最新雅思閱讀篇

1、濟南新航道學校IELTSREADING雅思閱讀高分必備習題集注：本習題集僅供濟南新航道內(nèi)部學員使用，嚴禁翻印，傳閱。ContentsAmateurnaturalist業(yè)余自然學家（P3）CommunicatingStylesandConflict交流的方式與沖突（P6）HealthintheWild野生動物自愈.（plO）TheRainmaker人工造雨（P13）Shoemaker-Levy9CollisionwithJupiter舒梅克彗星撞木星（P16）Asecondlookattwinstudies雙胞胎研究（P19）TransitofVenus金星凌日（P22）PlaceboEffec

2、t一ThePowerofNothing安慰劑效應(yīng)（P25）TheoriginsofLaughter笑的起源（P29）RainwaterHarvesting雨水收集（P32）SerendipityTheAccidentalScientists科學偶然性（P36）Terminated!DinosaurEra!恐龍時代的終結(jié)（P40）TVADDICTION電視上癮（P43）ElninoandSeabirds厄爾尼諾和水鳥（P46）TheextinctgrassinBritain英國滅絕的某種草（P50）Educationphilosophy教育的哲學（P53）ThesecretofYawn打哈欠的秘

3、密（P57）consecutiveandsimultaneoustranslation交替?zhèn)髯g和同聲傳譯（P60）Numeracy:cananimalstellnumbers?動物會數(shù)數(shù)么？（P63）Goingnowherefast（P66）Theseedhunters種子收集者（P69）TheconquestofMalariainItaly意大利征服瘧疾（P72）READINGPASSAGE1Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions27-40whicharebasedonReadingPassage3below.文章背景：業(yè)余自然學家主要講述的是有一些人

4、，平時喜歡觀察自然界的植物生長，養(yǎng)蜂過程，氣候變化，等等與大自然相關(guān)的變化并且做記錄得到一些數(shù)據(jù),這種數(shù)據(jù)叫做“amateurdata”.本文主要介紹業(yè)余自然學家以及一些專業(yè)自然學家探討業(yè)余自然學家的數(shù)據(jù)是否能用，以及應(yīng)該如何使用這些自然學家的數(shù)據(jù)，其可信度有多少等問題。AmateurNaturalistsFromtheresultsofanannualAlaskanbettingcontesttosightingsofmigratorybirds,ecologistsareusingawealthofunusualdatatopredicttheimpactofclimatechang.eA

5、TimSparksslidesasmallleather-boundnotebookoutofanenvelope.Thebooksyellowingpagescontainbeekeepingnotesmadebetween1941and1969bythelateWalterCoatesofKilworth,Leicestershire.Headdsittohisgrowingpileoflocaljournals,birdwatcherslistandgardeningdiaries.“Wereuncoveringaboutonemajornewrecordeachmonth,”hesay

6、s,“Istillgetsurprised.”AroundtwocenturiesbeforeCoates,RobertMarsham,alandownerfromNorfolkintheeastofEngland,beganrecordingthelifecyclesofplantsandanimalsonhisestate-whenthefirstwoodanemonesflowered,thedatesonwhichtheoaksburstintoleafandtherooksbegannesting.SuccessiveMarshamscontinuedcompilingtheseno

7、tesfor211years.BToday,suchrecordsarebeingputtousesthattheirauthorscouldnotpossiblyhaveexpected.Thesedatasets,andotherslikethem,areprovinginvaluabletoecologistsinterestedinthetimingofbiologicalevents,orphenology.Bycombiningtherecordswithclimatedata,researcherscanrevealhow,forexample,changesintemperat

8、ureaffectthearrivalofspring,allowingecologiststomakeimprovedpredictionsabouttheimpactofclimatechange.Asmallbandofresearchersiscombingthroughhundredsofyearsofrecordstakenbythousandsofamateurnaturalists.Andmoresystematicprojectshavealsostartedup,producinganoverwhelmingresponse.“Theamountofinterestisal

9、mostfrightening,”saysSparks,aclimateresearcherattheCentreforEcologyandHydrologyinMonksWood,Cambridgeshire.CSparksfirstbecameawareofthearmyof“closetphenologists”,ashedescribesthem,whenaretiringcolleaguegavehimtheMarshamrecords.Henowspendsmuchofhistimefollowingleadsfromonehistoricaldatasettoanother.As

10、newsofhisquestspreads,peopletiphimofftootherhistoricalrecords,andmoreamateurphenologistscomeoutoftheirclosets.TheBritishdevotiontorecordingandcollectingmakeshisjobeasier-onemanfromKentsenthim30yearsworthofkitchencalendars,onwhichhehasnotedthedatethathisneighboursmagnoliatreeflowered.DOtherresearcher

11、shaveuneartheddatafromequallyoddsources.RafeSagarin,anecologistatStanfordUniversityinCalifornia,recentlystudiedrecordsofabettingcontestinwhichparticipantsattempttoguesstheexacttimeatwhichaspeciallyerectedwoodentripodwillfallthroughthesurfaceofathawingriver.ThecompetitionhastakenplaceannuallyontheTen

12、anaRiverinAlaskasince1917,andanalysisoftheresultsshowedthatthethawnowarrivesfiveyearsearlierthanitdidwhenthecontestbegan.EOverall,suchrecordshavehelpedtoshowthat,comparedwith20yearsago,araftofnaturaleventsnowoccurearlieracrossmuchofthenorthernhemisphere,fromtheopeningofleavestothereturnofbirdsfrommi

13、grationandtheemergenceofbutterfliesfromhibernation.Thedatacanalsohintathownaturewillchangeinthefuture.Togetherwithmodelsofclimatechange,amateursrecordscouldhelpguideconservation.TerryRoot,anecologistattheUniversityofMichiganinAnnArbor,hascollectedbirdwatcherscountsofwildfowltakenbetween1955and1996on

14、seasonalpondsintheAmericanMidwestandcombinedthemwithclimatedataandmodelsoffuturewarming.Heranalysisshowsthatthiencreaseddroughtsthatthemodelspredictcouldhalvethebreedingpopulationsattheponds.“ThenumberofwaterfowlinNorthAmericawillmostprobablydropsignificantlywithglobalwarming,”shesays.FButnotallprof

15、essionalsarehappytouseamateurdata.“Alotofscientistswonttouchthem,theysaytheyretoofullofproblems,”saysRoot.Becausedifferentobserverscanhavedifferentideasofwhatconstitutes,forexample,anopensnowdrop.“Thebiggestconcernwithadhocobservationsishowcarefullyandsystematicallytheyweretaken,”saysMarkSchwartzoft

16、heUniversityofWisconsin,Milwaukee,whostudiestheinteractionsbetweenplantsandclimate.”Weneedtoknowprettypreciselywhatapersonsbeenobserving-iftheyjustsayInotewhentheleavescameout,itmightnotbethatuseful,”Measuringtheonsetofautumncanbeparticularlyproblem-aticbecausedecidingwhenleaveschangecolourisamoresu

17、bjectiveprocessthannotingwhentheyappear.GOverall,mostphenologistsarepositiveaboutthecontributionthatamateurscanmake.“Theygetattherawpowerofscience:carefulobservationofthenaturalworld,”saysSagarin.Buttheprofessionalsalsoacknowledgetheneedforcarefulqualitycontrol.Root,forexample,triestogaugethequality

18、ofanamateurarchivebyinterviewingitscollector.“Youalwayshavetoworry-thingsastrivialasvacationscanaffectmeasurement.Idisregardalotofrecordsbecausetheyrenotrigorousenough,”shesays.Otherssuggestthattherightstatisticscanironoutsomeoftheproblemswithamateurdata.TogetherwithcolleaguesatWageningenUniversityi

19、ntheNetherlands,environmentalscientistArnoldvanVlietisdevelopingstatisticaltechniquestoaccountfortheuncertaintyinamateurphenologicaldata.Withtheenthusiasmofamateurphenologistsevidentfrompastrecords,professionalresearchersarenowtryingtocreatestandardizedrecordingschemesforfutureefforts.Theyhopethatwe

20、ll-designedstudieswillgenerateavolumeofobservationslargeenoughtodrownouttheidiosyncrasiesofindividualrecorders.Thedataarecheaptocollect,andcanprovidebreadthinspace,timeandrangeofspecies.“Itsverydifficulttocollectdataonalargegeographicalscalewithoutenlistinganarmyofobservers,”saysRoot.HPhenologyalsoh

21、elpstodrivehomemessagesaboutclimatechange.“Becausethepublicunderstandtheserecords,theyacceptthem,”saysSparks.Itcanalsoillustratepotentiallyunpleasantconsequences,headds,suchasthefindingthatmoreratinfestationsarereportedtolocalcouncilsinwarmeryears.Andgettingpeopleinvolvedisgreatforpublicrelations.“P

22、eoplearethrilledtothinkthatthedatatheyvebeencollectingasahobbycanbeusedforsomethingscientifiitempowersthem,”saysRoot.Questions27-33ReadingPassage3haseightparagraphsA-HWhichparagraphcontainsthefollowinginformation?WritethecorrectletterA-Hinboxes27-33onyouranswersheet.ThedefinitionofphenologyHowSparks

23、firstbecameawareofamateurrecordsHowpeoplereactedtotheirinvolvementindatacollectionThenecessitytoencourageamateurdatacollectionAdescriptionofusingamateurrecordstomakepredictionsRecordsofacompetitionprovidingcluesforclimatechangeAdescriptionofaveryoldrecordcompiledbygenerationsofamateurnaturalistsQues

24、tions34-36CompletethesentencesbelowwithNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthepassage.Writeyouranswersinboxes34-36onyouranswersheetWalterCoatessrecordslargelycontaintheinformationof.RobertMarshamisfamousforrecordingtheofanimalsandplantsonhisland.Accordingtosomephenologists,globalwarmingmaycausethenumberofwaterfow

25、linNorthAmericatodropsignificantlyduetoincreased.Questions37-40ChoosethecorrectletterA,B,CorD.Writeyouranswersinboxes37-40onyouranswersheet.whydoalotofscientistsdiscreditthedatacollectedbyamateurs?AScientificmethodwasnotusedindatacollection.BAmateurobserversarenotcarefulinrecordingtheirdata.CAmateur

26、dataisnotreliable.DAmateurdataisproducedbywrongcandidates.MarkSchwartzusedtheexampleofleavestoillustratethat?AAmateurrecordscantbeused.BAmateurrecordsarealwaysunsystematic.CThecolorchangeofleavesishardtoobserve.DValuableinformationisoftenprecise.Howdothescientistssuggestamateurdatashouldbeused?AUsin

27、gimprovedmethods.BBemorecarefulinobservation.CUserawmaterials.DApplyingstatisticaltechniquesindatacollection.Whatstheimplicationofphenologyforordinarypeople?AItempowersthepublic.BItpromotespublicrelations.CItwarnspeopleofanimalinfestation.DItraisesawarenessaboutclimatechangeinthepublic.READINGPASSAG

28、E2Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions27-40whicharebasedonReadingPassage3onthefollowingpage.文章背景：交流的方式與沖突。從古希臘時期開始，一位叫做hippocrate的人就開始通過分類人的性格來更好的處理人與人的沖突及如何更好的了解自己。本文主要闡述了四種性格類型：sanguine類型的人活潑積極向上。Phlegmatic是冷靜而具有分析性的性格，melancholic類型的人體貼而具有同情心。Choleric類型的人大膽而且直接。在workplace,一個團隊需要四種性格的人都有才能保證正常的運

29、轉(zhuǎn)。CommunicatingStylesandConflictKnowingyourcommunicationstyleandhavingamixofstylesonyourteamcanprovideapositiveforceforresolvingconflict.SectionAAsfarbackasHippocratestime(460-370peoplehavetriedtounderstandotherpeoplebycharacterizingthemaccordingtopersonalitytypeortemperament.Hippocratesbelievedther

30、ewerefourdifferentbodyfluidsthatinfluencedfourbasictypesoftemperament.Hisworkwasfurtherdeveloped500yearslaterbyGalen(130-200.Thesedaysthereareanynumberofself-assessmenttoolsthatrelatetothebasicdescriptionsdevelopedbyGalen,althoughwenolongerbelievethesourcetobethetypesofbodyfluidthatdominateoursystem

31、s.SectionBThevalueinself-assessmentsthathelpdeterminepersonalitystyle,learningstyles,communicationstyles,conflict-handlingstyles,orotheraspectsofindividualsisthattheyhelpdepersonalizeconflictininterpersonalrelationships.Thedepersonalizationoccurswhenyourealizethatothersarenttryingtobedifficult,butth

32、eyneeddifferentormoreinformationthanyoudo.Theyrenotintendingtoberude;theyaresofocusedonthetasktheyforgetaboutgreetingpeople.Theywouldliketoworkfasterbutnotattheriskofdamagingtherelationshipsneededtogetthejobdone.Theyunderstandthereisajobtodo,butitcanonlybedonerightwiththeappropriateinformation,which

33、takestimetocollect.Whenusedappropriately,understandingcommunicationstylescanhelpresolveconflictonteams.Veryrarelyareconflictstruepersonalityissues.Usuallytheyareissuesofstyle,informationneeds,orfocus.SectionCHippocratesandlaterGalendeterminedtherewerefourbasictemperaments:sanguine,phlegmatic,melanch

34、olicandcholeric.Thesedescriptionsweredevelopedcenturiesagoandarestillsomewhatapt,althoughyoucouldupdatethewording.Intodaysworld,theytranslateintothefourfairlycommoncommunicationstylesdescribedbelow:SectionDThesanguinepersonwouldbetheexpressiveorspiritedstyleofcommunication.Thesepeoplespeakinpictures

35、.Theyinvestalotofemotionandenergyintheircommunicationanoftenspeakquickly,puttingtheirwholebodyintoit.Theyareeasilysidetrackedontoastorythatmayormaynotillustratethepointtheyaretryingtomake.Becauseoftheirenthusiasmtheyaregreatteammotivators.Theyareconcernedaboutpeopleandrelationships.Theirhighlevelsof

36、energycancomeonstrongattimesandtheirfocusisusuallyonthebiggerpicture,whichmeanstheysometimesmissthedetailsortheproperorderofthings.Thesepeoplefindconflictordifferencesofopinioninvigoratingandlovetoengageinaspiriteddiscussion.Theylovechangeandareconstantlylookingfornewandexcitingadventures.SectionETh

37、ephlegmaticperson-coolandpersevering-translatesintothetechnicalorsystematiccommunicationstyle.Thisstyleofcommunicationisfocusedonfactsandtechnicaldetails.Phlegmaticpeoplehaveanorderly,methodicalwayofapproachingtasks,andtheirfocusisverymuchonthetask,notonthepeople,emotions,orconcernsthatthetaskmayevo

38、ke.Thefocusisalsomoreonthedetailsnecessarytoaccomplishatask.Sometimesthedetailsoverwhelmthebigpictureandfocusneedstobebroughtbacktothecontextofthetask.Peoplewiththisstylethinkthefactsshouldspeakforthemselves,andtheyarenotascomfortablewithconflict.Theyneedtimetoadapttochangeandneedtounderstandboththe

39、logicofitandthestepsinvolved.SectionFThemelancholicpersonwhoissoftheartedandorientedtowarddoingthingsforotherstranslatesintotheconsiderateorsympatheticcommunicationstyle.Apersonwiththiscommunicationstyleisfocusedonpeopleandrelationships.Theyaregoodlistenersanddothingsforotherpeople-sometimestothedet

40、rimentofgettingthingsdoneforthemselves.Theywanttosoliciteveryonesopinionandmakesureeveryoneiscomfortablewithwhateverisrequiredtogetthejobdone.Attimesthisfocusonotherscandistractfromthetaskathand.Becausetheyaresoconcernedwiththeneedsforothersandsmoothingoverissues,theydonotlikeconflict.Theybelievetha

41、tchangethreatensthestatusquoandtendstomakepeoplefeeluneasy,sopeoplewiththiscommunicationstyle,likephlegmaticpeople,needtimetoconsiderthechangesinordertoadapttothem.SectionGThecholerictemperamenttranslatesintotheboldordirectstyleofcommunication.Peoplewiththisstylearebriefintheircommunication-thefewer

42、wordsthebetter.Theyarebigpicturethinkersandlovetobeinvolvedinmanythingsatonce.Theyarefocusedontasksandoutcomesandoftenforgetthatthepeopleinvolvedincarryingoutthetaskshaveneeds.Theydontdodetailworkeasilyandasaresultcanoftenunderestimatehowmuchtimeittakestoachievethetask.Becausetheyaresodirect,theyoft

43、enseemforcefulandcanbeveryintimidatingtoothers.Theyusuallywouldwelcomesomeonechallengingthem,butmostotherstylesareafraidtodoso.Theyalsothriveonchange,themorethebetter.SectionHAwell-functioningteamshouldhaveallofthesecommunicationstylesfortrueeffectiveness.Allteamsneedtofocusonthetask,andtheyneedtota

44、kecareofrelationshipsinordertoachievethosetasks.Theyneedthebigpictureperspectiveorthecontextoftheirwork,andtheyneedthedetailstobeidentifiedandtakencareofforsuccess.Weallhaveaspectsofeachstylewithinus.Someofuscaneasilymovefromonestyletoanotherandadaptourstyletotheneedsofthesituationathand-whetherthef

45、ocusisontasksorrelationships.Forothers,adominantstyleisveryevident,anditismorechallengingtoseethesituationfromtheperspectiveofanotherstyle.Theworkenvironmentcaninfluencecommunicationstyleseitherbythetypeofworkthatisrequiredorbythepredominanceofonestylereflectedinthatenvironment.Somepeopleuseonestyle

46、atworkandanotherathome.Thegoodnewsaboutcommunicationstylesisthatweallhavetheabilitytodevelopflexibilityinourstyles.Thegreatertheflexibilitywehave,themoreskilledweusuallyareathandlingpossibleandactualconflicts.Usuallyithastoberelevanttoustodoso,eitherbecausewethinkitisimportantorbecausethereareincent

47、ivesinourenvironmenttoencourageit.Thekeyisthatwehavetowanttobecomeflexiblewithourcommunicationstyle.AsHenryFordsaid,“Whetheryouthinkyoucanoryoucant,youreright!”Questions27-34Readingpassage3haseightsectionsA-H.Choosethecorrectheadingforeachsectionfromthelistofheadingsbelow.Writethecorrectnumberi-xinb

48、oxes2734onyouranswersheet.ListofheadingsSummarizingpersonalitytypesCombinedstylesforworkplacePhysicalexplanationAlivelypersonwhoencouragesDemandingandunsympatheticpersonalityLazyandcarelesspersonalityThebenefitsofunderstandingcommunicationstylesCautiousandcaringFactualandanalyticalpersonalitySelf-as

49、sessmentdeterminesonestemperamentSectionASectionBSectionCSectionDSectionESectionFSectionGSectionHQuestions35-39DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage3？Inboxes35-39onyouranswersheetwriteTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheinformatio

50、nNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthisItisbelievedthatsanguinepeopledislikevariety.Melancholicandphlegmaticpeoplehavesimilarcharacteristics.Managersoftenselecttheirbestemployeesaccordingtopersonalitytypes.38Itispossibletochangeonespersonalitytype.39Workplaceenvironmentcanaffectwhichcommunicationstyle

51、ismosteffective.Question40ChoosethecorrectletterA,B,CorDWriteyouranswersinbox40onyouranswersheet.Thewriterbelievesusingself-assessmenttoolscanAhelptodeveloponespersonality.Bhelptounderstandcolleaguesbehavior.Cimproveonesrelationshipwiththeemployer.Ddirectlyresolveconflicts.READINGPASSAGE3文章背景：野生動物存在

52、一種先天性的本領(lǐng)那就是生病后其本能可以讓其借助某些物質(zhì)到治病的效果。例如某些鳥類例如Macaws會吃泥土以解食物中存在的毒素。更有趣的是，某位科學家觀察到大猩猩總是會吃某種樹葉，吃的時候表情痛說明并非好吃，后來該科學家發(fā)現(xiàn)大猩猩吃樹葉是為了利用其自身不能消化樹葉排出腸道的parasite(寄生蟲)。這一點表明動物先天是有自我醫(yī)治的本能的.HealthintheWildManyanimalsseemabletotreattheirillnessesthemselves.Humansmayhaveathingortwotolearnfromthem.ForthepastdecadeDrEngel,

53、alectureinenvironmentalsciencesatBritainsOpenUniversity,hasbeencollatingexamplesofself-medicatingbehaviorinwildanimals.Sherecentlypublishedabookonthesubject.InatalkattheEdinburghscienceFestivalearlierthismonth,sheexplainedthattheideathatanimalscantreatthemselveshasbeenregardedwithsomeskepticismbyher

54、colleaguesinthepast.Butagrowingnumberofanimalbehaviouristsnowthinkthatwildanimalscananddodealwiththeirownmedicalneeds.Oneexampleofself-medicationwasdiscoveredin1987.MichaelHuffmanandMohamediSeifu,workingintheMahaleMountainsNationalParkinTanzania,noticedthatlocalchimpanzeessufferingfromintestinalworm

55、swoulddosethemselveswithpithofaplantcalledVeronia.Thisplantproducespoisonouschemicalscalledterpenes.Itspithcontainsastrongenoughconcentrationtokillgutparasites,butnotsostrongastokillchimps(norpeople,forthatmatter;localsusethepithforthesamepurpose).Giventhattheplantisknownlocallyas“goat-killer”,howev

56、er,itseemsthatnotallanimalsareassmartaschimpsandhumans.Someconsumeitindiscriminately,andsuccumb.SincetheVeronia-eatingchimpswerediscovered,moreevidencehasemergedsuggestingthatanimalsofteneatthingsformedicalratherthannutritionalreasons.Manyspecies,forexample,consumedirt-abehaviorknownasgeophagy.Histo

57、rically,thepreferredexplanationwasthatsoilsuppliesmineralssuchassalt.Butgeophagyoccursinareaswheretheearthisnotausefulsourceofminerals,andalsoinplaceswheremineralscanbemoreeasilyobtainedfromcertainplantsthatareknowntoberichinthem.Clearly,theanimalsmustbegettingsomethingelseoutofeatingearth.Thecurren

58、tbeliefisthatsoil-andparticularlytheclayinit-helpstodetoxifythedefensiveposionsthatsomeplantsproduceinanattempttopreventthemselvesfrombeingeaten.Evidenceforthedetoxifyingnatureofclaycamein1999,fromanexperimentcarriedoutonmacawsbyJamesGilardiandhiscolleaguesattheUniversityofCalifornia,Davis,Macawseat

59、seedscontainingalkaloids,agroupofchemicalsthathassomenotoriouslytoxicmemberssuchasstrychnine.Inthewild,thebirdsarefrequentlyseenperchedonerodingriverbankseatingclay.DrGillardifedonegroupofmacawsamixtureofaharmlessalkaloidandclay,andasecondgroupjustthealkaloid.Severalhourslater,themacawsthathadeatent

60、heclayhad60%lessalkaloidintheirbloodstreamsthanthosethathadnot,suggestingthatthehypothesisiscorrect.Otherobservationsalsosupporttheideathatclaysisdetoxifying.Towardsthetropicstheamounttoxiccompoundsinplantsincreases-andsodoestheamountofeartheatenbyherbivores.Elephantslickclayfrommudholesallyeararoun