這些標(biāo)志以道路規(guī)則的形式受法律制約

1、 Unit 3Standard Police WeaponsCriminal Investigation Unit 3American Road Traffic Control System The commute time for the average commuter in the United States in 2000 was 26 minutes, up from 22 minutes in 1990. In larger cities, the situation is much worse and, in some cities, the average can be as

2、high as 39 minutes. It is not unheard of for a person to commute as long as 2.5 hours each way, each day. It is estimated that traffic jams are costing Americans $68 Billion a year in lost time and productivity. In a study of 75 major cities, rush hour is lasting an average of 7 hours each day, up f

3、rom 4.5 in 1982.Criminal Investigation Unit 3 But what can be done to remedy this escalating situation? There are countless causes of delays and accidents that could be done away with by removing the human factor. Consider tailgating, reckless driving, unsafe speeding, unsafe lane changes, rubber-ne

4、cking delays, drivers talking on cell phones, eating, or adjusting the stereo, and the countless other bad decisions made by drivers on the road every day. These delays and hazards are all results of human operators, rather than the infrastructure within which they operate. The purpose of this syste

5、m is to remove the human element in road traffic, and thus optimize traffic flow, reduce traffic violationsCriminal Investigation Unit 3and accidents to near zero, and improve fuel efficiency by centrally controlling the movement and routing of all the cars in the metropolitan area. The system consi

6、sts of three major divisions: a control center, “smart” vehicles and a network. It behaves in the following general manner. The central control center is responsible for routing vehicles, determining velocities and correcting for deviations from designated routes. The vehicle is responsible for foll

7、owing the routing and velocity commands issued by the control center, as well as updating the control center as to its position and velocity. In addition, the vehicle performs self-diagnosis and alerts the controlCriminal Investigation Unit 3center of relevant information concerning fuel and oil lev

8、els, tire pressure, engine temperature, personal stops, obstacles in the road, etc. The central controller uses this information for active re-routing. Each vehicle communicates with its neighbors to ensure proper following distance and to alert each other of emergency stops. It also receives locati

9、on information from active mile-markers on the road, which it then provides to the control center. All of this must be done within certain design constraints to be provided. The goal is an affordable, incident-free traffic network that operates at all times with optimal fuel and time efficiency. Uni

10、t 3 Road traffic control at its most elemental level is achieved through the use of a system of signs, signals, and markings, and they are subject to legal control via the rules of the road. Traffic Control and Safety Unit 3 The marking of roadway surfaces with painted lines and raised permanent mar

11、kers is common and effective. A solid line is a warning or instruction not to cross, and a broken line is for guidance. Thus, solid lines indicate dangerous conditions (such as restricted sight distance where overtaking would be dangerous), pavement edges, stop lines, and turning lanes at intersecti

12、ons; broken lines indicate interior lane lines and centre lines on two-way roads, where the sight distance is good. Lines are usually white, but yellow is used for centre lines in North America. Unit 3 Signs advise the driver of special regulations and provide information about dangers and navigatio

13、n. They are classified as regulatory signs, which provide notice of traffic laws and regulations (e.g., signs for speed limits and for stop, yield or give-way, and no entry); warning signs, which call attention to dangerous conditions (e.g., sharp curves, steep grades, low vertical clearances, and s

14、lippery surfaces); and guide signs, which give route information (e.g., numbers or designations, distances, directions, and points of interest). Unit 3 Legal rules governing the movement of traffic may be divided into three categories. First are those applying to the vehicle and the driver, such as

15、vehicle and driver registration, vehicle safety equipment, accident reporting, financial liability, and truck weights and loads (to protect pavements and bridges from damage). Second are the movement rules for drivers and pedestrians, known as the rules of the road; these dictate which side of the r

16、oad to use, maximum speeds, right-of-way, and turning requirements. Third are those regulations that apply to limited road sections, indicating speed limits, one-way operations, and turning controls. Unit 3 Rapid and continuous advances in communications and computer technology are bringing a host o

17、f new concepts in road traffic control. Automobiles equipped with on-board computers and communications devices will receive instructions about the optimal path to a destination from a traffic control centre. Space satellite, computers and sensors within the vehicle will monitor the operation of cri

18、tical safety systems (e.g., brakes, steering wheel), warning the driver when conditions exceed nominal values. Unit 3 Communications and computers also will aid the movement of trucks and other commercial vehicles in urban areas. Drivers on long-distance inter-city trips can be warned of coming bad

19、weather. They also can receive warnings if they are entering a curve too quickly or an intersection too fast. Road safety should be greatly enhanced by such systems. Maximum flows are expected to increase from 2,000 vehicles per hour per lane to as many as 10,000 to 20,000. The increased flows will

20、mean substantial reductions in congestion and, because vehicles are automatically controlled, road safety will improve enormously through the elimination of accidents due to driver error. Unit 3More這些標(biāo)志以道路規(guī)則的形式受法律制約。 they are subject to legal .and they are subject to legal control via the rules of t

21、he road. Unit 3 be subject tobe subject to + N./G.: governed by or dependent on 屬于的，受支配的e.g.All such gatherings are subject to the laws on political meeting.所有這些集會都受有關(guān)的政治集會法令的管束。More Unit 3 via prep. 1) by means of 通過，以的形式； 2) traveling or sent through (a place) on the way 取道，經(jīng)由；經(jīng)過e.g. I sent a mess

22、age to Mary via her sister. 我通過瑪麗的妹妹給她帶去一封信。 We flew to Athens via Paris. 我們乘飛機(jī)經(jīng)巴黎去雅典。via Unit 3More使用油漆線和凸起的固定標(biāo)志來標(biāo)示路面行車界限十分常見，行之有效。with painted lines and with painted lines and raised permanent markers is common and effective. Unit 31) with painted lines and raised permanent markers” is an attribut

23、e of “roadway surfaces”.“with”介詞短語 用作定語修飾“roadway surfaces”。2) painted lines 油漆線 3) raised permanent markers 凸起的固定標(biāo)志 Unit 3a solid line 實(shí)線 a broken line 虛線 Unit 3More在受視線限制的地方超車很危險(xiǎn)restricted sight distance restricted sight distance where overtaking Unit 31) “where” introduced an attributive clause m

24、odifying distance. “where” 引出限制性定語從句修飾“distance”。 2）overtake v. coming up to the same level as from behind, and usu. pass;（of something unpleasant) to reach suddenly and unexpectedly 趕上并超過;（不愉快的事情）突然降臨于，意外侵襲 e.g. A gigantic truck overtook us. 一輛巨型卡車超過了我們。 She was overtaken by misfortune. 她突然遭到不幸。 Un

25、it 3adviseof：to inform 通知，告知advise() on: (not in progressive forms) to act as a professional advise 提供（專業(yè)性的）建議、咨詢e.g. Please advise me of any change of address. 如地址有變，敬請通知。 She advises the President on foreign affairs. 她在外交事物方面向總統(tǒng)提供咨詢。 adviseof Unit 3apply to: to have an effect; be directly related

26、適用；應(yīng)用于；與有直接關(guān)系 c.f. apply for: to request something officially and in writing (正式以書面)提出請求，申請 apply oneself to: to work hard or with careful attention at 專心于，致力于 e.g. This rule cannot be applied to every case. 這項(xiàng)規(guī)則不是所有情況都適用。 We will apply to the council for a home improvement grant. 我們將向市政會申請改善住房的撥款。

27、She has a lot of talent, but she wont apply himself. 他很有才華，可就是不努力。 apply to Unit 3a host of : a large number of, many 許多，大量，一大群e.g. The machine comes with a whole host of useful accessories. 這臺機(jī)器隨同成套的有用配件供應(yīng)。 a host of friends 許多朋友a(bǔ) host of Unit 3space satellites, computers and sensors within the veh

28、icle 汽車?yán)锱鋫涞奶招l(wèi)星設(shè)施、電腦和車內(nèi)感應(yīng)器 critical safety systems 關(guān)鍵的安全系統(tǒng) brakes 剎車 steering wheel 方向盤 nominal values 額定值More Unit 3monitor v. to watch or listen to (sth.) carefully 監(jiān)視，監(jiān)聽e.g. This instrument monitors the patients heartbeats. 這臺儀器監(jiān)聽病人的心跳。汽車?yán)锱鋫涞奶招l(wèi)星設(shè)施、電腦和車內(nèi)感應(yīng)器monitor Unit 3inter: ( prefix) between,

29、among ( a group) （前綴）相互；在之間 inter-act 相互作用；相互影響；相互配合 inter-city 快速來往于城市之間的，市際間的 intercity trains 市際列車inter-city Unit 3warn of: to tell of something bad that may happen, or of how to prevent something bad 預(yù)先通知；警告 c.f. warn sb. off/away: 警告（某人）離開/不要靠近 e.g. The message warned of possible danger. 帶來的口信警

30、告說可能會有危險(xiǎn)。 The teacher warned the students of the test. 老師預(yù)先通知學(xué)生要考試。 The farmer warned us off his fields. 農(nóng)民告誡我們不要進(jìn)入他的地里。warn of Unit 3交通管理與交通安全 最基本的交通管理是通過使用一系列的標(biāo)志、信號及標(biāo)記系統(tǒng)來實(shí)現(xiàn)的，這些標(biāo)志和信號以道路規(guī)則的形式受法律制約。 Unit 3 用油漆和凸起的固定標(biāo)志來標(biāo)示路面十分常見，并行之有效。實(shí)線警告人們不要穿越，虛線表示指引。因此，實(shí)線表明危險(xiǎn)狀況（諸如視線的距離有限，超車會有危險(xiǎn)）、人行道的邊緣、停車線以及交叉路口處的轉(zhuǎn)彎

31、車道。虛線則表示車道內(nèi)線和雙行車道的中心線，且前方視域廣闊。標(biāo)線通常是白色的，而在北美洲，中心線通常用黃色。 Unit 3 標(biāo)志告訴司機(jī)各種特殊交通規(guī)則，提供有關(guān)危險(xiǎn)的信息，還起著導(dǎo)航的作用。標(biāo)志分為法規(guī)標(biāo)志，提醒人們注意交通法律與法規(guī)（如時速限制標(biāo)志、停車標(biāo)志、讓車標(biāo)志、不準(zhǔn)進(jìn)入標(biāo)志）、警告標(biāo)志，提醒人們注意危險(xiǎn)情況（如急轉(zhuǎn)彎、斜度、限高、路滑等）、以及指導(dǎo)標(biāo)志，用來提供路線信息（如數(shù)字或名稱、距離、方向、相關(guān)站點(diǎn)等）。 Unit 3 關(guān)于交通運(yùn)行的法規(guī)可以分為三類。第一類是適用于車輛和司法的，如車輛和駕駛員注冊，車輛的安全裝置、事故報(bào)告、經(jīng)濟(jì)責(zé)任，以及貨車的載重量等（為了保護(hù)路面和橋梁不受

32、損害）。第二類是運(yùn)行規(guī)則，適用于司機(jī)和行人，也就是我們所說的道路交通規(guī)則。這些用來規(guī)定靠哪邊行駛、最高時速、行駛權(quán)以及轉(zhuǎn)向規(guī)定。第三類適用于受限制的路段，表示速度限制、單向運(yùn)行以及轉(zhuǎn)向控制。 Unit 3 通迅與電腦技術(shù)的飛速發(fā)展給交通管理帶來許多新的觀念。配備有車載電腦和通迅設(shè)施的汽車可以從交控中接收到通往目的地的最佳路線的指示。太空衛(wèi)星、電腦和車內(nèi)感應(yīng)器將監(jiān)控著關(guān)鍵安全系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)行（如剎車、方向盤），在情況超出近似值時及時警告司機(jī)。 Unit 3 通迅和電腦也將有助于卡車和其它運(yùn)輸車輛在城市中的運(yùn)行。在城市間跑長途的司機(jī)能受到即將來臨的壞天氣的警告；如果轉(zhuǎn)彎太快，他們也會受到警告。道路安全也

33、會由于這些系統(tǒng)而大大提高。每一車道每小時的最大車流量將有望于從2000輛增加到1萬甚至2萬輛。增加的車流量將意味著交通擁擠狀況有實(shí)質(zhì)地減少，并且，因?yàn)檐囕v是通過自動化控制，由駕駛錯誤導(dǎo)致的交通事故會被根除，路面安全會得到巨大改善。 Unit 3傳喚證 (Summons) 傳喚證是公安機(jī)關(guān)通知被傳喚人在指定時間到指定地點(diǎn)接受傳喚的文書。傳喚證是一紙二聯(lián)填空式文書，由傳喚證存根聯(lián)和傳喚證聯(lián)組成。傳喚證存根聯(lián)的內(nèi)容包括傳喚證名稱、編號、被傳喚人姓名、住址、指定到達(dá)的時間、傳喚理由、批準(zhǔn)人、承辦人及傳 證填寫時間。傳喚證聯(lián)的內(nèi)容則由兩部分組成：1. 傳喚證的制作單位、傳喚證名稱、編號、日期，被傳喚人居

34、住地址、姓名、指定時間、到哪接受訊問、法人代表簽名。2. 被傳喚人接到傳喚證的時間、簽名等。除了緊急情況使用口頭傳喚外， 一般的涉外治安傳喚應(yīng)使用傳喚證進(jìn)行傳喚。 SUMMONS (COUNTERFOILS) No. 010024 Match 2001Name of the summonsed： John Hudson Address： Room 201, Foreign Building A, Guangzhou Foreign Languages InstituteTime Appointed to appear： 25 Match 2001Reason of summons： suspe

35、ct of theftApprover： He Long Undertaker： Ma Jinjin Unit 3THE ENTRY, EXIT AND ALIENS ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT OF GUANZHOU PUBLIC SECURITY BUREAUSUMMONS NO. 0100 24 Match 2001 Serve a summons on (Name) John Hudson ,(nationality) Indian , living in (address) Room 201, Foreign Building A, Guangzhou For

36、eign Languages Institute, to be interrogated on 25 Match 2001in Room 504, Office Building, Guangzhou Public Security Bureau. Division Chief: Luo Tong I received the No. 0100 Summons served by the Entry, Exit and Aliens Administration Department of Guangzhou Public Security Bureau at 10 oclock on 24

37、Match 2001. The summonsed: John Hudson Unit 3 Unit 3Sample Conversation OneA: Dont you know its against the traffic regulations to drive a car after drinking? B: Yes, I do. But I didnt drink. A: But the breath test showed you had. B: I just drank a little beer. A: Anyhow, you mustnt drink any alcoho

38、l including beer before driving. Handling Traffic Violation Cases Unit 3Sample Conversation TwoA: Didnt you see the speed limits posted along the road?B: I didnt notice the sign. A: The radar gun says that you were going 70 kilometers per hour, which is beyond our speed limit, 50 kilometers per hour.B: I had something urgent to do. A: You have violated our traffic regulations. Your license, please.B: Here you are.A: You have to be fined.B: How much?A: 50 yuan. And dont let me catch you again. Samp