外科學(xué)總論英文名詞解釋匯總（英文版）

1、外科學(xué)總論英文名詞解釋匯總（英文版）isotonic dehydrationoccurs when the fluid lost is isotonic with serum, as in sweating, simple enteritis, nephrosis. There are therefore no errors of electrolyte balance likely to result.The concentration of sodium is in the normal range.hypotonic dehydrationoccurs when there is los

2、s of both sodium and fluid .The serum sodium level falls below 135mmol/L and the osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid is lower than normal. hypertonic dehydrationA condition caused by the excessive loss of water from the body，which there is less electrolyte loss than water.The serum sodium level

3、is over 135mmol/L and the osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid is lower than normal.water intoxication/dilutional hyponatremia an increase in the volume of free water in the body. Common causes are excessive ingestion of water, increased infusions of hypotonic IV solutions, or excess secretions o

4、f antidiuretic hormone(ADH). Clinical manifestations are abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and dizziness. It can potentially lead to convulsions and coma.hypokalemiaan abnormally low serum potassium level( 90 beats/minRespiratory rate pCO2 20 breaths/minWBC count 12 x 109 or , or the pre

5、sence of 0.10 immature neutrophils transfusion-related acute lung injury TRALIa syndrome seen in persons receiving transfusions, characterized by pulmonary edema, dyspnea, hypoxemia, hypotension, and fever; it is thought to be a reaction to antibodies or other components of the donor blood product.

6、Patients need oxygen support, and in some cases the syndrome can be fatal. transfusion associated graft versus host diseaseis a rare complication of blood transfusion, in which the donor T lymphocytes mount an immune response against the recipients lymphoid tissue. Donor lymphocytes are usually iden

7、tified as foreign and destroyed by the recipients immune system. However, in situations where the recipient is immunocompromised, or when the donor is homozygous and the recipient is heterozygous for an HLA haplotype , the recipients immune system is not able to destroy the donor lymphocytes. This c

8、an result in graft versus host disease.autologous blood transfusion/autotransfusionInfusion of blood or blood products into the individual from whom they were originally withdrawn.fresh frozen plasma FFPan unconcentrated form of blood plasma containing all of the clotting factors except platelets. I

9、t can be used to supplement red blood cells when whole blood is not available for exchange transfusion or to correct ableeding problem of unknown cause. It is also used to correct disseminated intravascular coagulation.fresh plasma FPa form of blood plasma which is obtained after FFP is melted at 4a

10、nd cryoprecipitate is removed.cryoprecipitate CryoA product derived from a unit of whole blood, which has a volume of 15 ml and provides 80 units of factor VIII:C procoagulantfor hemophilia A, factor VIII:vWFvon Willebrands disease, factor XIII, fibronectin, fibrinogenfor DIC, dysfibrinogenemia.It i

11、s the unmelted element of FFP under 4. plasma substitute/plasma volume expander a substance that can be transfused to maintain fluid volume of the blood in event of great necessity, supplemental to the use of whole blood and plasma. Called also artificial plasma extender.shockShock is a medical emer

12、gency in which the organs and tissues of the body are not receiving an adequate flow of blood. This deprives the organs and tissues of oxygen (carried in the blood) and allows the buildup of waste products.Causal factors include hemorrhage, vomiting, diarrhea, inadequate fluid intake, or excessive f

13、luid loss, resulting in hypovolemia. Shock can result in serious damage or even death.hypovolemic shockThis is a common type that happens when blood or plasma is lost in such quantities that the remaining blood cannot fill the circulatory system despite constriction of the blood vessels. The blood l

14、oss may be external, as when a vessel is severed by an injury, or the blood may be “l(fā)ost” into spaces inside the body where it is no longer accessible to the circulatory system, as in severe gastrointestinal bleeding from ulcers, fractures of large bones with hemorrhage into surrounding tissues, or

15、major burns that attract large quantities of blood fluids to the burn site outside blood vessels and capillaries. hemorrhagic shockHypovolemic shock resulting from acute hemorrhage and characterized by hypotension, tachycardia, oliguria, and by pale, cold, and clammy skin.traumatic shockrefers to sh

16、ock following physical trauma, with hemorrhage, peripheral blood vessel dilation, and changes in capillary permeability. septic shockshock associated with overwhelming infection, usually by gram-negative bacteria, although it may be produced by other bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. It is tho

17、ught to result from the action of endotoxins or other products of the infectious agent.warm shockreferring to a stage in early septic shock, which is characterised by increased cardiac output, arterial and arteriolar dilatation, decreased peripheral arterial resistance, increased peripheral perfusio

18、n, no fluid losses and third spacing and minimal catecholamine effectMODSthe presence of altered organ function in acutely ill patients such that homeostasis cannot be maintained without intervention. It usually involves two or more organ systems. CVP the pressure of blood in the right atrium. Measu

19、rement of central venous pressure is made possible by the insertion of a catheter through the median cubital vein to the superior vena cava.The normal range for CVP is 0 to 5 mm H2O. A reading of 15 to 20 mm usually indicates inability of the right atrium to accommodate the current blood volume PCWP

20、An indirect indication of left atrial pressure obtained by wedging a catheter into a small pulmonary artery tightly enough to block flow from behind and thus to sample the pressure beyond.CO cardiac outputthe effective volume of blood expelled by either ventricle of the heart per unit of time (usual

21、ly per minute).It is equal to the stroke volume multiplied by the heart rate. Normal values are 4 to 6 liters per minute.CI cardiac indexcardiac output per unit time divided by body surface area.Its normal range in a healthy adult is 2.5 to 3.5 L/min/m2.CAISa complex pattern of immunologic responses

22、 to severe infection or injury. CARS is a global deactivation of the immune system tasked with restoring homeostasis.ARF acute renal failurerenal failure of sudden onset, such as from physical trauma, infection, inflammation, or toxicity. Symptoms include uremia and usually oliguria or anuria, with

23、hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. Three types are distinguished: prerenal, intrarenal, and postrenal.ARDS acute respiratory ditress syndrome is a lung condition that leads to low oxygen levels in the blood. ARDS can be life threatening. This is because bodys organs, such as the kidneys and brain, ne

24、ed oxygen-rich blood to work properly.ARDS usually occurs in people who are very ill with another disease or who have major injuries. acute gastrointestinal dysfunctionis an acute gastrointestinal pathological condition with gastrointestinal mucosa damage, motor and barrier dysfunction.See in trauma

25、, burn, shock etc.oliguriaa diminished capacity to form and pass urine-less than 400 mL in every 24 hours-so that the end products of metabolism cannot be excreted efficiently. It is usually caused by imbalances in body fluids and electrolytes, renal lesions, or urinary tract obstruction. anuriathe

26、absence of urine production or a urinary output of less than 100 mL per day. Anuria may be caused by a failure or kidney dysfunction, a decline in blood pressure below that required to maintain filtration pressure in the kidney, or an obstruction in the urinary passages.azotemiaretention of excessiv

27、e amounts of nitrogenous compounds in the blood. This toxic condition is caused by failure of the kidneys to remove urea from the blood and is characteristic of uremia.uremiathe presence of excessive amounts of urea and other nitrogenous waste products in the blood, as occurs in renal failure.Manife

28、stations include weakness, headache, confusion, vomiting, and coma, and in terminal chronicrenal disease, purpura and epistaxis may be present. Uremia is caused by insufficient urinary excretion for any reason.VILL ventilator-induced lung injury Ventilator induced lung injury occurs when the lung is

29、 directly damaged by the action of mechanical ventilation, mainly volutrauma. AHF acute hepatic failurethe appearance of severe complications rapidly after the first signs of liver disease (such as jaundice), and indicates that the liver has sustained severe damage (loss of function of 80-90% of liv

30、er cells). The complications are hepatic encephalopathy and impaired protein synthesis.stress ulcerStress ulcers are single or multiple mucosal defects which can become complicated by upper gastrointestinal bleeding during the physiologic stress of serious illness. stress ulcers are found commonly i

31、n fundic mucosa and can be located anywhere within the stomach and proximal duodenum. anesthesiathe condition of having sensation (including the feeling of pain) blocked or temporarily taken away. It is a pharmacologically induced and reversible state of amnesia, analgesia, loss of responsiveness, l

32、oss of skeletal muscle reflexes or decreased stress response, or all simultaneously. This allows patients to undergo surgery and other procedures without the distress and pain they would otherwise experience.inhalation anestheticsAn inhalational anaesthetic is a chemical compound possessing general

33、anaesthetic properties that can be delivered via inhalation. Agents of significant contemporary clinical interest include volatile anaesthetic agents such as isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane, as well as certain anaesthetic gases such as nitrous oxide.MAC minimum alveolar concentrationThe MAC i

34、s the concentration of the vapour (measured as a percentage at 1 atmosphere, i.e the partial pressure) that prevents the reaction to a standard surgical stimulus (traditionally a set depth and width of skin incisions) in 50% of subjects. This measurement is done at steady state (assuming a constant

35、alveolar concentration for 15 minutes), under the assumption that this allows for an equilibration between the gasses in the alveoli, the blood and the brain. MAC is accepted as a valid measure of potency of inhalational general anaesthetics because it remains fairly constant for a given species eve

36、n under varying conditions.blood/gas partition coefficientthe ratio of concentrations of anesthetics in the blood and gas at equilibrium. it is used to discribe the dissolved quantity of one anesthetics in unit volume of blood. intravenous anestheticsAn agent that produces anesthesia when injected i

37、nto the bloodstream via venipuncture. Very often, this term is used to refer to general anesthesia, frequently required during surgery to promote total unconsciousness of a patient. muscle relaxantsSkeletal muscle relaxants are drugs that relax striated muscles (those that control the skeleton). The

38、y are a separate class of drugs from the muscle relaxant drugs used during intubations and surgery to reduce the need for anesthesia and facilitate intubation. combined anesthesia/balanced anesthesiaa highly variable technique of general anesthesia using narcotic analgesics, muscle relaxation, and m

39、inimal inhalation agent and nitrous oxide to render the patient unconscious.this can summate the advantages but not the disadvantages of the individual components of the mixture.local anesthesiaLocal or regional anesthesia involves the injection or application of an anesthetic drug to a specific are

40、a of the body, as opposed to the entire body and brain as occurs during general anesthesia.hypersusceptibilitya condition of abnormal susceptibility to poisons, infective agents, or agents that are entirely innocuous in the normal individual surface anesthesialoss of feeling or sensation. Artificial

41、 anesthesia may be produced by a number of agents capable of bringing about partial or complete loss of sensation. It is induced to permit the performance of surgery or other painful procedures.nerve blockregional anesthesia by injection of anesthetics close to the appropriate nerve.spinal blockregi

42、onal anesthesia by injection of a local anesthetic into the subarachnoid space around the spinal cord.epidural blockthat produced by injection of the anesthetic into the extradural space, either between the vertebral spines or into the sacral hiatustotal spinal anesthesiaspinal anesthesia extensive

43、enough to produce loss of sensation in all extracranial sensory roots.caudal blockanesthesia by injection of local anesthetic into the caudal or sacral canal.controlled hypotensionThe deliberate acute reduction of arterial blood pressure to reduce blood loss during surgery, either by pharmacological

44、 means or by presurgical withdrawal of blood which is returned to the circulation postsurgically hypothermiaa potentially fatal condition, occurs when body temperature falls below 95F (35C). EEC extracorporeal circulation or CPB cardiopulmonary bypassa technique that temporarily takes over the funct

45、ion of the heart and lungs during surgery, maintaining the circulation of blood and the oxygen content of the ensive care unit (ICU)a hospital unit in which is concentrated special equipment and specially trained personnel for the care of seriously ill patients requiring immediate and contin

46、uous attention . resuscitationrevival methods that maintain vital signs for a person in cardiac or respiratory failure. Cardiac massage and artificial respiration techniques are employed, and fluid and acid-base imbalances are corrected. Cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation (CPCR),a basic emergenc

47、y procedure for life support, consisting of artificial respiration and manual external cardiac massage. It is used in cases of cardiac arrest to establish effective circulation and ventilation in order to prevent irreversible cerebral damage resulting from anoxia andreestablish of heart and lung act

48、ion.basic life support (BLS),fundamental emergency treatment consisting of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) or emergency cardiac care (ECC) that is provided until more precise medical treatment can begin.advanced life support (ALS),a higher level of emergency medical care, usually provided by EMT

49、-intermediates or paramedics. Typically ALS includes invasive techniques such as IV therapy, intubation, and/or drug administration.cerebral resuscitationtreatment to counteract the cerebral edema resulting from low cerebral blood flow and hypoxia that occurs during cardiopulmonary resuscitationcard

50、iopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)the reestablishing of heart and lung action after cardiac arrest or apparent sudden death resulting from electric shock, drowning, respiratory arrest, and other causes. The two major components of CPR are artificial ventilation and closed chest cardiac massage. electro

51、-mechanical dissociation Persistence of electrical activity in the heart without an associated mechanical contraction; it is often a sign of cardiac rupture.oxygen therapysupplemental oxygen administered for the purpose of relieving hypoxemia and preventing damage to the tissue cells as a result of

52、oxygen lack (hypoxia). perioperative periodrelating to the period of time surrounding a surgical procedure, including the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative periods. emergency surgeryA surgical procedure that cannot be delayed, for which there is no alternative therapy or surgeon, and f

53、or which a delay could result in death or permanent impairment of health Examples extensive burns, urinary obstruction, intestinal obstructionlimited surgeryis the time to operate surgery is not urgent, but limited to a certain extent.such as tumor radical surgery.seromaA seroma is a pocket of clear

54、 serous fluid that sometimes develops in the body after surgery. selective/elective surgeryis surgery that is scheduled in advance because it does not involve a medical emergency.such as cosmetic surgery. Surgical infectionThe infection which needs surgical treatment ,including the infection caused

55、by the complications of trauma ,burn,et.enteral nutrition ENthe provision of nutrients through the GI tract when the client cannot ingest, chew, or swallow food but can digest and absorb nutrients.parenteral nutrition,a technique for meeting a patients nutritional needs by means of intravenous feedi

56、ngs.The parenteral fluid usually consists of physiologic saline with glucose, amino acids, electrolytes, vitamins, and medications, which are not nutritionally complete but maintain fluid and electrolyte balance.TPN total parenteral nutrition intravenous administration, via a central venous catheter

57、, of the total nutrient requirements of a patient with gastrointestinal dysfunction.bacteria translocation BTIn some cases, the bacteria in the digestive tract, called the intestinal flora, can cause a severe infection if they move into the bloodstream. This process, called bacterial translocation,

58、is most likely to occur during surgery on the digestive tract.conditionally essential amino acidsome of the NEAAs have a low efficiency of synthesis, so it sometimes needs extra supplement to meet a large demand.such as Gln.surgical infection;enterogenic infection; enterogenous infection;gut original infectionduring sever burns, there is often gastrointestinal mucosa damage, motor and barrier dysfunction, thus intestinal pathogenic bacteria and its endotoxin have chance to cause systemic infection thro