職業(yè)大學(xué)英語Unit Six

1、Unit SixText AText B能力分析訓(xùn)練Text A Early last year, Visa and MasterCard joined forces to develop a single standard to secure payment card transactions over insecure networks. They released the first draft of the standards last summer, and since then they have been working feverishly to educate potenti

2、al users and software developers. The final version of the specification came out May 31, and Secure Electronic Transactions (SET)-compliant applications should appear by the end of the year. Other major card brands, including American Express and NOVUS (Discover), have also endorsed the SET standar

3、d. The goals of SET are to provide confidentiality, authentication, and integrity of payment card transmissions. To do this, SET uses a variety of cryptographic techniques including encryption, digital signatures, and certificates. The first thing all SET participants needcardholders, card issuers,

4、and merchantsis a set of public/private key pairs. To help maintain security, cardholder certificates contain a one-way hashed value of the card number, expiration date, and a secret value generated by the cardholders software. The information cannot be recovered directly from the certificate, but t

5、he cardholder can prove the certificate is his or hers by providing account information.1Certificates Now armed with the necessary keys and certificates, a cardholder can start adding to his or her debt. Most SET transactions consist of two rounds of requests and responses. First, the requester and

6、responder exchange certificates and verify each others authentication information. Then, if the first round succeeds, the actual request and response take place.2Transactions Lets say youve decided what you want to buy, your software has completed the round of certificate exchanges successfully, and

7、 now youre ready to send your purchase on its way. From the certificate exchange, you have the merchants public key, the payment processors key, and a unique transaction identifier issued by the merchant. How does SET deliver your purchase securely? First, you create the necessary order information

8、(OI) and payment instructions (PI). Both include the merchant-assigned transaction identifier. Next, you apply a one-way hashing function to make digests of both the order information and payment instructions. Then you create a “dual signature”. This allows both the merchant and payment processor to

9、 independently verify that your payment instructions and order information belong together without requiring either processor to see the others data.Notes 1SETs goals are to provide confidentiality, authentication, and integrity of payment card transmissions. 本句中的be to do something的結(jié)構(gòu)是英語中的用be+不定式表示將

10、來，可以表示按計(jì)劃或安排將要發(fā)生的動作。例如： I am to have tea with Betty this afternoon. 我下午要和貝蒂喝茶。 We are to meet at the entrance of the theatre at two oclock. 我們兩點(diǎn)鐘在劇場門口見。 本句譯為：SET協(xié)議的目的是為支付卡交易提供保密性、認(rèn)證和完整性。 2Once youve generated these, you must get your public key guaranteed in a certificate issued by a trusted third p

11、arty or certificate authority. 這里的issued by a trusted third party or certificate authority是過去分詞短語，相當(dāng)于which is issued by a trusted third party or certificate authority，用來修飾前面的certificate。 本句譯為：一旦生成了所需要的密鑰對，你就能獲得由值得信賴的第三方或認(rèn)證機(jī)構(gòu)頒發(fā)的證書中所擔(dān)保的公鑰證并取得證書。 3How a certificate authority verifies the identity of th

12、e certificate holder is outside the scope of the standard, but the process is likely to be similar to opening an account at a bank. （1）該句為并列句。 第一句的主語較復(fù)雜是How a certificate authority verifies the identity of the certificate holder從句作主語。例如： That theory must go hand in hand with practice is a principle

13、which should be always kept in mind.這里是That theory must go hand in hand with practice從句作句子的主語。 （2）be similar to作“相似，類似”解釋。例如： Microcomputers work in the ways which are similar to the ones of mainframes. 微型計(jì)算機(jī)工作的方式類似于大型計(jì)算機(jī)。 A is similar to B in many ways. 甲在好多方面同乙相像。 本句譯為：認(rèn)證機(jī)構(gòu)是如何來驗(yàn)證數(shù)字證書持有人的身份，這就不在協(xié)議的

14、范圍之內(nèi)了。 但其過程可能與在銀行開戶類似。 4The developers of the SET protocol are aware that most cardholders dont know, or care, about certificates right now, and educating them and building the infrastructure to issue and maintain large numbers of certificates takes time. 該句為并列句。 第二句的主語較復(fù)雜是educating them and buildin

15、g the infrastructure to issue and maintain large numbers of certificates動名詞短語作主語。 例如： Reading is learning, but applying is also learning and the more important kind of learning at that.這里的Reading和applying兩個(gè)動名詞分別是兩個(gè)句子的主語。 本句譯為：SET協(xié)議的開發(fā)者們都知道目前絕大多數(shù)持卡人都不清楚也并不關(guān)心數(shù)字證書，而要培養(yǎng)他們并建立起基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施來頒發(fā)和維護(hù)大量的數(shù)字證書需要花費(fèi)大量時(shí)間。 5

16、Now armed with the necessary keys and certificates, a cardholder can start adding to his or her debt. 這里的armed with the necessary keys and certificates是過去分詞短語，表示伴隨。 本句譯為：在必要的密鑰和數(shù)字證書的幫助下，持卡人就可以開始管理他或她的信用卡債務(wù)了。Text B The increasing popularity of the Internet and E-commerce meant that it was necessary t

17、o find new ways of purchasing goods and services. Currently, there are three major electronic payment schemes available: Using credit card numbers (either encrypted or verified off-network) Electronic checks (sent over the network and cleared offline) Electronic money (sent and cleared over the netw

18、ork during transaction) The concept of e-money is simple: the users can simply transfer payments from their own bank accounts (without the need for another person, “middleman”) to the account of the merchant, electronically and securely over the Internet. E-money comes in two commercial forms: a pla

19、stic card with microchips called a smart card and in software form, called electronic cash (e-cash). E-money is of two types: identified e-money and anonymous e-money (digital cash). Identified e-money contains information revealing the identity of the individual who originally withdrew the e-money

20、from the bank. In the case of anonymous e-money, once the e-money is withdraw from the bank, the identity of the person who uses the money will remain unknown and the bank cannot track the movement of the e-money through the e-market. An online e-money system requires the merchant to contact the ban

21、ks computer containing a database of all the e-money spent at the point of sale. This will enable the merchant to verify if the customers e-money is still valid or usable. In this way, the merchant can either accept to refuse a transaction. Unlike credit cards, e-cash allows payment for small-value

22、purchases or micropayments (like transactions between 25 cents and $10). It is considered the most convenient and fastest method of exchanging currency for goods or services over a network today. A smart card is about the size of a credit card. It is a plastic card into which a microprocessor chip i

23、s embedded. Smart cards are used to store money value, which can also be used to purchase goods or services over the Internet. A special type of smart card used in e-money systems, can contain a chip that holds a small database. The small database keeps record of the pieces of e-money spent by the u

24、ser. If the chip detects an attempt to double spend, a transaction will not be accomplished.The benefits of e-money are:Reduce company expenses. Make transaction procedures easy.Promote fast transaction.Secure payments. Notes 1The increasing popularity of the Internet and E-commerce meant that it wa

25、s necessary to find new ways of purchasing goods and services. 本句用的是過去式，表示因特網(wǎng)和電子商務(wù)早就普及，早就需要更新的購物和服務(wù)方法。 本句譯為：因特網(wǎng)和電子商務(wù)越來越流行，這意味著有必要尋找購買貨物和服務(wù)的新方法。 2A transaction path of the e-money can also be created, which means that the bank can keep track of the movements of the e-money through the e-market. 字面上是“

26、創(chuàng)造路徑”，其實(shí)際意思已經(jīng)在后面的非限制性定語從句中表達(dá)出來了，即銀行可以跟蹤電子貨幣在電子市場中的流動。 這樣我們可以將“跟蹤路徑”靈活地譯成“記錄路徑”。 本句譯為：電子貨幣的交易路徑也可以記錄，這意味著銀行可以跟蹤電子貨幣在電子市場中的流動。 3The software will be used to download the “electronic coins” from the issuers system to the users hard drive. 本句中的The software指前面說的special software, called a “purse”; the iss

27、uers system 指電子貨幣發(fā)行機(jī)構(gòu)的系統(tǒng)；the users hard drive指用戶硬盤驅(qū)動器。 本句譯為：這個(gè)軟件用來從發(fā)放機(jī)構(gòu)的系統(tǒng)把“電子硬幣”下載到用戶的硬盤。 4The preliminary purchase of e-coins is charged against the account of the user. 本句中的charge money against ones account指的是“從某人賬戶中扣除”。 本句譯為：最初購買電子硬幣的費(fèi)用通過用戶的賬戶收取。 4The systems should not discriminate some types o

28、f commerce. 這是一句否定句，但在句中出現(xiàn)的是some而不是any，所以翻譯時(shí)，應(yīng)將其翻譯為“某些”而不是“一些”。 本句譯為：這些系統(tǒng)不應(yīng)該區(qū)別對待某些商業(yè)行為。 5E-money banks also use SET-enabled servers and SSL- enhanced browsers providing more secure electronic payment. 這里的SET指Secure Electronic Transaction（安全的電子交易）SSL指Secure Sockets Layer（加密套接字協(xié)議）。 本句譯為：電子貨幣銀行也使用SET服務(wù)

29、器和增強(qiáng)的SSL瀏覽器，提供了更加安全的電子支付。ExercisesTrue or false 1Currently, there are four major electronic payment schemes available. 2E-money comes in two commercial forms: a plastic card with microchips called a smart card and in software form, called electronic cash (e-cash). 3Identified e-money contains inform

30、ation unrevealing the identity of the individual who originally withdrew the e-money from the bank. 4E-money is created electronically, however counterfeiting and double spending are still possible. 5An offline e-money system can only be used with identified e-money. 6When the user purchases somethi

31、ng at an online store accepting e-cash, the stores software will generate a payment request. 7A smart card is about the size of a credit card. 8A special type of smart card used in e-money systems embedded with a chip that holds a small database. 9Making transaction procedures easy does need to fill

32、-out forms or make telephone inquiries to the bank. 10There is real-time coordination of information and the transaction without the need for intermediary services. 1The increasing popularity of the Internet and E-commerce meant that it was necessary to find new ways of purchasing g and s . 2The con

33、cept of e-money is simple: the users can simply transfer payments from their own bank accounts (without the need for another person, “m ”) to the account of the merchant, e and s over the Internet.Put in the missing information based on the text 3A t path of the e-money can also be created, which me

34、ans that the bank can keep track of the m of the e-money through the e-market. 4There are different e-money systems that can be used to d and p double spending, such as the o e-money and o e-money system. 5An i offline e-money system can d the path e-money through the e-market. 6Unlike credit cards,

35、 e-cash allows payment for small-value p or m (like transactions between 25 cents and $10). 7The p purchase of e-coins is charged a the account of the user. 8Once the payment is received, the merchants software will pass it to the e-cash issuer for a and v . 9Transferring digital money over the Inte

36、rnet is much cheaper than using c banking systems, since there is no need to use extra f or hire t . 10E-money banks also use S -enabled servers and S - enhanced browsers providing more secure electronic payment.能力分析訓(xùn)練Skills of UnderstandingSkills of Translation Skills of Business E-mail Writing Ski

37、lls of Oral Language in Working Condition Skills of Understanding閱讀理解考查的重點(diǎn) 閱讀理解題，有議論文、記敘文、說明文、應(yīng)用文、對話等，涉及社會教育、風(fēng)俗文化、史地知識、科技、政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、日常生活、傳記、人物等諸多方面。 這種試題題型一般包括信息題、是非題和推理、演算題等。 其測試的重點(diǎn)不外乎有以下幾點(diǎn)： 這是最簡單的一種試題，其特點(diǎn)是答案明確具體，一般從閱讀材料中可以直接找到答案。 如辨認(rèn)文章中事件發(fā)生的時(shí)間、順序，人物的外貌、特征，它們與事件的因果關(guān)系。1字面理解試題（literal comprehension） 這種題要

38、求學(xué)生根據(jù)文章結(jié)構(gòu)，掌握所讀材料的主旨、大意以及說明主旨和大意的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)；既要理解具體的事實(shí)，也要理解抽象的概念；既要理解字面意思，也要理解深層含義，或弦外之音，從而分析作者提出的觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度，從字里行間推測作者沒有說明的意圖、含蓄的內(nèi)容，并悟出作者的目的。2推斷理解試題（inferential comprehension） 這是閱讀理解中最高的一個(gè)層次。 它要求學(xué)生能憑著他們應(yīng)有的常識、價(jià)值觀，充分運(yùn)用閱讀材料以及自己的閱讀經(jīng)驗(yàn)對閱讀內(nèi)容做出自己的分析與評價(jià)。如：3綜合評價(jià)試題（evaluation） For many years, no one could communicate with

39、 people who had been born without hearing. These deaf people were not able to use a spoken language. But beginning in the 1700s, the deaf were taught a special language. Using the language, they could share thoughts and ideas with others. The language they used was a language without sound. It was a

40、 sign language. How did this sign language work? The deaf were taught to make certain movements using their hands, faces, and bodies. These movements stood for things and ideas. A man might move his forefinger across his lips. This meant “You are not telling the truth.” He might tap his chin with th

41、ree fingers. This meant “my uncle”. The deaf were also taught to use a finger alphabet. They used their fingers to make the letters of the alphabet. In this way, they spelled out words. Some deaf people could spell out words at a speed of 130 words per minute. Sign language and finger spelling are n

42、ot used as much as they once were. Today the deaf are taught to understand others by watching their lips. They are taught how to speak. 1The story does not say so, but it makes you think that . Athe deaf must have special ways to communicate Bthere is still no way to communicate with the deaf Cdeaf

43、people make signs to make a living Ddeaf people are not as clever as normal people （答案：A 屬推斷理解題）2On the whole the story is about Ahow the deaf communicate Blearning to spellCteaching the deaf to speakDwriting sign languages（答案：A 屬綜合評價(jià)題） 3How did sign language help the deaf? AIt helped them to learn

44、to read BThe deaf could understand Indian sign language CIt helped them communicate with other people DThe deaf could move their thumbs across their lips （答案：C屬字面理解題）Skills of Translation被動句型的翻譯 英語中被動語態(tài)使用很廣。 凡是在不必說出動作的執(zhí)行者，或不愿說出動作的執(zhí)行者，或無從說出動作的執(zhí)行者的場合，或是在為了便于連貫上下文的情況下，往往都用被動語態(tài)。漢語中雖也有被動語態(tài)，但使用范圍相對狹窄。 英語被

45、動語態(tài)的句子譯成漢語時(shí)，很多情況都可譯成主動句，但有一些可以保留被動語態(tài)，這里介紹被動語態(tài)譯成漢語的三種典型句型。 無主語句是漢語特有的句子形式，其作用和效果相當(dāng)于英語中無動作發(fā)出者的被動句，因而可以用來翻譯某些英語被動形式。 例如：Attention should be paid to the study of minority nationalities culture. 應(yīng)注意對少數(shù)民族文化的研究。 Machinery for the just settlement of international differences must be founded. 必須建立公正解決國際分歧的機(jī)構(gòu)

46、。1被動句譯成漢語的無主語句 將被動語態(tài)譯成主動語態(tài)，在譯文中將原文的主語譯為賓語，將原文中的by引出的動作發(fā)出者譯為主語；或?qū)⒃闹髡Z仍然譯為主語，只將謂語動詞被動結(jié)構(gòu)譯成主動結(jié)構(gòu)。 例如：The law of motion will be discussed in the next article. 運(yùn)動定律將在下文討論。 He said he was assured by the State Department that the U.S. is willing to normalize relations with his country. 他說，國務(wù)院向他擔(dān)保美國愿意同他的國家恢復(fù)關(guān)

47、系。2被動句譯成漢語的主動句 如果翻譯時(shí)有必要將原文中的被動意思表達(dá)出來，漢語譯文可以采用“被、得、到、給、叫、讓、使、為、由、予以”等表示被動意義的詞來表達(dá)。 例如：The foreign friends have been profoundly stirred by the Chinese economic reform. 那些外國朋友為中國的經(jīng)濟(jì)改革所深深鼓舞。 The famous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire. 這座著名的旅館幾乎被這場大火全部毀滅。 3被動句翻譯成中文時(shí)加上“被、受、使、把、獲、由”等詞。按

48、要求將下列句子譯成漢語。1You are requested to give a performance.2What is feared as failure in American society is,above all,loneliness.3He is often sent to do this work.4The boy was criticized yesterday.5History is made by the people.6It is obvious that the plan should be cancelled.Exercises of Such SkillSkill

49、s of Business E-mail Writing用郵件進(jìn)行預(yù)訂 Sometimes we can write E-mails to make reservations. These kinds of message should be written in a formal and polite way. First, read the following E-mail samples. 有些時(shí)候我們可以通過電子郵件來進(jìn)行預(yù)訂。 這類信息應(yīng)該以一種正式和禮貌的方式來書寫。 首先，請閱讀下列電子郵件的范文。From: BlakeTo: customerserviceCc:BCC:Subj

50、ect: Reservation for a single room.Date: Sun, Apr 23, 2009AMaking a reservation預(yù)訂Dear Sir or Madam, Please reserve a single room for Ms. Carry Wang, who will attend the Future Business Company press conference （新聞發(fā)布會）. Ms. Carry Wang will arrive at about 9:00 on Apr. 25 and check out on Apr 28. Attached is a registration form（登記表）and we will remit（匯款）the 600 RMB deposit（押金）as soon as you inform us of the bank account. Full payment will be made with our company credit card. Please send us a confirmation at your earliest convenience.Sincerely yours,Blake ChenFuture BusinessFrom