《科技英語》課后習(xí)題答案

1、Main Content: UNIT 1 MATHEMATICSText Organization PartsParagraphsMain IdeasPart OneParas. 1-3Game theory can be defined as the science of strategy which studies both pure conflicts (zero-sum games) and conflicts in cooperative forms.Part TwoParas. 4-11There are two distinct types of strategic interd

2、ependence: sequential-move game and simultaneous-move game.Part ThreeParas. 12-19The typical examples of game theory are given as the basic principles such as prisoners dilemma, mixing moves, strategic moves, bargaining, concealing and revealing information.Part FourPara. 20The research of game theo

3、ry has succeeded in illustrating strategies in situations of conflict and cooperation and it will focus on the design of successful strategy in future.Language Points The games it studies range from chess to child rearing and from tennis to takeovers. (Para.1)Paraphrase: The games it (game theory) s

4、tudies extends from chess to child bringing-up and from tennis to handovers.range: v. to vary between limits, extend, run in a linee.g. (1) The price ranges from $ 30 to $ 80. (2) The boundary ranges from north to south.takeover: n. the act or an instance of assuming control or management of or resp

5、onsibility for sth. 接收、接管e.g. The economy of Hongkong goes well after its takeover.Game theory was pioneered by Princeton mathematician John von Neumann. (Para.2)pioneer: v. to be a pioneer; to originate (course of action etc., followed later by others)e.g. The new treatment for cancer was pioneered

6、 by the experts of state hospital.pioneer: n. original investigator of subject or explorer or settler; initiator of enterprisee.g. The young generation was greatly motivated by the pioneers exploits.That is, the participants were supposed to choose and implement their actions jointly. (Para.2)Paraph

7、rase: That is, the players were expected to select and carry out their actions together. he must anticipate and overcome resistance to his plans. (Para.3)anticipate: v. 1) to expect or realize beforehand; to foreseee.g. The experts are anticipating the negative effects of air pollution.anticipate: v

8、. 2) to deal with or use before proper time 預(yù)支e.g. Ted was not used to saving monthly and he would always anticipate his income.The essence of a game is the interdependence of player strategies. (Para.4)Paraphrase: The key principal of a game is that player strategies are dependent on each other.ess

9、ence: n.1) the quality which makes a thing what it is; the inner nature or most important quality of a thinge.g. The two things are the same in outward form but different in essence.essence: n. 2) extract obtained from a substance by taking out as much of the mass as possiblee.g. milk essence; essen

10、ce of peppermint (椒薄荷、椒薄荷油)interdependence: n. the quality or fact of depending on each otherinter-為前綴，意為between each other, 類似的詞還有interchange、intermarry、international、interview等。A general principle for a player in a sequential-move game is to look ahead and reason back. (Para.5)Paraphrase: A common

11、ly-applied rule for a participant in a sequential game is to anticipate and think logically in turn.reason: v. to form or try to reach conclusions by connected thought; to think oute.g. (1) Mans ability to reason makes him different from the animal. (2) I reason in this way about the matter.In princ

12、iple, any sequential game that ends after a finite sequence of moves (Para.6)finite: a. limited; having boundse.g. The petroleum supply is finite for humankind.infinite: a. without limits; having no bounds; (number that cannot be calculated)e.g. infinite space.In contrast to the linear chain of reas

13、oning for sequential games, a game with simultaneous moves involves a logical circle. (Para.7)Paraphrase: A game with simultaneous move requires a logical circular thinking, which is totally different from the linear chain of reasoning for sequential games. in ignorance of the others current actions

14、. (Para.7)ignorance: n. being lacking of knowledge or uninformede.g. The manager was offended by the ignorance of his plans.The logical circle is squared (Para.8)square the circle: to attempt sth. impossible 做（似乎是）不可能的事When we say that an outcome is an equilibrium, there is no presumption that each

15、persons privately best choice will lead to a collectively optimal result. (Para.10)Paraphrase: When we mention that game result is an equilibrium, there is no assurance that each players best choice will lead to the best effect for all the players.此句是一個復(fù)合句，when引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，主句there is no presumption中又包含一

16、個同位語從句that each persons privately best choice will lead to a collectively optimal result，修飾presumption。But in spite of these flaws (Para.11)flaw: n. imperfection; crack; invalidating defect in documente.g. There was a fatal flaw in his argument that he gave an inaccurate definition.Such cooperative

17、behavior can be achieved in repeated plays of the game because the temporary gain from cheating (confession) can be outweighed by the long-run loss due to the breakdown of cooperation. (Para.13)Paraphrase: Since the long-term loss brings more harmful effects than the temporary gain from cheating (co

18、nfession) once cooperation breaks down, cooperative behavior can be achieved in repeated plays of the game.outweigh: v. to exceed in weight, value, importance or influencee.g. Many athletes believe that disadvantages of taking dopes (興奮劑、麻醉劑) far outweigh the advantages.out-為前綴，意為in a way that surpa

19、sses, exceeds, or goes beyond。常見詞有outargue/outbalance/outbid/outclass/outdo/outdrive/outeat/outgo/outlearn/outlive/outplay。Game theory quantifies this insight and details the right proportions of such mixtures. (Para.14)insight: n. piece of knowledge obtained, understanding; power of seeing into sth

20、. with the minde.g. (1) a man of deep insight (2) Good teachers have insight into the problems of students.By so doing, he removes his own temptation to renege (食言、否認(rèn)) on a promise or to forgive others transgressions (違犯、犯規(guī)). (Para.15)Paraphrase: By so doing, he can resist the temptation to break hi

21、s own promise or to excuse for others offense.Recall Winston Churchills dictum of hiding the truth in a “bodyguard of lies”. (Para.19)recall: v. 1) to bring back to mind; to remember somethinge.g. (1) Twenty years later he could still clearly recall the event. (2) I seem to recall seeing the documen

22、t.recall: v. 2) to order the return of a person who belongs to an organizatione.g. The ambassador was recalled when war broke out.To convey information, use an action that is a credible “signal” (Para.19)convey: v. to make (ideas, feelings, etc.) known to anothere.g. (1) Language conveys message. (2

23、) Words cannot convey how delighted I am that I have accepted by Yale University.Background Information Avinash Dixit and Barry Nalebuff阿維納什迪克斯特是普林斯頓大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)教授。巴里內(nèi)爾巴夫是耶魯大學(xué)組織和管理學(xué)院管理學(xué)教授。Game Theory博弈論，有時也稱為對策論，是應(yīng)用數(shù)學(xué)的一個分支，是研究具有斗爭或競爭性質(zhì)現(xiàn)象的數(shù)學(xué)理論和方法，也是運(yùn)籌學(xué)（operational research）的一個重要學(xué)科。目前在生物學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、國際關(guān)系、計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)、政治學(xué)、

24、軍事戰(zhàn)略和其他很多學(xué)科都有廣泛的應(yīng)用。zero-sum games (Para.1)零和博弈（非合作博弈），一人或一方得益必然引起另一人或另一方損失的局面。John von Neumann (Para.2)約翰馮諾依曼（1903-1957），匈牙利裔美國數(shù)學(xué)家，普林斯頓大學(xué)和普林斯頓高等研究所教授，曾任研制原子彈的顧問，并參加研制計(jì)算機(jī)，被稱為計(jì)算機(jī)之父，1954年成為美國原子能委員會委員。作為20世紀(jì)最杰出的數(shù)學(xué)家之一，他在數(shù)理邏輯、測度論、格倫和連續(xù)幾何學(xué)方面都有開創(chuàng)性的成果；在博弈論和控制論、力學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和計(jì)算機(jī)研制等領(lǐng)域做出了杰出的貢獻(xiàn)。他同莫根施特恩合作，寫出博弈論和經(jīng)濟(jì)行為一書，這

25、是博弈論中的經(jīng)典著作，使他成為數(shù)理經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的奠基人之一。tic-tac-toe (Para.6)井字棋，一種益智游戲。兩人輪流在一井字形方格內(nèi)畫“x”和“o”，以先列成一行者得勝。John Nash (Para.8)約翰納什，1928年6月13日出生在美國西弗吉尼亞州，1950年獲得美國普林斯頓高等研究院數(shù)學(xué)博士學(xué)位，1951年至1959年在麻省理工學(xué)院（MIT）數(shù)學(xué)中心任職?，F(xiàn)任普林斯頓大學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)系教授，美國科學(xué)院院士。國際公認(rèn)的博弈論創(chuàng)始人之一，是繼馮諾依曼之后最偉大的博弈論大師之一。納什主要在純數(shù)學(xué)領(lǐng)域從事學(xué)術(shù)研究，其數(shù)學(xué)成就十分突出。然而，他對經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)研究產(chǎn)生重大影響的還是在博弈論上，可以概

26、括為兩點(diǎn)：第一，納什明確區(qū)分了合作對策與非合作對策，并指出，在合作對策中可以達(dá)成有約束力的協(xié)議，而在非合作對策中，則達(dá)不到；第二，對于兩人以上的非合作對策，可能出現(xiàn)什么樣的結(jié)果，納什提出了分析方法，這一方法可以用“納什均衡”來稱謂。后來對博弈論的許多討論，都是建立在納什均衡這一概念之上的，他提出的著名的納什均衡的概念在非合作博弈理論中起著核心的作用。后續(xù)的研究者對博弈論的貢獻(xiàn)，都是建立在這一概念之上的。由于納什均衡的提出和不斷完善為博弈論廣泛應(yīng)用于經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、管理學(xué)、社會學(xué)、政治學(xué)、軍事科學(xué)等領(lǐng)域奠定了堅(jiān)實(shí)的理論基礎(chǔ)，1994年納什因此獲得諾貝爾獎經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)獎。Nash equilibrium (Pa

27、ra.8)納什均衡，又稱為非合作博弈均衡，是博弈論的一個重要術(shù)語，以約翰納什命名。在一個博弈過程中，無論對方的策略選擇如何，當(dāng)事人一方都會選擇某個確定的策略，則該策略被稱作支配性策略。如果兩個博弈的當(dāng)事人的策略組合分別構(gòu)成各自的支配性策略，那么這個組合就被定義為納什均衡。一個策略組合被稱為納什均衡，當(dāng)每個博弈者的均衡策略都是為了達(dá)到自己期望收益的最大值，與此同時，其他所有博弈者也遵循這樣的策略。prisoners dilemma (Para.10)囚徒困境，博弈論的經(jīng)典案例。囚徒困境是博弈論的非零和博弈中具代表性的例子，反映個人最佳選擇并非團(tuán)體最佳選擇。雖然困境本身只屬模型性質(zhì)，但現(xiàn)實(shí)中的價(jià)格

28、競爭、環(huán)境保護(hù)等方面，也會頻繁出現(xiàn)類似情況。單次發(fā)生的囚徒困境，和多次重復(fù)的囚徒困境結(jié)果不會一樣。在重復(fù)的囚徒困境中，博弈被反復(fù)地進(jìn)行。因而每個參與者都有機(jī)會去“懲罰”另一個參與者前一回合的不合作行為。這時，合作可能會作為均衡的結(jié)果出現(xiàn)。欺騙的動機(jī)這時可能被受到懲罰的威脅所克服，從而可能導(dǎo)向一個較好的、合作的結(jié)果。Cortes (Para.16)赫爾南多科爾蒂斯，16世紀(jì)殖民時代活躍在中南美洲的西班牙殖民者，以摧毀阿茲特克（Aztec）古文明，并在墨西哥建立西班牙殖民地而聞名。strategy of brinkmanship (Para.17)邊緣化策略。邊緣化策略指在國際政治和外交活動中，故

29、意使局勢變得無法控制的策略，正是由于局勢的無法收拾可能令其他對手難以接受，從而迫使對手做出妥協(xié)。Thomas Schelling (Para.17)托馬斯謝林（1921-），2005年諾貝爾經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)獎獲得者，1951年獲得哈佛大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)博士學(xué)位，曾在美國哈佛大學(xué)肯尼迪學(xué)院執(zhí)教20年，擔(dān)任政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)教授，并獲得退休名譽(yù)教授的稱號，1991年被選為美國經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)協(xié)會會長，現(xiàn)在美國馬里蘭大學(xué)公共政策學(xué)院和經(jīng)濟(jì)系擔(dān)任教授，并獲得退休名譽(yù)教授稱號。他教授的課程除包括經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)理論外，還涉及外交、國家安全、核戰(zhàn)略以及軍控等多方面。謝林重要的理論著作包括沖突戰(zhàn)略、武器與影響等，其中前者是相關(guān)領(lǐng)域中最具有開創(chuàng)性的理論著

30、作之一。他的理論和思想不僅運(yùn)用在經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)分析中，在外交、軍事領(lǐng)域也影響深遠(yuǎn)。Winston Churchill (Para.19)溫斯頓丘吉爾（1874-1965），二戰(zhàn)期間英國首相，英國傳記作家、歷史學(xué)家、政治家，1953年諾貝爾文學(xué)獎獲得者。Skills for Reading 名詞化結(jié)構(gòu) 大量使用名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)是科技英語最突出的特點(diǎn)之一。使用名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)正是敘述客觀，強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的客體而非動作本身，并能夠用來代替同位語從句等較長的句子結(jié)構(gòu)，從而使得文章簡潔緊湊。理解名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)的重點(diǎn)是確定中心名詞。名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)主要分為以下三類：單純名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)指由一個或多個名詞修飾一個中心名詞構(gòu)成的名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)。(e

31、.g. water purification system)復(fù)合名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)指由一個中心名詞和形容詞、名詞、副詞、分詞及介詞短語等多個前置或后置修飾語構(gòu)成。（e.g. acute bacterial peritonitis 急性細(xì)菌性腹膜炎）由動詞派生的名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)指由實(shí)義動詞派生的名詞搭配介詞短語構(gòu)成，在句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語或介詞賓語。（e.g. Archimeds first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies. 阿基米德最先發(fā)現(xiàn)了固體排水的原理。）Skills for Translation 名詞化

32、結(jié)構(gòu) 將名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)譯為動詞 (e.g. 由動詞派生的名詞化結(jié)構(gòu))將名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)譯為動賓關(guān)系（e.g. 復(fù)合名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)）將名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)譯為獨(dú)立的從句（e.g. 名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)較長而且較為復(fù)雜的情況）Translation Practice名詞化結(jié)構(gòu) Exercises for Practicing the Skills無線網(wǎng)狀網(wǎng)的首次應(yīng)用是在社區(qū)接入網(wǎng)中，例如在加州的Cerritos社區(qū)，采用Tropos Networks或Garland的設(shè)備，由NexGen City建網(wǎng)，所用的專用芯片來自MeshNetworks。變壓器是一種利用互感原理的重要實(shí)用裝置。在19世紀(jì)，潮汐振蕩和聲重力振蕩的理論曾經(jīng)是饒

33、有興趣的課題。增加了對成本的極小化的刺激，成本更具透明度。在蜂窩網(wǎng)中布設(shè)911系統(tǒng)可以分三個階段來進(jìn)行。由于已投入使用的或者處于研發(fā)階段的納米制品的范圍極廣，因此確定先測試哪一種材料以及如何進(jìn)行測試是至關(guān)重要的。但是所有的博弈所具有的共同特征就是相互作用。技術(shù)發(fā)展造成的成本的降低、性能的提高以及網(wǎng)絡(luò)的廣泛應(yīng)用使得建造更大的工程、人工智能（智能代理、知識庫系統(tǒng)、數(shù)據(jù)挖掘及智能過濾等等）將愈加可行。Word and Phrase TranslationA. 1) 互贏博弈和互敗博弈2) 連續(xù)策略博弈3) 聯(lián)立策略博弈4) 直線推理5) 循環(huán)推理6) 納什均衡7) 支配性策略8) 最優(yōu)化結(jié)果9) 合

34、作破裂10) 邊緣化策略B. 1) pure conflict2) competition and cooperation3) strategic interdependence4) prisoners dilemma5) long-run loss6) tit-for-tat strategy7) mixing ones moves8) hit a passing shot cross-court or down the line9) monopoly market10) equilibrium sharesMain Content: UNIT 2 MEDICINEText A “Makin

35、g a Little Progress” 科技英語閱讀方法 “復(fù)合詞” 科技英語翻譯技巧 “科技術(shù)語”Step:Text Organization PartsParagraphsMain IdeasPart OnePara. 1The government decided to take an initiative to fight against cancer by means of nanotechnology.Part TwoPara. 2Nanotechnology holds promise for cancer treatment on account of two main re

36、asons: size and function.Part ThreeParas. 3-8Two kinds of nanoparticlesnanocrystals of iron oxide and quantum dotshave been used for cancer detection in tests on mice.Part FourParas. 9-18Three kinds of nanoparticlesdendrimers, carbon nanotubes and liposomeshave been used in tests for cancer killing.

37、Part FiveParas. 19-21In spite of great progress in cancer nanotechnology, there are still many problems to solve.Language Points to bring new blood to an old and desperate fight. (Para.1)new blood: n. new member, new comer (=fresh blood)e.g. The company certainly needs some fresh blood with new idea

38、s.Its a well-funded sign that expectations for nanotech solutions to cancer extend to the highest governmental levels, and it comes at a time when the battle against the disease seems to be at a standstill. (Para.1)Paraphrase: Highest government levels are expecting nanotech solutions to cancer. It

39、comes just in time since the battle against cancer seems to have come to a dead end.此句是一個長句。第一個it是形式主語，真正的主語是that引導(dǎo)的句子；第二個it指代上述的事實(shí)，即a well-funded sign that expectations for nanotech solutions to cancer extend to the highest governmental levels; when引導(dǎo)定語從句。 which then emit radio signals. (Para.4)emi

40、t: v. to give out; to make a sounde.g. (1) Madam Curie found that radium (鐳) emitted a faint (微弱的、暗淡的) blue light. (2) The face of the girl turned white and she emitted a low moan. as they revert to their original spins. (Para.4)revert to: to return to a previous state.e.g. (1) If you revert to your

41、 eating habit, youll put on weight again. (2) The house reverted to its former state of wreck (毀壞、嚴(yán)重破壞)., usher the protons to their original spins. (Para.4)usher: v. to lead sb. politely to some placee.g. The waitress ushered us to our seats reserved. then tacked on an antibody. (Para.5)tack on: to

42、 adde.g. (1) She tacked a ribbon on to her hat. (2) Its a tragic play but with a happy ending tacked on.Adjusting the particles sizes creates probes (Para.7)probe: n. a slender, flexible surgical instrument used to explore a wound or body cavity; an investigation into unfamiliar matters or questiona

43、ble activitiese.g. (1) The surgeon examined his stomach with a probe. (2) There is a congressional probe into price fixing (限價(jià)、限定價(jià)格).probe: v. to explore with or as if with a probee.g. (1) The surgeon probed a wound to find its extent (范圍、程度). (2) She tried to probe my mind and discover what I was t

44、hinking.Cadmium is a poisonous metal, however, so until long-term toxicity studies of the nanoparticles are conducted, use of quantum-dot probes will be limited to animals and tissue samples. (Para.8)Paraphrase: Cadmium is a poisonous metal. Because of that, quantum-dot probes can only be used on an

45、imals and tissue samples until its safety has been established. mice riddled with human epithelial-cell cancer. (Para.11)riddle with : to be full of; to make a lot of holes with sth.e.g. (1) The soccer team produced a disappointing performance riddled with errors. (2) A gunman riddled the facade (正面

46、) of the building with bullets. home in on the cancer cells. (Para.11)home in on: to move or lead toward a goale.g. (1) A large insect was homing in on his neck. (2) The investigators were homing in on the truth.They burn their way through cancer. (Para.12)Paraphrase: Carbon nanotubes can kill cance

47、r cells by burning them. the p53 gene will initiate cellular suicide. (Para.15)initiate: v. (fml) to make sth. starte.g. (1) The large company initiated a management training programme for its personnel. (2) We shall initiate urgent discussions with our trade partners. the cell keeps growing and can

48、 become malignant. (Para.15)malignant: a. virulent 惡性的e.g. Fortunately, after the test, his tumor was benign, not malignant. patients with advanced solid tumors. (Para.18)advanced: a. 1) far along in course or time 2) progressive 3) of high levele.g. (1) The old man is so optimistic and energetic th

49、at we can never imagine him to be a patient with advanced lung cancer. (2) They have developed an advanced communications system. (3) She had difficulty learning advanced mathematics.If cancer nanotechnology does live up to its promise (Para.21)live up to: to satisfy; to fulfille.g. The boy was very

50、 happy because his father had lived up to the promise that the family would go to the amusement park if he had a good performance in the final exam.Background Information Text AIt introduces nanotechnology taking on cancer detection and treatment. It is a brand-new therapy in humans fight against ca

51、ncer. Some kinds of nanoparticles have been used in tests. Although it holds promise for cancer treatment in humans, standardized techniques should be taken into consideration.National Cancer Institute (Para.1)美國國家癌癥研究所。1937年美國總統(tǒng)羅斯福批準(zhǔn)國家癌癥法案（National Cancer Act），隨后NCI正式成立。Magnetic Resonance Imaging (

52、MRI) (Para.3)磁共振成像（MRI）是利用收集磁共振現(xiàn)象所產(chǎn)生的信號而重建圖像的成像技術(shù)，因此，也稱自旋體層成像、核磁共振CT。MRI可以使CT顯示不出來的病變顯影，是醫(yī)學(xué)影像領(lǐng)域中的又一重大發(fā)展。它是20世紀(jì)80年代初才應(yīng)用于臨床的影像診斷新技術(shù)。它具有高度的軟組織分辨能力，不需使用對比劑即可顯示血管結(jié)構(gòu)等獨(dú)特的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。幾乎適用于全身各系統(tǒng)的不同疾病，如腫瘤、炎癥、創(chuàng)傷、退行性病變以及各種先天性疾病的檢查。對顱腦、脊椎和脊髓病的顯示優(yōu)于CT。它可不用血管造影劑即可顯示血管的結(jié)構(gòu)，故對血管、腫塊、淋巴結(jié)和血管結(jié)構(gòu)之間的相互鑒別有其獨(dú)到之處。它還有高于CT數(shù)倍的軟組織分辨能力，能夠敏感地

53、檢測出組織成分中水含量的變化，因而常比CT更有效和更早地發(fā)現(xiàn)病變。MRI能清楚、全面地顯示心腔、心肌、心包及心內(nèi)其它細(xì)小結(jié)構(gòu)，是診斷各種心臟病以及檢查心功能的可靠方法。Holy Grail (Para.9)圣杯，圣盤。圣杯的傳說來自于基督教，傳說那是耶穌基督在最后的晚餐中使用的綠柱玉琢制的酒杯。圣杯在延續(xù)千年的傳說之后，常常被用來代表眾人追求的最高目標(biāo)，而它的另外一層含義，則是一種對渺茫希望的暗示。dendrimer (Para.9)樹枝狀聚合物。參考見： HYPERLINK /info/1052.html /info/1052.html 國家納米科學(xué)中心 “. 納米醫(yī)學(xué)將給醫(yī)學(xué)界，諸如癌癥、

54、糖尿病和老年性癡呆等疾病的治療帶來變革，已經(jīng)獲得越來越多的認(rèn)同。利用納米技術(shù)能夠把新型基因材料輸送到已經(jīng)存在的DNA里，而不會引起任何免疫反應(yīng)。樹形聚合物(dendrimers)就是提供此類輸送的良好候選材料。因?yàn)?，它是非生物材料，不會誘發(fā)病人的免疫反應(yīng)，沒有形成排異反應(yīng)的危險(xiǎn)；所以，可以作為藥物的納米載體，攜帶藥物分子進(jìn)入人體的血液循環(huán)，使藥物在無免疫排斥的條件下，發(fā)揮治病的效果。這種技術(shù)用于糖尿病和癌癥治療是很有希望的?！眂arbon nanotube (Para.9)納米碳管。它是1991年才被發(fā)現(xiàn)的一種碳結(jié)構(gòu)。理想納米碳管是由碳原子形成的石墨烯片層卷成的無縫、中空的管體。石墨烯的片層一

55、般可以從一層到上百層，含有一層石墨烯片層的稱為單壁納米碳管（Single-walled carbon nanotube, SWNT），多于一層的則稱為多壁納米碳管（Multi-walled carbon nanotube, MWNT）。SWNT的直徑一般為1-6nm，最小直徑大約為0.5nm，但SWNT的直徑大于6nm以后特別不穩(wěn)定，會發(fā)生塌陷，長度則可達(dá)幾百納米到幾個微米。MWNT的層間距約為0.34納米，直徑在幾個納米到幾十納米，長度一般在微米量級，最長者可達(dá)數(shù)毫米。liposome (Para.9)脂質(zhì)體。它是一種定向藥物載體，屬于靶向給藥系統(tǒng)的一種新劑型。脂質(zhì)體由磷脂、膽固醇等為膜材包

56、合而成。它可以將藥物粉末或溶液包埋在直徑為納米級的微粒中，這種微粒具有類細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)，進(jìn)入人體內(nèi)主要被網(wǎng)狀內(nèi)皮系統(tǒng)吞噬而激活機(jī)體的自身免疫功能，并改變被包封藥物的體內(nèi)分布，使藥物主要在肝、脾、肺和骨髓等組織器官中積蓄，從而提高藥物的治療指數(shù)，減少藥物的治療劑量和降低藥物的毒性。p53 gene (Para.15)p53基因是一種抑癌基因，是迄今發(fā)現(xiàn)的與人類腫瘤相關(guān)性最高的基因。它位于人類第17染色體，是由393個氨基酸組成的磷脂蛋白。p53蛋白在正常細(xì)胞中含量較低。如果DNA受損等情況發(fā)生，p53蛋白就會增加，這時起到3個作用：抑制細(xì)胞生長、DNA修復(fù)及細(xì)胞消亡。transferrin (Para

57、.17)轉(zhuǎn)鐵蛋白（TRF）。它是血漿中主要的含鐵蛋白質(zhì)，負(fù)責(zé)運(yùn)載由消化管吸收的鐵盒由紅細(xì)胞降解釋放的鐵。以一種復(fù)合物的形式進(jìn)入骨髓中，供成熟紅細(xì)胞的生成。TRF主要由肝細(xì)胞合成，半衰期為7天。血漿中TRF的濃度受鐵供應(yīng)的調(diào)節(jié)，在缺鐵狀態(tài)時，血漿TRF濃度上升，經(jīng)鐵有效治療后恢復(fù)到正常水平。Food and Drug Administration (Para.18)美國國家食品藥品管理局（FDA），隸屬于美國衛(wèi)生教育福利部，負(fù)責(zé)全國藥品、食品、生物制品、化妝品、獸藥、醫(yī)療器械以及診斷用品等的管理。diabetes (Para.21)糖尿病是由胰島素在人體內(nèi)絕對或相對缺乏引起的代謝紊亂，其病理變化

58、涉及糖、脂肪、蛋白質(zhì)等代謝紊亂，臨床癥狀為血糖升高，尿中含糖，出現(xiàn)多飲、多食、多尿的“三多”現(xiàn)象，嚴(yán)重者往往會發(fā)生心血管、眼睛及神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥。糖尿病主要有兩種類型：1、胰島素依賴型糖尿?。碔型糖尿?。喟l(fā)病在30歲以下人群；2、非胰島素依賴型糖尿?。碔I型糖尿病），多發(fā)于成年人或老年人。Skills for Reading 復(fù)合詞 大量使用復(fù)合詞是科技文章的特點(diǎn)之一，它可以起到使句子精煉生動的功能。復(fù)合詞從過去的雙詞組合發(fā)展到多詞組合。其中復(fù)合名詞通常由兩個詞構(gòu)成，它們或者直接放在一起，或者分開；復(fù)合形容詞通常由連字符連接兩個或多個詞構(gòu)成；此外還有少量的復(fù)合動詞（e.g. mass-p

59、roduce）。合成之后的復(fù)合詞往往無法在詞典中直接查到詞義，因此需要先借助詞典確定單個詞語的含義，然后結(jié)合復(fù)合詞的構(gòu)成特點(diǎn)來理解其含義。復(fù)合名詞的構(gòu)成：名詞+名詞 (e.g. 見P47，下同。)形容詞+名詞分詞+名詞名詞+動名詞形容詞+動名詞多詞復(fù)合名詞 （由兩個以上的修飾詞加上中心名詞構(gòu)成，如industrial distribution equipment 工業(yè)配電裝置。）復(fù)合形容詞的構(gòu)成：名詞/形容詞/副詞+形容詞 (e.g. 見P47，下同。)形容詞/數(shù)詞+名詞名詞/形容詞/數(shù)詞+名詞-ed名詞/代詞/形容詞/副詞+分詞多詞復(fù)合形容詞 （如out-of-date過時的）復(fù)合動詞的構(gòu)成

60、：動詞+介詞/連詞+動詞 （如point-and-click點(diǎn)擊）動詞+介詞 （即將一個動詞詞組中的動詞與介詞用連詞符號連接為一個詞，如sign-on登錄。）形容詞+動詞 （如mass-produce成批生產(chǎn)）Skills for Translation 科技術(shù)語 通常專業(yè)科技術(shù)語會有約定俗成的依法，或有全國科技名詞審定委員會來推薦譯名。常見的術(shù)語譯法分為以下幾類：意譯(即通過對原詞的仔細(xì)推敲和理解，準(zhǔn)確地譯出其表達(dá)的科學(xué)概念。)音譯(即根據(jù)英語單詞的發(fā)音譯成讀音與原詞大致相同的中文。通常表示計(jì)量單位的詞和新近發(fā)明的科技材料或產(chǎn)品采用這種譯法。）意音結(jié)合譯 (即在音譯之后加上一個表示類別的詞，