七大高頻結(jié)構(gòu)

1、七大高頻結(jié)構(gòu)英國(guó)著名作家、評(píng)論家和辭書(shū)編纂家Samuel Johnson說(shuō)，“The joy of life is variety.”寫(xiě) 作也是如此。長(zhǎng)句短句交雜，各種句式相揉，就能使文章變動(dòng)流暢而不會(huì)流于阻滯單調(diào)?？v 觀(guān)考研高分作文，它們似乎都對(duì)五大主力句型情有獨(dú)鐘：總會(huì)不失時(shí)機(jī)地在適當(dāng)場(chǎng)合交替使 用強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)、排比結(jié)構(gòu)、平行結(jié)構(gòu)、倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)、虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)、無(wú)人稱(chēng)結(jié)構(gòu)和比較結(jié)構(gòu)。正是由 于這七大高頻結(jié)構(gòu)的交替使用才使得整篇文章一掃沉悶之氣，輕松活潑之勢(shì)躍然紙上。七大 結(jié)構(gòu)各有所長(zhǎng)：強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)彰顯思想、加強(qiáng)力度；排比結(jié)構(gòu)形式整飭、音韻鏗鏘；平行結(jié)構(gòu)并 行不悖、節(jié)奏相同；倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)形式突兀、凸顯觀(guān)點(diǎn)；虛擬結(jié)

2、構(gòu)語(yǔ)氣婉約、柔中帶剛；無(wú)人稱(chēng) 結(jié)構(gòu)注重尾重、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)客觀(guān)；比較結(jié)構(gòu)變換靈活、使用頻繁。強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)是寫(xiě)作中運(yùn)用較多的一種結(jié)構(gòu)，它的一般結(jié)構(gòu)是It is +被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that/who。如果被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是指物，后面就用that引導(dǎo)；如果被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是指人，后面 就用who或that引導(dǎo)。例如：例 1 As a matter of fact, it is parents7 excessive love and caring that deprives their kids of the freedom to be independent and to temper their will.例2 In a

3、n odd way, however,_it_is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal.例 3 Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes.that

4、 together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.例 4 And itis in the public schools that we find the full expression of societys understanding the knowledge, hopes, and fears that passed on to the next generation.例5 Perhaps it is humankinds long suffering at the me

5、rcy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the water to do our bidding so fascinating.例6 It is not simply to raise everyones job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens.倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)形式多變，具有強(qiáng)調(diào)和修辭等作用。倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)分為兩大類(lèi)型：部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)和 全倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)是指將助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞提前，放在句子主語(yǔ)

6、的前面；全倒裝是 指將句子的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)完全調(diào)換位置，即把謂語(yǔ)放在主語(yǔ)之前。例如：例 1 Only in this way can we really solve the problem of air pollution caused by automobiles.例2 In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.例 3 Coupled with the

7、growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enables the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever possible before.例 4 Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geolo

8、gists as hot spots.例 5 And so it does-and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.例 6 Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reach a near stands

9、till.例7 Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too-and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterdays baby born” generations reached its childbearing years.例8 Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West.例9 Nor, if regularity and conf

10、ormity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientists as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls” among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “work well with the team.”例 10 There is no denying

11、that the Internet does bring us human beings a lot of conveniences, but its dark sides can not be neglectd either.例 11 There is no doubt that giving or taking bribes is still prevalent in our society and there is still a lot of work to do before it is thoroughly addressed.排比結(jié)構(gòu)排比結(jié)構(gòu)一般由三句或三句以上句式結(jié)構(gòu)相同、字?jǐn)?shù)

12、相等的句子組成，具有很強(qiáng)的氣勢(shì)。寫(xiě)作中適當(dāng)運(yùn)用排比結(jié)構(gòu)，往往能收到很好的表現(xiàn)效果。排比結(jié)構(gòu)尤其適用于論證說(shuō)理和抒發(fā)感情。例如：例 1 Is it humane, for example,that a terminally ill patient is thus caused to feel guilty for remaining alive because he does not want to die? Is it wise that a patient is killed alive simply because of a mistaken terminal diagnosis? And

13、 is it possible that euthanasia could be taken advantage of for some ulterior or even criminal purposes?例 2 Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences.Do we think were shy and indecisive? Then our sense of tim

14、idity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we think were slow to adapt to change or that were not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.例 3 Let us visualize if China tu

15、rned out hundreds of Yuan Longping, the father of Chinese hybrid rice, would we worry about the invasion of foreign agricultural products? If we were to set up our own legions of Bill Gates and make Sino-something Softs available to the world, should we fear a Windows monopoly? If we should we have

16、a multitude of negotiators, should we falter in the drawn-out bargaining? Again, if we initiated our own Bell Labs and R&D departments, might we flinch from a high-tech embargo? Surely, the answer is in the negative.例 4 Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at a

17、utomated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robo-drivers.平行結(jié)構(gòu)平行結(jié)構(gòu)是指一個(gè)句子中兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上詞性相同、結(jié)構(gòu)相同且字?jǐn)?shù)相等的部分。寫(xiě)作 中適當(dāng)使用平行結(jié)構(gòu)往往能使句式表達(dá)整齊勻稱(chēng)，朗朗上口。寫(xiě)作中使用平行結(jié)構(gòu)的例子比 比皆是：例 1 It can increase our contentment when we are cheerful and happy

18、, and lesson our pain when we are sad or lonely.例2 Its scientists were the worlds best, its workers the most skilled.例3 What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions, professional innovators see as solid possibilities.例4Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely

19、 to live inupscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and theyre less likelyto go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community.例5 Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, t

20、he majority of earnest people trying to get on in life.例6 Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen: and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced.

21、例7 The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of family is positively harmful.例8 Think of Gallileos 17 th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blakes harsh remarks against the mechanistic w

22、orldview of Issac Newton.例9 If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries: alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.例 10 In this process, the journey never really ends, there are

23、always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept.例 11 We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the ne

24、rve.例 12 The workers who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language-all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.例 13 Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I once

25、enjoyed: 12-hour working days, pressured deadlines, the fearful strain of office politics and the limitation of being a parent on “quality time”.虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)是用表示與過(guò)去、現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)事實(shí)相反的一種假設(shè)。虛擬句的形式繁多，一搬 可分為(should)be型和were型。(should)be型虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)一般用于表示命令、決定、建議等詞 語(yǔ)之后的that分句或由if, though等引導(dǎo)的分句中；were型虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)一般用于某些狀語(yǔ)從 句或名詞性從句中。例

26、如：例 1 If this approach were adopted, children would be strong enough to withstand any “storm” in their life.例 2 It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer.例 3 If its message were confined merely to information-and that in itself would bedifficult if not i

27、mpossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly persuasive-advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention.例 4 Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer, for example, learned behavior that might have been correct a decade ago ma

28、y no longer be.例 5 What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be_thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar.例 6 That concept implies educational opportunity for all children-the right of each child to receive help in learnin

29、g to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great.例 7 If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine could be made less by good g

30、rades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy.例 8 And so it does-and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.例 9 When their basic motivation is religious, one might have expected more Christian behavior.例 10 As personal injury

31、 claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldnt have changed anything.例 11 How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree?例 12 NBAC will ask that Clintons 90-day ban on

32、federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law.無(wú)人稱(chēng)結(jié)構(gòu)無(wú)人稱(chēng)結(jié)構(gòu)是指形式主語(yǔ)it引導(dǎo)的各種結(jié)構(gòu)，具有客觀(guān)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)谋磉_(dá)特點(diǎn)。無(wú)人稱(chēng)結(jié)構(gòu)一 般主要有三種形式：It is+過(guò)去分詞+that結(jié)構(gòu)，It is +adj. +that結(jié)構(gòu)和It is +n.+that結(jié)構(gòu)。1) It is+過(guò)去分詞+that結(jié)構(gòu)這種無(wú)人稱(chēng)結(jié)構(gòu)很多，在作文中隨處可見(jiàn)。常見(jiàn)的有：It is reported that.據(jù)報(bào)道It is hoped that.人們/人們希望It is men

33、tioned that.有人提至 UIt is learned that.據(jù)了解It is authoritatively learned that.據(jù)權(quán)威消息獲悉/了解It is predicted that .據(jù)預(yù)測(cè).It has been found that.有人/人們發(fā)現(xiàn)It is usually considered that.人們通常認(rèn)為It is universally accepted that.人們通常認(rèn)為It is generally recognized that.大家普遍承認(rèn)的是It is established that.據(jù)規(guī)定It was noted above

34、that.根據(jù)以上所述It will be seen that.從此可以看出It will be seen from this that.從此可以看出It must be admitted that.必須承認(rèn)的是It must be pointed out that.必須指出的是It may be safely said that.我們可以放心地說(shuō)It has been illustrated that. 已經(jīng)說(shuō)明的是It has been proved that.必須指出的是It must be said without exaggeration that.可以毫不夸張地說(shuō)It is all

35、eged that.據(jù)稱(chēng)It cannot be denied that.不可否認(rèn)的是It is assumed that. 大家/人們認(rèn)為It has been viewed that.大家/人們認(rèn)為It is understood that .大家/人們認(rèn)為It is believed that.大家/人們認(rèn)為It is generally considered that.人們普遍認(rèn)為It is claimed that.有人認(rèn)為It is asserted that.可以斷定的是It is hoped that.人們希望It is expected that.可以預(yù)料/期望的是It is

36、 pointed out that.必須指出的是It is estimated that.據(jù)估計(jì)It is recommended that.有人建議It is proposed that.有人建議It is stressed that.必須強(qiáng)調(diào)的是2) It is +adj. +that 結(jié)構(gòu)這種無(wú)人稱(chēng)結(jié)構(gòu)后面的that分句中需要使用(should)be型的虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)。常用的結(jié)構(gòu)有:It is important that.重要的是It is essential that.至關(guān)重要的是It is crucial that.十分關(guān)鍵的是It is vital that.重要的是It is cri

37、tical that.十分關(guān)鍵的是It is indispensable that.不可缺少的是It is necessary that.很有必要的是It is imperative that.必要的是It is appropriate that .正確的是； 是恰當(dāng)?shù)腎t is advisable that是合理的或明智的It is apparent that.明顯的是； 顯然It is clear that.顯然It is evident that是不言而喻的It is strange that.奇怪的是It is likely that.可能It is possible that.可能I

38、t is preferable that.更可取的是It is desirable that.更可取的是；應(yīng)該It is true that.說(shuō)真的；誠(chéng)然3） It is +n.+that 結(jié)構(gòu)這種無(wú)人稱(chēng)結(jié)構(gòu)雖沒(méi)有以上兩種那么多，但在寫(xiě)作也常常用到。常見(jiàn)的有：It is a pity that.遺憾的是It is a shame that.令人可恥的是It is （high/tall） time that.是時(shí)間到了；應(yīng)該是時(shí)候了It is a coincidence that.湊巧的是It is a truism that.不言而喻的是6.比較結(jié)構(gòu)比較結(jié)構(gòu)在寫(xiě)作中運(yùn)用之廣令人驚嘆。這里所說(shuō)的

39、比較結(jié)構(gòu)除了常規(guī)意義上的more.than或less. than之類(lèi)的一般比較結(jié)構(gòu)，還包括其他更為復(fù)雜的強(qiáng)調(diào)比較結(jié)構(gòu)（主要 用來(lái)加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣）和特殊比較結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：例 1 Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of, （more than引導(dǎo)一般比較級(jí)，表示“比更”）例 2 By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, sice

40、by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way, （much more 引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)比較級(jí)，表示“比更.得多”）例 3 The individual now has more information available than any genegration, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or heer specific problem is complica

41、ted, time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming, （more.than any.以比較級(jí)形式表示最高 級(jí)的含義，表示“比任何更.”）例 4 Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been poss

42、ible before, （more.than has ever been.以比較級(jí)形式表示最高級(jí)的含義，表示“比以往任何時(shí)候.都更.”）例 5 Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West.（ nowhere /nothing is more.than以比較級(jí)形式表示最高級(jí)的含義，表示“沒(méi)有比更.”）例 6 Few pastimes bring a family closer than gathering around

43、and listening to mother or father read stories, and discussing our problems, or playing games and having a family outing. （few things are more.than.以比較級(jí)形式表示最高級(jí)的含義，表示“沒(méi)有 比 更”）例 7 As a result, Californias growth rate dropped during the 1970s , to 18.5 percent一little more than two thirds in the 1960s g

44、rowth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.（little more than表示“只是，僅僅，不過(guò)是”）例 8 Knowledge can no more be acquired without hard work than swimming can be learned without constant practice.（no more.than 表示“同一樣不）例 9 He is not a poet any more than I am a scholarnot.any more than 表示“同

45、 一樣不”） 例 10 Your explanation does not so much enlighten us _as confuse us.（not so much.as 表示“與 其.不如”或“不是.而是”）例 11 She is no less selfish than she used to be. （no less.than 表示“和一樣”）例 12 His analysis of the poem is nothing like/near as /so penetrating as yoursX nothing like/near as/so.as表示“遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不象.那樣”）例

46、13 Even if its true that the presidenfs announcement was nothing more than a bit of election-year candy, its getting some very serious attention from some very smart people.（nothing more than表示“只不過(guò)是，只是，僅僅是，無(wú)非是”）例 14 When Japanese scientists diagnosed a cow with bovine spongiform encephalopathy （BSE）

47、 in September 2001, it was nothing less than a national crisis. （nothing less than 表示“不亞于，簡(jiǎn)直 是，就是”）例 15 Hitlers mistakes gave Roosevelt the victory; just as at waterloo it was less Wellington who won than Napoleon who lost.（less.than 表示“與其說(shuō)不如說(shuō)或“不是而是）例 16 Their lives are no less empty than those of t

48、heir subordinates. （no less.than 表示 “和.一樣”）例 17 One can tell the difference almost at a glance for a spider has eight legs and an insect never more than six. （never/ no/nothing more than表示“只是，僅僅，不過(guò)是）例 18 Although not yet finalized, the takeover has sparked fears, in South Korea that China might soon

49、 pose more of a threat than an opportunity /more.than 表示“不是 而是或“與其 說(shuō).不如說(shuō)”或“不是.而是”）例 19 It is not easy to impart knowledge any more than it is to acquire knowledge. （not A anymore than B表示“既不是B,也不是A”或“A和B都不是”）例 20 If machines really thought as man do, there would be no more reason to fear them than t

50、ofear man. （no more A than B表示“不正如不”或“A和B 都不”）英譯漢比較級(jí)California on the whole has a climate milder all the year round than that of any other places in the Continental United States.譯文1與美國(guó)大陸其它地方相比，大體上加州全年氣候更為溫和。譯文2大體上說(shuō)，美國(guó)大陸哪個(gè)地方的全年氣候也沒(méi)有加州那么溫和。譯文3大體上說(shuō)，在整個(gè)美國(guó)大陸上，加州的全年氣候是最溫和的。Even though the United States p

51、roduces more automobiles than any other country, it still imports large number of autos from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there is a market for them in the United States.譯文1盡管美國(guó)生產(chǎn)的汽車(chē)比其他國(guó)家要多，但它仍從德國(guó)、日本和瑞典大量 進(jìn)口汽車(chē)，這主要是因?yàn)槊绹?guó)市場(chǎng)有這種需求。譯文2盡管美國(guó)的汽車(chē)產(chǎn)量居世界首位，但它仍從德國(guó)、日本和瑞典進(jìn)口大量 汽車(chē)，這主要是因?yàn)槊绹?guó)市場(chǎng)這一需求。It is

52、 well known that ice is not as dense as water and therefore floats.譯文1眾所周知，冰的密度沒(méi)有水大，因而能否在水上。譯文2眾所周知，冰上密度比水小，因而能浮在水上。4 .He left the white house a wiser but sadder man.譯文他離開(kāi)白宮時(shí)比以前更睿智，但也更傷感。5. It would perhaps be more natural, as well as in better conformity with the will of God, if there were more cel

53、ibates and if those who were married had larger families.譯文如果有更多的人不結(jié)婚，如果結(jié)婚的人子女再多些，這也許將更符合上 帝的旨意，符合自然之道。二.特殊比較級(jí)英語(yǔ)的比較句式除了用于表示常見(jiàn)的比較意義以外，還有一些特殊的用法值 得注意。American presidents tend to be judged less by the good deeds they set in motion than by how well they respond to crises.譯文Hitlers mistake gave Roosevelt the victory; just as at Waterloo it was less Wellington who won than Napoleon who lost.譯文Charles is more cautious than decisive.譯文It is not advice as much as approval that he seeks.譯文5.If you ask my opinion, Id say he is a man who is more brave than wise.譯文三.比較級(jí)表示強(qiáng)調(diào)英語(yǔ)里將比較式用作強(qiáng)調(diào)的情況屢見(jiàn)不鮮，初學(xué)者常會(huì)混