would 是多余的。如:If he will* try hard, he will succeed。 I ll tell them about it as soon as they will* come 。. Be sure或make sure +that分句結(jié)構(gòu)中用一般時(shí)表示將來時(shí),用will,would 是多余的.如:I make sure that you will* come early.間接疑問句 中主語前的助動(dòng)詞是多余的.如:Would you tell me what do* you want ?.獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中的 be (助動(dòng)詞或聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞)是多余的.如:

16、The game was* over,he went home. She smiled,tears were* still running down her face多一冠詞.與介詞 at,in,to 連用的名詞 school class town hospital church prison bed 等表示與其有關(guān) 的活動(dòng)時(shí),用冠詞是多余的.如:go to the* school, be in the* prison, be in the* bed.與by連用的交通工具名稱和air ,land ,sea等名詞前面用冠詞是多余的.如:by the bike,by the sea, by the

17、 train 等.家族成員名稱前不用冠詞 .如:Where is the father? Mother is ill. Ask the nurse to put the baby to bed. The aunt is taking the* sister out for a walk.表示游戲活動(dòng)而不是表示游戲工具的名詞前不用冠詞 .如:play/the*/a* volleyball, play the* chess, play the* table tennis.由等有名詞+普通名詞”構(gòu)成的專有名詞前不用冠詞。如 :the* Beijing Airport ,the* Oxford Str

18、eet, the* Hyde Park.at the* first, at the* most of us 中的 the 是多余的.類似的還有:at once, at night, at noon.Most 作 非?!苯鈺r(shí)前面用 the 是多余的。如:Oh! Its the* most beautiful ! She is the* most diligent.形容詞最高級(jí)作表語而有不與其他人或物比較時(shí), 用the是多余的。如:My father is the* busiest on Sundays The lake is the* deepest at the point。.含有 Day 的

19、節(jié)日前加 the 是多余的.如:the* May Day ,the* Womens Day ,the* National Day,the* New Years Day.在 名詞+as/though.結(jié)構(gòu)中,名詞前不用任何冠詞。如: a* child as he is , a* fool as he is。多一小品詞to在除have to,ought to,used to之外的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后用to是多余的.如: He can to*speakEnglish.在 had better,would rather,rather than 后的不定式前用 to 是多余的.如:You had better n

20、ot to* go. I would rather to* stay at home.在 make,let,have,see,feel,watch,notice,observe等動(dòng)詞后 充當(dāng)賓補(bǔ)的不定式前用 to是 多余的.如:He made me to*do heavy work. Let me to* hear you to* play.缺一詞缺詞多見于虛詞,如介詞,助動(dòng)詞,冠詞,不定式符號(hào)等,這些虛詞常與搭配有關(guān)???生應(yīng)從以下幾點(diǎn)尋找突破口:1。名詞前是否漏掉了冠詞。2。動(dòng)詞和形容詞后是否少了與之相搭配的介詞或其他詞。3。被動(dòng)語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)是否完整。4。動(dòng)詞不定式符號(hào)是否被漏掉了。5。習(xí)慣用

21、語中是否缺詞。轍,九麗.有些動(dòng)詞后有時(shí)有介詞,有時(shí)沒有介詞,可能混淆而缺一介詞.如:attend a meeting,但attend(to) the patient; prepare breadfast,但 prepare (for) the exam; join us, 但 join (in) a game.表語形容詞通常具有動(dòng)詞意義,很可能誤以為是動(dòng)詞而漏掉介詞.如:be afraid (of) nothing, be present (at) the meeting, be sure (about) it. except, instead of, from , since, till,

22、until 后面 可跟另一介詞詞組充 當(dāng)介詞賓語,可能漏掉第二個(gè)介詞 .如:He came on foot instead of (by) bike.A big bear ran out from (behing) a tree. hundreds, thousands 后面可能漏掉of.類似的還有:millions (of),dozens (of), scores (of).缺一連詞.漢語常用意合法,分句與分句之間往往不用連詞 ,但英語里不行.如:It began to rain (and) they had to stop the match.(如果中間用分句號(hào)可不用連詞 ).如:It w

23、as late, (so) we went home. You like sports, (while) I d rather read. He looked for the key, (but) didnt find it.受漢語影響,并列動(dòng)詞詞組之間可能缺一個(gè)and.如:She smiled (and) saidgood-bye to her father.名詞性that分句置于句首或作同位語時(shí)不可缺少連詞.如:(That) she is beautiful isknown to us all. We heard the news (that) our team had won. even

24、 后可能缺少連詞 if 或 though.如:I shant mind even (if 或 though) he doesnt come. as 后可能缺少 if 或 though.如:He walks as (if 或 though) he were drunk .缺一代詞.充當(dāng)定語從句主語的關(guān)系代詞不能缺少.如:The accident (that) happened yesterday wasvery serious. He is a teacher,(as) is clear from his manner.英語中用來替代前面的“the名詞”的that (單數(shù))和those (復(fù)數(shù))

25、,在漢語中往往沒有反映,很可能漏掉。如: The population of China is much larger than (that) of Japario These shirts are expensive , but (those) which we saw the other day were even more expensive 。. than any 后往往容易缺 other.如:Li Ping is cleverer than any (other) student in his class.缺一助動(dòng)詞或連系動(dòng)詞 be.表語不是名詞時(shí),可能缺少連系動(dòng)詞be,因?yàn)闈h語在這

26、種情況下不用是“。如:He (is)afraid of his father。 The match (is) over.被動(dòng)語態(tài)中缺少助動(dòng)詞be,成了主動(dòng)語態(tài).如:He has (been) asded to sing in English.完成體中缺少助動(dòng)詞 have,成了一般過去時(shí)。 如:We realized that we (had) lost our way。They(have) lived here since 1980。.在倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中缺少助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞.如:Hardly (had) I reached the bus stop when thebus started . Sel

27、dom (do) I get invited into the office alone. Only in this way (can) you learn English well.缺一冠詞.在such或so+形容詞與單數(shù)名詞連用時(shí),不可缺a(an)如:He is such (an) honest boy thatall of us like him. This is so good (a) book that we will buy it.表示 有些“時(shí),little,few 前面不可缺少 a.如:Dont hurry. There is (a) little time left. man

28、y 前有 great,good 時(shí),要力口 a.如:(a) great many people.若 many 后接單數(shù)名詞 ,中間 須有 a(an).女口: Many (a) man has tried it before.即使是不可數(shù)名詞,表示種”時(shí),也要加a(an).如:Its (a) famous Chinese tea. Work is (a)pleasure to him. There was (a) heavy rain last night.用專有名詞表示憶個(gè)像(叫)的人時(shí),用a(an).如:He wished to be (a) Lei Feng. (A)Mr Wang cal

29、led you up just now.一般不能用“the復(fù)數(shù)名詞”表示類別,但用“the復(fù)數(shù)名詞”表示整個(gè)民族。如:(The) Chinese people are a brave and hard-working people。. The復(fù)數(shù)專有名詞“表示某家人。如: The Smiths often go swimming。 The Lis live upstairs。.形容詞比較級(jí) +of the two.前必須用 the.如:He is (the) better one of the two.缺小品詞to.不定式充當(dāng)各種成分,一般都不能缺少 to.如:She went there (

30、to) see her mother. He asked me not (to) go there. I have something important (to) tell you. make,let,have,see,hear,notice ,observe,watch等動(dòng)詞變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí) ,充當(dāng)主語補(bǔ)足語的 不定式前的 to 不能缺少 汝口:She was made (to) do heavy work. The blind man was seen (to) cross the street.為了避免重復(fù)前面的動(dòng)詞.如:-Would you like to come with me?

31、-Id love (to).We wanted to go, but we werent able (to).簟L閭錯(cuò)一詞的情況最為復(fù)雜.大致可分為虛詞選擇錯(cuò)誤,實(shí)詞詞形錯(cuò)誤,同(近)義,形似詞選擇錯(cuò)誤等.這里只能作一些粗略的猜測(cè).虛詞選擇錯(cuò)誤.介詞或小品副詞選擇錯(cuò)誤:這種情況極為復(fù)雜,什麼都是可能的.這里只提幾組作為參 考:before/ago,among/between, after/in, below/under, on/above/over, across/through, except/besides, with/in(用),to/for(對(duì)于),like/as 等.連 詞選擇錯(cuò)誤

32、或連詞 與介詞 混淆:because/for(since,as), if/whether, if/unless, no matter/though(although), so as/so that, hardly.when/no sooner .than, while/when, till/untill 等.關(guān)系詞選擇錯(cuò)誤:who/whom/whose, which/that, what/which(that), (介詞 +)whom(which)/that, (it is.)that/when/where/how 等.感嘆詞選擇錯(cuò)誤:how/what.代詞選擇錯(cuò)誤:人稱代t的格,如:I/me

33、/my/mine.人稱代詞與反身代詞,如:I(me)/myself. 先行詞it(作主語或賓語)與指示代詞 :it/that(this).不定彳t詞,限定詞:some/any, no/none/no one(nobody), every/each, everyone/every one, all/both, any/either, none/neither, few/little, many/much, other/others/another, other/else, so/such(.that)等.冠詞選擇錯(cuò)誤:a/an, a(an)/the.助動(dòng)詞,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞選擇錯(cuò)誤:need/must/

34、can/may, must/have to.實(shí)詞詞形錯(cuò)誤.名詞詞形錯(cuò)誤:名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式,特別注意不規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式,加es的復(fù)數(shù)形式, 貌似可數(shù)而實(shí)為不可數(shù)的名詞bread, paper, glass(玻璃)等.名詞的通格與所有格,特別注意不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)的所有格,如the childrens.不是the childrens.形式,動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中的指物名詞 用通格,不用所有格,以及名詞所有格的絕對(duì)形式.如:My son is older than my elder brothers.動(dòng)詞詞形錯(cuò)誤:不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去式,過去分詞形式錯(cuò)誤,特別注意幾組易于混淆的詞,如:lie(躺)/lie(說謊)/lay, hang(掛)/hang(絞死),巾nd/found(建立),fall/fell(砍倒),bear(生育)等的過 去式與過去分詞.規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去式,過去分詞,現(xiàn)在分詞的去掉e,雙寫,變y為ie或ie為y.非 限定性動(dòng)詞用法的選擇,特別是充當(dāng)狀語,表語,定語或賓補(bǔ)時(shí)是用過去分詞還是現(xiàn)在分詞(分別取決于主語,名詞中心詞,賓語的關(guān)系),在to后是用不定式還是動(dòng)名詞(取決于to是介詞還是小品詞),以及并列結(jié)構(gòu)中第二,三個(gè)動(dòng)詞的形式,必須與第一個(gè)相同.限定動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)形式的選擇,是 現(xiàn)在時(shí)還是過去時(shí).一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)單復(fù)數(shù)形式的選擇,是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù).情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和do(does,did),w

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