國(guó)際公法學(xué)習(xí)筆記Chapter V

1、Chapter V Individuals （個(gè)人） TOC o 1-5 h z HYPERLINK l bookmark20 o Current Document Nationality （國(guó)籍）2 HYPERLINK l bookmark22 o Current Document Introduction2 HYPERLINK l bookmark24 o Current Document Acquisition of nationality（國(guó)籍的取得） 2Original Nationality（原始國(guó)籍） 2Acquired Nationality （繼有國(guó)籍）（重新取得新國(guó)籍）2N

2、ationality Law of China （1980）中 國(guó) 國(guó)籍法3acquisition by birth先天獲得3 HYPERLINK l bookmark29 o Current Document acquisition by naturalization歸化取得3 HYPERLINK l bookmark31 o Current Document Conflict of Nationalities （國(guó)籍7中突） 3 HYPERLINK l bookmark33 o Current Document positive conflict （積極7中突） 4 HYPERLINK l

3、 bookmark35 o Current Document passive conflict （7肖極）中突） 4 HYPERLINK l bookmark37 o Current Document Legal Status of Aliens （夕卜國(guó) 人法律地位） 4 HYPERLINK l bookmark39 o Current Document Aliens （夕卜國(guó)人） 4 HYPERLINK l bookmark41 o Current Document Admission, Departure and Expulsion入境、 出境和馬區(qū)逐4A. Admission （入境）

4、 4b.Departure （出境） 4C.Expulsion （驅(qū)逐） 4 HYPERLINK l bookmark43 o Current Document Draft articles on the expulsion of aliens, ILC, 2014驅(qū)逐外國(guó)人條款草案，國(guó)際法委員會(huì)， 2014 年5依法驅(qū)逐的情況5Cases of prohibited expulsion禁止m區(qū)逐案件5 HYPERLINK l bookmark45 o Current Document Legal consequences of expulsion馬區(qū)逐的法律后果5 HYPERLINK l b

5、ookmark49 o Current Document Treatment standards6National treatment （國(guó)民待遇）6 HYPERLINK l bookmark51 o Current Document Most-favored-nation treatment （最惠國(guó)彳寺遇） 6 HYPERLINK l bookmark53 o Current Document Reciprocal treatment （互惠待遇）6 HYPERLINK l bookmark55 o Current Document Diplomatic Protection （夕卜交保護(hù)

6、） 6 HYPERLINK l bookmark57 o Current Document Introduction6Definition6 HYPERLINK l bookmark59 o Current Document Reason原因6 HYPERLINK l bookmark61 o Current Document Legal status （法律小也位） 7 HYPERLINK l bookmark63 o Current Document Means 方式7 HYPERLINK l bookmark65 o Current Document Calvo clause （卡爾沃條

7、款）7 HYPERLINK l bookmark67 o Current Document Requirements 要求7Nationality 國(guó)籍7Real or effective nationality （實(shí)際/有效國(guó)籍） 7 HYPERLINK l bookmark69 o Current Document Continuous nationality（國(guó)籍持續(xù)） 8 HYPERLINK l bookmark71 o Current Document Dual or multiple national雙重或多重國(guó)籍8 HYPERLINK l bookmark73 o Current

8、 Document Diplomatic protection for a company對(duì)公司的夕卜交保護(hù)8 HYPERLINK l bookmark75 o Current Document Diplomatic protection for ships船只的夕卜交保護(hù)8 HYPERLINK l bookmark77 o Current Document The exhaustion of local remedies （用盡當(dāng)?shù)鼐葷?jì)）9 HYPERLINK l bookmark2 o Current Document Interhandel case （Switzerland v. th

9、e United States）, ICJ, 1959.因特漢德?tīng)柊福ㄈ鹗吭V美國(guó)）, 國(guó)際法院，1959年。10 HYPERLINK l bookmark4 o Current Document Extradition （弓I 渡） and Asylum （庇護(hù)） 10 HYPERLINK l bookmark6 o Current Document Extradition 引渡10inciples of Extradition （只是一般原則，具體實(shí)施要看條約具體規(guī)定）10double criminality （雙重犯罪原貝I） 10Interhandel case （Switzerland

10、 v. the United States）, ICJ, 1959.因特漢德?tīng)柊福ㄈ鹗吭V美 國(guó)），國(guó)際法院，1959年。In 1942, the US seized the American assets of a company owned by the Swiss firm Interhandel, which was suspected of being under the control of a German enterprise.In 1948, Interhandel instituted proceedings in the US courts, claiming the re

11、stitution by the US of the assets.In 1957, the US informed the Swiss government that Interhandel had finally failed in its suit in the United States courts.In 1958, Switzerland took the dispute to the ICJ by an Application, and argued that the US was under an obligation to restore the assets of Inte

12、rhandel.After the Application, the US Supreme Court readmitted Interhandel into the legal proceedings, and remanded the case to the District Court.? exhaustion of local remedies【1942年，美國(guó)查封了一家瑞士公司英特漢德?tīng)枺↖nterhandel）在美國(guó)的資產(chǎn)，該公司被懷疑 受一家德國(guó)企業(yè)控制。1948年，英特漢德?tīng)栐诿绹?guó)法院提起訴訟，要求美國(guó)歸還其資產(chǎn)。 1957年，美國(guó)通知瑞士政府，英特漢德?tīng)栐诿绹?guó)法庭的訴訟最終失

13、敗。1958年，瑞士向國(guó)際 法院提出申請(qǐng)，稱(chēng)美國(guó)有義務(wù)恢復(fù)英特漢德?tīng)柕馁Y產(chǎn)。在申請(qǐng)之后，美國(guó)最高法院重新將 Interhandel納入法律程序，并將案件移交給地區(qū)法院。？用盡當(dāng)?shù)鼐葷?jì)】Extradition （引渡）and Asylum （庇護(hù)）（屬人管轄的犯罪人的國(guó)籍國(guó)；受害人的國(guó)籍國(guó)；受害人的犯罪地國(guó)等，但被請(qǐng)求引渡國(guó)不存在習(xí)慣 國(guó)際法義務(wù)將罪犯引渡。依據(jù)簽訂的引渡條約【多數(shù)為雙邊條約】。沒(méi)有條約的更多是因?yàn)榍卜怠痉?法入境，簽證到期等】） 典型案例：“湄公河大案” 犯罪人國(guó)籍一一緬甸犯罪行為一一泰國(guó)圍捕地一一老撾被請(qǐng)求國(guó)被害人國(guó)籍一一中國(guó)中國(guó)只與泰國(guó)、老撾簽署了雙邊的引渡條約。Extra

14、dition 引渡Delivery of an accused or a convicted individual to the state where he is accused, or has been convicted of a crime, by the state on whose territory he is located.Obligation from bilateral or multilateral treaties or reciprocity （互惠）【將被告或被定罪的 個(gè)人由其所在的國(guó)家送交其被指控或已被定罪的國(guó)家。雙邊或多邊條約或互惠的義務(wù)】（沒(méi) 有相關(guān)條約，這

15、次你幫我，下次我?guī)湍?。Eg.我國(guó)，沒(méi)有條約時(shí)，引渡要做出互惠承諾）National legislationAut dedere aut judicare （或引渡或起訴）（要么審理犯罪人，否則有引渡義務(wù)，目的是追 究犯罪、懲治犯罪，防止犯罪不罰）Principles of Extradition （只是一般原則，具體實(shí)施要看條約具體規(guī)定） a. double criminality （雙重犯罪原則）（雙方都認(rèn)為是犯罪的行為/必須是較嚴(yán)重的犯罪行為）crime involved should be a crime in both states concerned所涉犯罪應(yīng)在有關(guān)兩國(guó)均屬犯罪spe

16、cialty （罪行特定原則）（引渡和追訴一致原則，即引渡使提出什么罪名，就應(yīng)當(dāng)以什么罪名進(jìn)行審判）The individual surrendered may be tried and punished only for the offence for which extradition had been sought and granted.被交出的個(gè)人只可因已要求引渡和準(zhǔn)予引渡的罪行而受到審判和 懲罰。C.circumstances of nonextradition不弓|渡的情況non-extradition of political offenders （政治犯不引渡）（法國(guó)大革命之

17、后確定的政治制度）（但容易被濫用，什么是政治犯【存在爭(zhēng)議，犯罪動(dòng) 機(jī)：經(jīng)濟(jì)/政治；犯罪時(shí)的情況：奪取政權(quán)的情況下；政治組織。人?！浚缃^種族罪不 是政治犯；恐怖活動(dòng)不是政治犯；行刺條款，行刺國(guó)家元首不卑政治犯）not cover international criminals and terrorist activities 不包括國(guó)際罪犯和恐怖活動(dòng) non-extradition of nationals （本國(guó)國(guó)民不引渡）non-extradition due to human rights concerns 出于人權(quán)考慮不引渡】（請(qǐng)求國(guó)家存在“死 刑”等）non-extradition

18、 of military offenders （軍事犯罪不引渡）Asylum （庇護(hù)）Territorial asylum （領(lǐng)土庇護(hù)）（國(guó)家基于領(lǐng)土主權(quán)【屬地管轄權(quán)】，在沒(méi)有相反義務(wù)規(guī)定的情況下，有權(quán)提供庇護(hù)，拒絕 驅(qū)逐/交給外國(guó)）In the absence of obligations to the contrary, every state has right to admit the foreigner who is being prosecuted in other states and refuse to expel him or deliver him to the prose

19、cuting state.在 沒(méi)有相反義務(wù)的情況下，每個(gè)國(guó)家都有權(quán)承認(rèn)在其他州被起訴而拒絕驅(qū)逐或交付的外國(guó)人他 被起訴了。Territorial jurisdiction 屬地管轄Diplomatic asylum （外交庇護(hù)）/extraterrestrial asylum案例：阿桑奇（澳大利亞人）事件2010年人在英國(guó)，瑞典涉及案件，保釋2012年厄瓜多爾駐英國(guó)使館為阿桑奇提供庇護(hù)2019年4月出來(lái)厄瓜多爾不再提供外交庇護(hù)To grant asylum to a foreigner who is not within its own territory, but in its diplom

20、atic mission or consular offices.對(duì)不在本國(guó)境內(nèi)，在外交代表機(jī)構(gòu)或者領(lǐng)事機(jī)構(gòu)內(nèi)的外國(guó)人，給予庇護(hù)。（拉丁美洲適用，區(qū)際國(guó)際法。在其他國(guó)家之中不具合法性） ? legalityAsylum case （Peru/ Colombia）, ICJ, 1950 庇護(hù)案（秘魯/哥倫比亞），國(guó)際法院，1950年In the case of extradition, the refugee is within the territory of the State of refuge. A decision with regard to extradition implies

21、only the normal exercise of the territorial sovereignty. The refugee is outside the territory of the State where the offence was committed, and a decision to grant him asylum in no way derogates from the sovereignty of that State.In the case of diplomatic asylum, the refugee is within the territory

22、of the State where the offence was committed. A decision to grant diplomatic asylum involves a derogation from the sovereignty of that State. It withdraws the offender from the jurisdiction of the territorial State and constitutes an intervention in matters which are exclusively within the competenc

23、e of that State. Such a derogation from territorial sovereignty cannot be recognized unless its legal basis is established in each particular case.【就引渡而言，難民是在避難國(guó)境內(nèi)。一個(gè)關(guān)于引渡的決 定只意味著對(duì)領(lǐng)土主權(quán)的正常行使。這名難民在犯下罪行的國(guó)家的領(lǐng)土之外，給予他庇護(hù)的 決定決不會(huì)損害該國(guó)的主權(quán)。就外交庇護(hù)而言，該難民是在犯下罪行的國(guó)家境內(nèi)。給予外交庇護(hù)的決定涉及對(duì)那個(gè)國(guó)家主權(quán)的減損。它將侵犯者從領(lǐng)土國(guó)的管轄范圍內(nèi)撤出，并對(duì)完全 屬于該領(lǐng)土

24、國(guó)職權(quán)范圍內(nèi)的事項(xiàng)進(jìn)行干預(yù)。這種對(duì)領(lǐng)土主權(quán)的減損不能得到承認(rèn)，除非在每 一個(gè)具體案件中都確立其法律基礎(chǔ)。】（對(duì)于引渡情形，避難者處于保護(hù)國(guó)領(lǐng)土之內(nèi)，承認(rèn)了領(lǐng)土庇護(hù)的合法性。對(duì)于外交庇 護(hù)的情形，處于犯罪地的領(lǐng)土之上，如果沒(méi)有特別條約，則外交庇護(hù)會(huì)有損使館所在國(guó)領(lǐng)土 主權(quán)。）（個(gè)案之中外交庇護(hù)的合法性）（該案涉及國(guó)家是否有權(quán)單方面確定犯罪性質(zhì)的問(wèn)題）c.legal status法律地位Rights of states家的權(quán)利Art. 14, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 19481. Everyone has the right to seek a

25、nd to enjoy in other countries asylum frompersecution.【1948年世界人權(quán)宣言第14條1.每個(gè)人都有在其他國(guó)家尋求和享受庇護(hù)的 權(quán)利迫害?！浚ú槐砻鱾€(gè)人必然會(huì)獲得庇護(hù)，只是有尋求庇護(hù)的權(quán)利）Art. 1, Declaration on Territorial Asylum, 19671. Asylum granted by a State, in the exercise of its sovereignty, to persons shall be respected by all other States.3. It shall res

26、t with the State granting asylum to evaluate the grounds for the grant of asylum.【1967年領(lǐng)土庇護(hù)宣言第1條 1. 一國(guó)在行使其主權(quán)時(shí)所給予的庇護(hù)應(yīng)是受到所有其 他國(guó)家的尊重。.3.應(yīng)由給予庇護(hù)的國(guó)家評(píng)估給予庇護(hù)的理由庇護(hù)?！浚▏?guó)家有庇護(hù)的權(quán)利，不是義務(wù)）d. exceptions 例外(從事嚴(yán)重國(guó)際犯罪行為，違反聯(lián)合國(guó)憲章原則等行為不應(yīng)當(dāng)給予其庇護(hù))Art. 14, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948(2) This right may not be inv

27、oked in the case of prosecutions genuinely arising from non-political crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.Art. 1, Declaration on Territorial Asylum, 1967(2) The right to seek and to enjoy asylum may not be invoked by any person with respect to whom there

28、 are serious reasons for considering that he has committed a crime against peace, a war crime or a crime against humanity.Art. 4 , Declaration on Territorial Asylum, 1967States granting asylum shall not permit persons who have received asylum to engage in activities contrary to the purposes and prin

29、ciples of the United Nations 1948年世界人權(quán)宣言第14條(2) 在真正因非政治性罪行或違反聯(lián)合國(guó)宗旨和原則的行為而被起訴的情況下，不得援引 這項(xiàng)權(quán)利。1967年領(lǐng)土庇護(hù)宣言第1條任何人有嚴(yán)重理由認(rèn)為他犯了危害和平罪、戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)罪或危害人類(lèi)罪時(shí)，不得援引尋求和享受 庇護(hù)的權(quán)利。1967年領(lǐng)土庇護(hù)宣言第4條給予庇護(hù)的國(guó)家不得允許接受庇護(hù)的人從事違反聯(lián)合國(guó)宗旨和原則的活動(dòng) TOC o 1-5 h z b. specialty （罪行特定原則）10C.circumstances of non-extradition不弓【渡的情況11 HYPERLINK l bookmark8

30、 o Current Document 4.2 Asylum （庇護(hù)）11Territorial asylum （領(lǐng)土庇護(hù)）11Diplomatic asylum （夕卜交庇護(hù)）/extraterrestrial asylum11 HYPERLINK l bookmark10 o Current Document Asylum case （Peru/ Colombia）, ICJ, 1950 庇護(hù)案（秘魯/哥倫比亞），國(guó)際法院，1950年11 HYPERLINK l bookmark12 o Current Document legal status法律地位12 HYPERLINK l boo

31、kmark18 o Current Document exceptions 例夕卜121 Nationality （國(guó)籍）（個(gè)人與國(guó)家之間的聯(lián)系、紐帶；個(gè)人想要實(shí)現(xiàn)國(guó)際法上的權(quán)利，需要依靠國(guó)家：國(guó)家有義務(wù)；國(guó)籍在國(guó)內(nèi)層面上影響一個(gè)人的權(quán)利和義務(wù)，在國(guó)際層面上，如屬人管轄權(quán)、外交 保護(hù)等）IntroductionNationality of an individual is his quality of being a citizen of a certain state.一個(gè)人的 國(guó) 籍是他成 為某個(gè)國(guó)家公民的素質(zhì)。The link between the nationality state

32、and its national民族國(guó)家及其民族權(quán)利和義務(wù)之間的聯(lián)rights and dutiesnational: rights and obligations0 家:權(quán)利守口義務(wù)international： jurisdiction （管轄權(quán)）,diplomatic protection （夕卜交保護(hù)） 國(guó)際：管轄權(quán)，外交保護(hù)Acquisition of nationality （國(guó)籍的取得）（一國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)法規(guī)定，但也有國(guó)際影響，不全是國(guó)內(nèi)問(wèn)題。國(guó)際法上沒(méi)有明確的取得方式規(guī) 定，但有習(xí)慣性的兩種）domestic matter but with international law relev

33、ance國(guó)內(nèi)事務(wù),但與國(guó)際法有關(guān)It is for each state to determine under its own law who are its nationals. This law shall be recognised by other states in so far as it is consistent with international conventions （國(guó)際公 約）,international custom （國(guó)際習(xí)慣）,and the principles of law generally recognised with regard to natio

34、nality.（否則容易產(chǎn)生國(guó)際問(wèn)題沖突）（Art. 1, Hague Convention on Certain Questions Relating to the Conflict of Nationality Laws, 1930）【各國(guó)應(yīng)根據(jù)本國(guó)法律確定誰(shuí)是 其國(guó)民。本法應(yīng)得到其他國(guó)家的承認(rèn)，只要它與國(guó)際公約、國(guó)際慣例和普遍承認(rèn)的關(guān)于 國(guó)籍的法律原則相一致。（1930年關(guān)于國(guó)籍沖突法若干問(wèn)題的海牙公約第1條）】e.g. Nottebohm case, ICJ, 1955 Modes of acquisitionOriginal Nationality （原始國(guó)籍）by birthjus

35、 sanguinis （血統(tǒng)主義）（雙系/單系血統(tǒng)主義：父母國(guó)籍）jus soli （出生地主義）Combined （一般情況下是前兩種的混合，如美國(guó)法）Acquired Nationality （繼有國(guó)籍）（重新取得新國(guó)籍）（原始國(guó)籍和繼有國(guó)籍的人權(quán)利地位一樣嗎？看國(guó)內(nèi)法規(guī)定，但一般會(huì)有一些區(qū)別，擔(dān)心有 二心。Eg.繼有國(guó)籍的人無(wú)權(quán)競(jìng)選美國(guó)總統(tǒng)） naturalization （申請(qǐng)入籍，歸化）（跟據(jù)當(dāng)事人意愿，但不是申請(qǐng)就能加入。）by formal grant on voluntary applicationmarriage;（歷史上為女性的國(guó)籍，婦女國(guó)籍獨(dú)立，不會(huì)因嫁給一個(gè)外國(guó)丈夫自然

36、獲 得外國(guó)國(guó)籍或喪失自身國(guó)籍，看婦女意愿）adoption （收養(yǎng)）；（本身取決于國(guó)內(nèi)法規(guī)定，但最根本的是兒童應(yīng)當(dāng)具有國(guó)籍，不 會(huì)因?yàn)槭震B(yǎng)而變成無(wú)國(guó)籍人）territory transfer.Nationality Law of China （1980）中國(guó)國(guó)籍法acquisition by birth先天獲得Article 4 Any person born in China whose parents are both Chinese nationals or one of whose parents is a Chinese national shall have Chinese nat

37、ionality.第四條父母雙方或一方為中國(guó) 公民，本人出生在中國(guó)，具有中國(guó)國(guó)籍?！浚婢哐y(tǒng)主義和出生地主義）Article 5 Any person born abroad whose parents are both Chinese nationals or one of whose parents is a Chinese national shall have Chinese nationality.（血統(tǒng)主義） But a person whose parents are both Chinese nationals and have both settled abroad, or

38、 one of whose parents is a Chinese national and has settled abroad, and who has acquired foreign nationality at birth shall not have Chinese nationality.【第五條父母雙方或一方為中國(guó)公民，本人在國(guó)外出生 的,具有中國(guó)國(guó)籍。（血統(tǒng)主義），但一個(gè)人的父母都是中國(guó)人，都在國(guó)外定居，或者父母是 中國(guó)的國(guó)家之一，在國(guó)外定居，誰(shuí)獲得了外國(guó)國(guó)籍出生時(shí)不得有中國(guó)國(guó)籍?！?（反對(duì)雙重國(guó)籍）Article 6 Any person born in China wh

39、ose parents are stateless or of uncertain nationality and have settled in China shall have Chinese nationality.（出生地主義）【第六條任何個(gè)人出生在中國(guó)，父母無(wú)國(guó)籍或國(guó)籍 不明，定居在中國(guó)，具有中國(guó)國(guó)籍。（出生地主義）】acquisition by naturalization歸化取得Article 7 Foreign nationals or stateless persons who are willing to abide by China/s Constitution and

40、laws and who meet one of the following conditions may be naturalized upon approval of their applications:【第七條外國(guó)人、無(wú)國(guó)籍人愿意遵守中國(guó)憲法和法律，符合下列條件之 一的，經(jīng)申請(qǐng)批準(zhǔn)，可以加入中國(guó)國(guó)籍：（一）中國(guó)公民的近親屬；（二）定居中國(guó)的；或 有其他正當(dāng)理由?！縯hey are near relatives of Chinese nationals;they have settled in China; orthey have other legitimate reasons.（正當(dāng)

41、理由）Article 8 Any person who applies for naturalization as a Chinese national shall acquire Chinese nationality upon approval of his application.【第八條申請(qǐng)加入中國(guó)國(guó)籍，經(jīng)批準(zhǔn)，即取得中國(guó) 國(guó)籍?！浚ㄖ袊?guó)政策是一般不批準(zhǔn)）（永久居留權(quán)十年一審，可取得永久居留身份證，方便 外國(guó)人在國(guó)內(nèi)生活）1.3 Conflict of Nationalities （國(guó)籍沖突）（不同國(guó)家不同規(guī)定導(dǎo)致的）positive conflict （積極沖突）double or

42、multiple nationality causes: by birth, naturalization, marriage, adoptionproblems【-雙重或多重國(guó)籍原因:出生、入籍、結(jié)婚、領(lǐng)養(yǎng)問(wèn)題】（同時(shí)履行兩國(guó)義務(wù)，如：服兵役）solutions 解決national legislations （國(guó)內(nèi)立法）bilateral treaty （雙邊條約）（1955中印，華僑自愿選擇國(guó)籍）multilateral convention （多邊條約）（1930年關(guān)于國(guó)際若干沖突的條約）（條約只對(duì)當(dāng) 事方有約束力，習(xí)慣對(duì)所有國(guó)家都有約束力）passive conflict （消極沖突

43、）statelessness causes: by birth, marriage.（有可能被剝奪國(guó)際，如美國(guó)）problems （喪失國(guó)際法的權(quán)利，權(quán)利受損時(shí)得不到救濟(jì)）solutions 解決national legislations, multilateral conventions （1961 有關(guān)無(wú)國(guó)籍狀態(tài)的條約、1948國(guó)際人權(quán)公約：國(guó)籍是人權(quán)的一部分，不得剝奪）Legal Status of Aliens （外國(guó)人法律地位）Aliens （外國(guó)人）（一國(guó)境內(nèi)不具該國(guó)國(guó)籍的人，無(wú)國(guó)籍人也算，多國(guó)籍的人只要具有本國(guó)國(guó)籍就算本國(guó)人）（權(quán)利義務(wù)問(wèn)題還是看國(guó)內(nèi)法規(guī)定）an individu

44、al who does not have the nationality of the State in whose territory that individual ispresent.不具有所在國(guó)家國(guó)籍的個(gè)人。nationals of foreign states, stateless夕卜國(guó) 國(guó)籍， 無(wú)國(guó)籍double jurisdiction雙重管轄territorial jurisdiction （屬地管轄權(quán)）nationality jurisdiction （屬人管轄權(quán)）domestic issue with international relevanceAdmission, De

45、parture and Expulsion入境、出境和驅(qū)逐Admission （入境）（有護(hù)照可簽證的合法入境，免簽，取決于國(guó)家。國(guó)家可因安全問(wèn)題等正當(dāng)理由拒絕入境）a matter of discretion （自由裁量權(quán)）passport and visa discrimination?（美國(guó)排華法案、禁穆令）b.Departure （出境）（人人有權(quán)離開(kāi)任何一個(gè)國(guó)家，義務(wù)履行完畢的前提下）No local duties, such as payment of rates and taxes, fines, private debts.不征4攵地方稅,出口繳納差餉和稅款、罰款、私人債務(wù)】C

46、.Expulsion （驅(qū)逐）no abuse of the right不濫用權(quán)利Draft articles on the expulsion of aliens, ILC, 2014驅(qū)逐外國(guó)人條款草案, 際法委員會(huì)，2014年依法驅(qū)逐的情況An alien may be expelled only in pursuance of a decision reached in accordance with law又寸夕卜 國(guó)人的驅(qū)逐，必須依法作出決定Any expulsion decision shall state the ground （理由） on which it is based.

47、A State may only expel an alien on a ground that is provided for by law.The ground for expulsion shall be assessed in good faith （善意） and reasonably, in the light of all the circumstances, taking into account in particular, where relevant, the gravity of the facts, the conduct of the alien in questi

48、on or the current nature of the threat to which the facts give rise.A State shall not expel an alien on a ground that is contrary to its obligations under international law.【1 ,任何驅(qū)逐決策應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)孛妫ɡ恚┯伤?.一個(gè)國(guó)家只能根據(jù)法律規(guī)定的理由驅(qū)逐外國(guó)人。3. 誠(chéng)信為驅(qū)逐應(yīng)當(dāng)評(píng)估（善意）和合理的，在所有的情況下，特別是考慮到，相關(guān)的，事實(shí)的嚴(yán)重 性，外星人的行為問(wèn)題或當(dāng)前的自然事實(shí)產(chǎn)生威脅。4. 一國(guó)不得以違反其國(guó)際法義

49、務(wù)的理由 驅(qū)逐外國(guó)人。】（不得驅(qū)逐的情況，如：關(guān)于難民的原則：“不推回”原則，一旦接受，除非其威脅國(guó) 家安全和公共秩序，不得驅(qū)逐?？梢圆蛔屗刖?，但一旦入境【主動(dòng)/被動(dòng)？偷渡入境算 嗎？】就不得將其驅(qū)逐出境）P.S.難民問(wèn)題1951關(guān)于難民地位的公約、1967年關(guān)于難民地位的議定書(shū)（課本上有）一一恐懼/被迫害 的理由，處于原國(guó)際之外，不愿或不能接受原國(guó)際國(guó)保護(hù)的人?，F(xiàn)代多了戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)難民、環(huán)境 難民（島嶼淹沒(méi)）等。Cases of prohibited expulsion禁止驅(qū)逐案件A State shall not expel a refugee lawfully in its territory

50、 save on grounds of national security or public order;A State shall not expel a stateless person lawfully in its territory save on grounds of national security or public order.A State shall not make its national an alien, by deprivation of nationality, for the sole purpose of expelling him or her.Th

51、e collective expulsion of aliens is prohibited.The expulsion of an alien for the purpose of confiscating his or her assets is prohibited.除因國(guó)家安全或者社會(huì)治安的原因外，國(guó)家不得依法將難民驅(qū)逐出境;2.除因國(guó)家安全 或者社會(huì)治安的原因外，國(guó)家不得將無(wú)國(guó)籍人依法驅(qū)逐出境。3.一個(gè)國(guó)家不得僅以驅(qū)逐 國(guó)民為目的而剝奪其國(guó)籍，使其國(guó)民成為外國(guó)人。4.禁止集體驅(qū)逐外國(guó)人。5.禁止驅(qū)逐 外國(guó)人，沒(méi)收其財(cái)產(chǎn)。Legal consequences of expulsion馬

52、區(qū)逐的法律后果The expulsion of an alien in violation of the expelling States obligations of international law entails the international responsibility of that State.The State of nationality of an alien subject to expulsion may exercise diplomatic protection inrespect of the alien in question.對(duì)外國(guó)人的驅(qū)逐違反了被驅(qū)逐國(guó)

53、的國(guó)際法義務(wù)，意味著該國(guó)的國(guó)際責(zé)任。被驅(qū)逐的外國(guó)人的 國(guó)籍國(guó)可以對(duì)該外國(guó)人實(shí)行外交保護(hù)。Treatment standards（按國(guó)內(nèi)法，國(guó)際義務(wù)/條約規(guī)定除外）National treatment （國(guó)民待遇）To treat the alien as it does its own nationals對(duì)待外國(guó)人就像對(duì)待自己的國(guó)民一樣 exception: political rights政治權(quán)利例外Most-favored-nation treatment （最惠國(guó)待遇）（給外國(guó)人相同的待遇，主要體現(xiàn)在特定領(lǐng)域，如經(jīng)濟(jì)等，依靠具體條約的規(guī)定，eg.加入 WT0需要與其中的國(guó)家進(jìn)行一對(duì)一的談

54、判，而WT0適用最惠國(guó)待遇，與A國(guó)談成的也適用于其 他國(guó)家。）Aliens are entitled to such rights as have been or may be accorded to any other aliens.夕卜國(guó)人 有權(quán)享有已給予或可能給予任何其他外國(guó)人的權(quán)利。exception: neighbor states, free trade zone例外：鄰國(guó)，自由貿(mào)易區(qū)Reciprocal treatment （互惠待遇）（目的：避免外國(guó)人在本國(guó)獲得片面色利益，兩國(guó)家之間待遇對(duì)等）International minimum standard （國(guó)際最彳氐標(biāo)準(zhǔn)）v.

55、National treatment?Diplomatic Protection （外交保護(hù)）IntroductionDefinitionDiplomatic protection consists of the invocation （援弓I ） by a state, through diplomaticaction or other means of peaceful settlement, of the responsibility of another state for an injury person that is a national of the former state

56、with a view to the implementation of such responsibility. （Art 1, Draft Articles on Diplomatic Protection, ILC, 2006）【外交保護(hù)由調(diào)用（援引） 由國(guó)家通過(guò)外交行動(dòng)或其他手段和平解決，責(zé)任的另一個(gè)州為一個(gè)由國(guó)際不法行為造成的損 害（國(guó)際不法行為）的狀態(tài)自然或法人，是一個(gè)國(guó)家的前狀態(tài)，這種責(zé)任的實(shí)現(xiàn)。（2006年國(guó)際 法委員會(huì)外交保護(hù)條款草案第1條）】 目的：對(duì)一國(guó)傷害另一國(guó)國(guó)民的行為，受害國(guó)有權(quán)讓加害國(guó)承擔(dān)國(guó)家責(zé)任。對(duì)國(guó)民的傷害 相當(dāng)于對(duì)國(guó)家本身的傷害，一國(guó)可以向另一國(guó)在國(guó)際層面追

57、究國(guó)家責(zé)任，可以通過(guò)外交、 談判、國(guó)際訴訟 由于國(guó)家有豁免權(quán)，所以其他國(guó)家的法院和國(guó)際法院無(wú)法對(duì)一國(guó)進(jìn)行訴訟。caused by an internationally wrongful act（國(guó)際不法行為）of that state to a natural or legalReason 原因An injury to a national is deemed to be an injury to the State itself Protection of individuals rights【對(duì)國(guó)民的損害被認(rèn)為是對(duì)國(guó)家本身對(duì)個(gè)人權(quán)利的保護(hù)的損害】Legal status （法律地位）（本質(zhì)

58、上是政治問(wèn)題，自由裁量權(quán)，是國(guó)家的權(quán)利而非義務(wù)） rights of StateThere is under international law, however, no obligation for states to provide diplomatic protection for their nationals abroad, although it can be said that nationals have a right to request their government to consider diplomatic protection and that governme

59、nt is under a duty to consider that request rationally.The decision whether to espouse the claim is a political question within the discretion of each individual state.【根據(jù)國(guó)際法，然而，沒(méi)有義 務(wù)為各州提供外交保護(hù)本國(guó)國(guó)民在國(guó)外，雖然可以說(shuō)，公民有權(quán)利要求政府考慮外交保護(hù) 和政府責(zé)任理性考慮，的要求下，決定是否支持索賠是一個(gè)政治問(wèn)題在每個(gè)國(guó)家的自由裁 量權(quán)。】Means 方式diplomatic action （外交抗議、交涉

60、等）other means of peaceful settlement （Art. 33, UN Charter）（談判、調(diào)節(jié)、仲裁、調(diào)停等）Calvo clause （卡爾沃條款）（卡爾沃：19邙可根廷外交部長(zhǎng)。）（外國(guó)人與本國(guó)人享有同樣的待遇，而不應(yīng)該尋求更多的保護(hù)，否則會(huì)面臨強(qiáng)國(guó)的干 涉，對(duì)本國(guó)國(guó)民的不公。美國(guó)在拉美地區(qū)為美國(guó)公民要求更多權(quán)利。防止外國(guó)人藐視本 國(guó)法律）（國(guó)民放棄了向國(guó)家尋求外交保護(hù)，但國(guó)家有權(quán)主動(dòng)行使外交保護(hù)權(quán)，并不意 味著本國(guó)喪失了外交保護(hù)的權(quán)利）Latin American states, in national legislation or concession