初升高英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法銜接(趙)

1、2013初升高英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法銜接一、名詞 1名詞的分類 2名詞的數(shù) 3名詞所有格二、代詞 1. 人稱代詞主格、賓格形式及其主要用法； 2. 名詞性物主代詞與形容詞性物主代詞的形式、區(qū)別及其主要用法； 3 反身代詞的形式、意義及其主要用法； 4 常見(jiàn)不定代詞的一般用法； 5. 指示代詞的一般用法 6. 疑問(wèn)代詞的基本用法。三、冠詞 1.不定冠詞的用法 2 .定冠詞的用法 3.不用冠詞的情況四、數(shù)詞 1. 基數(shù)詞 2. 序數(shù)詞 3. 其他關(guān)于數(shù)的表示法五、形容詞和副詞1. 形容詞2. 副詞3. 形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)六、動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài) 1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的構(gòu)成和用法 2. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)的構(gòu)成和用法 3. 一般

2、將來(lái)時(shí)的構(gòu)成和用法 4. 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的構(gòu)成和用法5. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成和用法6. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成和用法7. 將來(lái)完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成和用法8. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成和用法9. 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成和用法10. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成和用法七、動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)態(tài) 1. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成和用法 2. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)使用中應(yīng)注意的問(wèn)題八、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 1. 不定式的用法 2. 動(dòng)名詞 3. 分詞（現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞）九、主謂一致 1. 語(yǔ)法一致原則 2. 意義一致原則 3. 就近一致原則十、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can, could, be able to may, mightmust, have to should, ought toneed,

3、dare shall, will, would其他情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法十一、名詞性從句主語(yǔ)從句表語(yǔ)從句賓語(yǔ)從句同位語(yǔ)從句十二、定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句非限制性定語(yǔ)從句十三、狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句條件狀語(yǔ)從句地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句原因狀語(yǔ)從句目的和結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句讓步狀語(yǔ)從句比較狀語(yǔ)從句方式狀語(yǔ)從句第1講 名 詞名詞是表示人、事物和抽象概念等的詞。名詞的可數(shù)與否、名詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式的變化與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一致、名詞的修飾語(yǔ)、名詞的辨析、固定搭配、名詞作定語(yǔ)等是名詞學(xué)習(xí)及測(cè)試的重點(diǎn)。初高中銜接相關(guān)知識(shí)在初中階段對(duì)名詞的考查主要表現(xiàn)在名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)、名詞所有格方面，其考查題型以單項(xiàng)選擇、完形填空為主；而在

4、高中階段除了考查名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)、名詞所有格外，更注重考查名詞在語(yǔ)境中所表達(dá)的含義，層次更深一些，主要出現(xiàn)在選擇題中。一、名詞的分類類別意義例詞專有名詞表示人、地方、事物、機(jī)構(gòu)、組織等特有的名稱的詞。首字母大寫，冠詞、介詞除外Liu Xiang, Mr. Smith, Linda, Japan, the Great Wall, Monday, Teachers Day Bank of China普通名詞可數(shù)名詞個(gè)體名詞表示某類人或事物的個(gè)體的詞teacher, pen, country, man, boy, panda集體名詞表示若干個(gè)體組成的集體的詞，指一群人或一些事物people, famil

5、y, police, class, team, staff, army不可數(shù)名詞物質(zhì)名詞表示無(wú)法分為個(gè)體的實(shí)物的詞，指構(gòu)成各種物體的物質(zhì)或材料water, milk, air, wood, glass, paper, tea, advice, furniture, traffic, weather, snow抽象名詞表示動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、性質(zhì)、行為、感情等抽象概念的詞knowledge, health, strength, courage, information, homework, friendship【注意】family, class等詞作為一個(gè)整體時(shí)視為單數(shù)，強(qiáng)調(diào)其家庭/族成員或班級(jí)成

6、員時(shí)視為復(fù)數(shù)；部分有生命的集體名詞本身就是復(fù)數(shù)的概念：police指警察、警官的總稱，本身表示復(fù)數(shù)。The police(主語(yǔ))+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞復(fù)數(shù)people指人們、人民，本身表示復(fù)數(shù)。(The)people+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞復(fù)數(shù)people指民族，有單、復(fù)數(shù)變化 e.g. fifty-six peoples 五十六個(gè)民族二、名詞的數(shù)可數(shù)名詞：有單、復(fù)數(shù)形式，可以用書(shū)來(lái)計(jì)算的名詞，包括個(gè)體名詞和集體名詞。規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成及變化：可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的不規(guī)則變化：固定形式：man-men foot-feet mouse-mice child-children ox-oxen公牛 German-German

7、s human-humans walkman-walkmans woman-women policeman-policemen tooth-teeth goose-geese policewoman-policewomen phenomenon-phenomena現(xiàn)象單復(fù)數(shù)同形：Chinese, fish魚(yú)肉, ship, deer, people, Japanese, means, Swiss, works工廠, series, species物種；種類, yuan元, jiao角, fen分, li里, jin斤, mu畝, Portuguese葡萄牙人部分集合名詞既可作單數(shù)（整體），也可

8、作復(fù)數(shù)（成員）family, class, group, public, union, team, audience, army, committee, faculty復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)情況： 如有主體名詞，將主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù) e.g. a girl studenttwo girl students a passer-bythree passers-by過(guò)路人 a brother-in-lawfour brothers-in-law姐夫 如沒(méi)有主體名詞，則在詞末加-s e.g. a grown-upmany grown-ups成年人 man, woman作定語(yǔ)，構(gòu)成復(fù)合名詞時(shí)，兩部分都要變成復(fù)數(shù)

9、e.g. two men doctors three women teachers通常只用于復(fù)數(shù)的名詞：表示成雙成對(duì)的：glasses, pants, trousers, scissors, jeans, clothes, socks, chopsticks, shorts, compasses表示較多數(shù)量的：savings, stairs, surroundings, wages, circumstances, belongings財(cái)產(chǎn), remains遺體；遺物, suburbs, arms武器特殊的復(fù)數(shù)形式：the+集體名詞 “全體”表示一類人或是整體，具有復(fù)數(shù)意義 e.g. the p

10、olice, the French雙重含義的復(fù)數(shù)名詞：fish作“魚(yú)”的條數(shù)時(shí)，單復(fù)數(shù)同形為fish；作“魚(yú)”的種類時(shí)，復(fù)數(shù)為fishes 作“魚(yú)肉”時(shí)，為不可數(shù)名詞，fishpeople人民，單復(fù)數(shù)同形 民族，復(fù)數(shù)為peoplesworks工作，不可數(shù)名詞工廠，單復(fù)數(shù)同形 e.g. a chemical works two chemical works 著作，可數(shù) e.g. a work by Lu Xun two works by Lu Xun類似的詞還有： forces軍隊(duì) irons腳鐐手銬 customs海關(guān) letters文學(xué) spirits酒精；情緒 manners禮貌 good

11、s貨物 looks外表 times時(shí)代 greens青菜 drinks飲料 sands沙灘，沙地 waters水域 brains智力 pains努力 regards問(wèn)候以s結(jié)尾，表示單數(shù)，沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)意義的詞：economics, the United States/Nations, maths, news, physics, politics不可數(shù)名詞：無(wú)復(fù)數(shù)形式，也不能由不定冠詞a/an限定；包括物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞專有名詞：BBC英國(guó)廣播公司 Mark Twain馬克吐溫 the West Lake西湖物質(zhì)名詞：wind, gas, light, bread, sand, rice, suga

12、r抽象名詞：happiness, music, fun, progress, weather, housework部分名詞的兩重性：既可作可數(shù)名詞，又可作不可數(shù)名詞work（著作/工作）glass（眼鏡、玻璃杯/玻璃）hair beer/coffee/tea room（房間/空間）chicken（小雞/雞肉）experience（經(jīng)歷/經(jīng)驗(yàn)）exercise（練習(xí)/鍛煉）wood（森林/木頭）fire（火災(zāi)/火）paper（論文、文件、報(bào)紙、卷子/紙）food（各種各樣的食品/食物）fruit（水果種類/水果總稱）beer/tea/coffee cloth（油布、桌布/布料）difficult

13、y（難事/困難）success（成功的人/成功）常見(jiàn)易錯(cuò)的不可數(shù)名詞：air, news, advice, furniture, traffic, information, weather, luck, clothing, progress, equipment, fire, fun, grass, money, meat, waste, wealth, population, time抽象名詞表示具體事物時(shí)，為可數(shù)名詞，可被a/an修飾，有復(fù)數(shù)形式。表示“某種人或事”：honor令人感到榮耀的人或事 death死者 pleasure令人感到高興的人或事 success/failure成功/失

14、敗的人或事 surprise令人感到驚訝的人或事 worry令人感到煩惱的人或事 beauty美麗的人或事 pity遺憾的人或事E.g. Mary is a great honor to our class. What a surprise you gave us all.可數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞的不定量的表示：利用單位詞：“數(shù)詞或冠詞+量詞+of+不可數(shù)名詞”量詞有單復(fù)數(shù)形式，of只能加原形a bottle of, a pair of, a piece of, a drop of water, a bar of chocolate, a loaf of bread, an article of fu

15、rniture, a bowl of rice, a kilo of salt, a grain of sand, “數(shù)詞或冠詞+量詞+of+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)”a bag of eggs, a box of books, five head of sheep利用“few, a few, many, a number of, a large number of=large numbers of”修飾可數(shù)名詞利用“l(fā)ittle, a little, a bit of, much, a great deal of, a large amount of”修飾不可數(shù)名詞“some, any, most, a

16、 lot of=lots of, plenty of”既修飾可數(shù)名詞，也修飾不可數(shù)名詞三、名詞所有格名詞所有格：英語(yǔ)中名詞可在詞尾加-s作定語(yǔ)，修飾另一個(gè)名詞，表示所有格關(guān)系名詞所有格有三種構(gòu)成形式：s所有格、of所有格、雙重所有格1、s所有格（1）s所有格形式的構(gòu)成1）一般情況，在名詞詞尾加-s e.g. my brothers bag2) 如果名詞已經(jīng)有復(fù)數(shù)詞尾“-s”，則只加- e.g. the teachers office3) 如果名詞是復(fù)數(shù)，但不帶詞尾“-s”，則加-s e.g. Womens Day4) 復(fù)合名詞及作整體的名詞詞組，在最后一個(gè)名詞詞尾加-s e.g. my fat

17、her-in-laws friend each others addresses somebody elses opinion5) 如果幾個(gè)詞共同擁有的所有關(guān)系時(shí)，則只在最后一個(gè)名詞后面加上-s e.g. Tom and Jims father6) 如果表示幾個(gè)各自的所有關(guān)系時(shí)，則每個(gè)名詞后面都要加上-s e.g. Lilys and Lucys rooms注意： the Smiths史密斯的家 the Smiths史密斯一家人 the Smiths史密斯一家的住處（5）“基數(shù)詞+連字符+單數(shù)名詞”可作前置定語(yǔ)，表示時(shí)間、距離等。當(dāng)表達(dá)同一含義時(shí)，可與名詞所有格形式相互轉(zhuǎn)換 用連字符“-”時(shí)，

18、year, meter, minute等時(shí)間或距離的名詞用單數(shù) a ten minutes ride=a ten-minute ride a seven-year-old girl=a girl of seven2、of所有格：“of+名詞”一般適用于無(wú)生命的名詞（1）表示無(wú)生命的名詞的所有關(guān)系（詞序與漢語(yǔ)相反）“的” e.g. the gate of our school（2）某些表示人、事、動(dòng)物、機(jī)構(gòu)、組織的名詞，可以用of屬格代替s屬格 the guests arrival=the arrival of the guests客人的到達(dá)區(qū)別比較：a photo of Jacks一張杰克所擁

19、有的照片 a photo of Jack 杰克的一張照片one of my sisters friends =a friend of my sisters我妹妹的一個(gè)朋友（強(qiáng)調(diào)多個(gè)中的一個(gè)）a friend of my sister 我妹妹的朋友（強(qiáng)調(diào)是朋友關(guān)系，不是其他關(guān)系）my sisters friend 表示我妹妹唯一的一個(gè)朋友或剛剛談及的那個(gè)朋友典型例題：1- Where have you been, Tim? - Ive been to _.A. the Henry house B. the Henry family C. The Henrys home D. Henrys2In

20、England, if _ is in the middle of the day, the evening meal is called supper.A. food B. lunch C. breakfast D. dinner3You looked for it twice, but you havent found it. Why not try _ .A. three times B. a third time C. the third time D. once4- They are thirsty. Will you please give them _ ? - Certainly

21、.A. some bottles of waters B. some bottles of waterC. some bottle of water D. some bottle of waters5Mike hurt one of his _ in the accident yesterday.A. tooth B. feet C. hand D. ear6There is some _ on the plate.A. cakes B. meat C. potato D. pears7In England, the last name is the _ .A. family name B.

22、middle C. given name D. full name8They are going to fly _ to Beijing.A. Germen B. Germany C. Germanys D. Germans9The_ has two _ .A. boys; watches B. boy; watch C. boy; watches D. boys; watch10The little baby has two _ already.A. tooth B. tooths C. teeth D. teeths11Whats your _ for being late again?A

23、. idea B. key C. excuse D. news12- Its dangerous here. Wed better go out quickly.- But I think we should let _ go out first.A. woman and children B. women and childC. woman and child D. women and children13- You can see Mr. Smith if there is a sign “_ ”on the door of his shop.- Thanks.A.ENTRANCE B.B

24、USINESS HOURS C.THIS SIDE UP D.NO SMOKING14Are they going to have a picnic on _ ?A. Childrens Day B. Childrenss Day C. Childrens Day D. Children Day15Where are the students? Are they in _ ?A. the Room 406 B. Room 406 C. the 406 Room D. 406 Room【練習(xí)答案】1.D 2.B 3.B 4.B 5.B6.B 7.A 8.D 9.C 10.C11.C 12.D 1

25、3.B 14.A 15.B 第2講 冠 詞冠詞是虛詞，本身不能單獨(dú)使用，也沒(méi)有詞義。用在名詞的前面，幫助指明名詞的含義。英語(yǔ)中的冠詞有三種，一種是定冠詞（the Definite Article），另一種是不定冠詞（the Indefinite Article），還有一種是零冠詞（the Zero Article）。初高中銜接相關(guān)知識(shí)在初中階段對(duì)冠詞的考查相對(duì)而言要簡(jiǎn)單些，只要掌握其中的規(guī)律即可；而到了高中，就要根據(jù)語(yǔ)境中的具體情況具體分析。因此，一定要在熟練掌握冠詞用法的基礎(chǔ)之上，注意特殊情況，靈活運(yùn)用。一、不定冠詞的用法不定冠詞a(an)與數(shù)詞one同源，是“一個(gè)”的意思，表示泛指。a用于

26、輔音音素前，一般讀作/ /，而an則用于元音音素前，一般讀作/ n /。1. 表示“一個(gè)”，意為one；指某人或某物，意為a certain。如： A Mr. Ling is waiting for you.2. 代表一類人或物。 A knife is a tool for cutting with.3. 詞組或成語(yǔ)。 二、定冠詞的用法定冠詞the與指示代詞this, that同源，有“那（這）個(gè)”的意思，但較弱，可以和一個(gè)名詞連用，來(lái)表示某個(gè)或某些特定的人或東西。1. 特指雙方都明白的人或物： Take the medicine2. 上文提到過(guò)的人或事： He bought a house.

27、 Ive been to the house.3. 指世上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物： the sun, the sky, the moon, the earth4. 與單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞連用表示一類事物，如：the dollar美元；the fox狐貍；5. 與形容詞或分詞連用，表示一類人： the rich 富人；the living 生者6. 用在序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級(jí)，及形容詞only, very, same等前面： Where do you live? I live on the second floor. Thats the very thing Ive been looking for.7. 用在某

28、些普通名詞構(gòu)成的國(guó)家名稱、機(jī)關(guān)團(tuán)體、階級(jí)等專有名詞前： the Peoples Republic of China8. 用在表示樂(lè)器的名詞之前：She plays the piano.如果樂(lè)器是中文拼音是定冠詞the省略掉，如： play erhu9. 用在姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)名詞之前，表示一家人： the Greens 格林一家10. 用在慣用語(yǔ)中：in the day, in the morning, in the rain, in the middle of, by the way, on the whole三、零冠詞，即不用冠詞的情況1. 專有名詞前。如：England, Mary2. 泛指的復(fù)

29、數(shù)名詞，表示一類人或事物時(shí)。如：They are teachers.3. 名詞前已有作定語(yǔ)用的this, that, my, your, whose, some, any, no, each, every等代詞時(shí)，不用冠詞。例如： That is my cap. I have some questions. Go down this street.4. 在季節(jié)、月份、節(jié)日、假日、日期、星期等表示時(shí)間的名詞之前。如：We go to school from Monday to Friday.5. 在稱呼或表示官銜、職位的名詞前，如：The guards took the American to

30、General Lee.6.在三餐、球類運(yùn)動(dòng)和娛樂(lè)運(yùn)動(dòng)的名稱前， 如：have breakfast, play chess7. 當(dāng)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上名詞并用時(shí)，如：I cant write without pen or pencil.8. 當(dāng)by與火車等交通工具連用，表示一種方式時(shí)，如：by bus, by train9. 有些個(gè)體名詞school, college, prison, market, hospital, bed, table, class, town, church, court等個(gè)體名詞，直接置于介詞后，表示該名詞的深層含義。例如：go to hospital去醫(yī)院看病，go t

31、o the hospital去醫(yī)院（并不是去看病，而是有其他目的）四、冠詞與形容詞+名詞結(jié)構(gòu)1. 兩個(gè)形容詞都有冠詞，表示兩個(gè)不同東西。例如： He raises a black and a white cat. 他養(yǎng)了一只黑貓和一只白貓。 The black and the white cats are hers. 這只黑貓和這只白貓都是她的。2. 若后一個(gè)形容詞無(wú)冠詞，則指一個(gè)物體。例如： He raises a black and white cat. 他養(yǎng)了一只花貓（黑白相間的）。【演練】 1. This morning I had _ egg and a bottle of milk

32、 for my breakfast. A. an B. a C. the D./ 2. -Whats the matter with you? -I caught _ bad cold and had to stay in _. A. a;/ B. a; the C. a; a D. the; the 3. -Have you seen _ pen? I left it here this morning. -Is it _ black one? I think I saw it somewhere. A. a; the B. the; the C. the; a D. a; a 4. _ s

33、un is shining brightly. A. A B. An C. The D. / 5. There is _ “h” in the word hour. A. a B. the C. an D./ 6. Did you enjoy your stay in Xian? Yes. I had _ wonderful time. A. a B. an C. the D. / 7. _ sun is bigger than _ earth. A. A; the B. A; an C. The; an D. The; the 8. There is _ apple and some pea

34、rs on the table. A. the B./ C. a D. an 9. David has _ cat. Its very nice. A. a B. an C. the D./ 10. Im reading _ novel. It is _ interesting story. A. a; an B. a; a C. the; the D. /; an【練習(xí)答案】第3講 代 詞代詞是用來(lái)指代人或事物，代替名詞以及起名詞作用的短語(yǔ)、分句和句子的詞。代詞可分為九類：人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、相互代詞、指示代詞、疑問(wèn)代詞、關(guān)系代詞、不定代詞和連接代詞。初高中銜接相關(guān)知識(shí)在初中階段代

35、詞這部分，學(xué)生應(yīng)主要掌握人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、不定代詞、疑問(wèn)代詞等幾類；而在高中階段，學(xué)生還需掌握it, such, no, any, one, some以及all等詞的用法?！咀⒁馐马?xiàng)】指代必須準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤如果在使用代詞時(shí)指代不清楚，就會(huì)引起他人的誤解、費(fèi)解，甚至不理解。例如：While carrying the paint can from the garage to the house, Mary was afraid that some of it might spill on her new skirt. 當(dāng)瑪麗從車庫(kù)把油漆罐搬到屋里時(shí)，她擔(dān)心油漆會(huì)濺到她的新裙子上。使

36、用人稱代詞、反身代詞、物主代詞這三類代詞時(shí)，我們要注意他們?cè)诰渲械娜朔Q、單復(fù)數(shù)、性和格的一致性。人稱代詞主要有主格和賓格兩種形式。主格，如：I, we, he, they, she, it, you等，在句子中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)；賓格，如：me, us, him, them, her, it, you等，在句子中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)。反身代詞的作用1. 構(gòu)成規(guī)則：（1）第一、二人稱的反身代詞是形容詞性物主代詞+ self (selves) 如：myself, yourself(yourselves)等；（2）第三人稱的反身代詞是賓格+self(selves) 如：herself, itself, themselve

37、s等2. 反身代詞在句子中作賓語(yǔ)。當(dāng)它作介詞by的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。如：The prisoner killed himself by taking poison.3. 反身代詞在句子中作同位語(yǔ)，用來(lái)加強(qiáng)名詞或代詞的語(yǔ)氣，強(qiáng)調(diào)某人親自、本人；此時(shí)放在名詞、代詞之后，或句子末尾。如：The students will clean the classroom themselves.物主代詞1. 形容詞性物主代詞只能作定語(yǔ)。 如：My brother often does his homework in his room.2. 名詞性物主代詞在句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)。相當(dāng)于名詞，=形容詞性物主代詞+

38、名詞 如： We each bought a new book. Yours is about management and mine is about the American history.不定代詞主要不定代詞：each, both, all, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some, any；另外還有由some, any, no和every構(gòu)成的合成代詞，如：somebody, anything nothing等。1all在談到兩個(gè)以上的人或事物時(shí)，或是不可數(shù)的事物時(shí)，我們都可以

39、用all，在句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)。另外，all指不可數(shù)的事物時(shí)可以作表語(yǔ)。 如：This is all he knew about it. （作表語(yǔ)）這就是他了解有關(guān)這件事的一切。They were all covered with dust. （作同位語(yǔ)）他們身上盡是塵土。2. each和everyeach和every都是“每一個(gè)”的意思，但在句子里各自強(qiáng)調(diào)的側(cè)重點(diǎn)不同。（1）every 從每一個(gè)個(gè)體著眼而強(qiáng)調(diào)“整體”；形容詞，只能作定語(yǔ)；（2）each 把一些東西一個(gè)一個(gè)地加以考慮，強(qiáng)調(diào)“各個(gè)”；既是形容詞也是代詞，可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)。（3）every可用于：eve

40、ry other / (every+數(shù)詞) + 名詞 的結(jié)構(gòu)中，表示“每隔” 如：every other day 每隔一天 every three days 每三年 every other line 每隔一行every ten miles 每隔十英里eachevery1)可單獨(dú)使用1)不可單獨(dú)使用 2)可做代名詞、形容詞2)僅作形容詞3)著重“個(gè)別”3)著重“全體”，毫無(wú)例外4)用于兩者或兩者以上中的每一個(gè)人或物4)用于三者或三者以上每一個(gè)人或物The teacher gave a toy to each child. Each ball has a different colour. 當(dāng)我們

41、說(shuō)each child, each student或each teacher時(shí)，我們想到的是一個(gè)人的情況。而當(dāng)我們說(shuō)every child和every student時(shí)，我們想到的是全體的情況，every的意思與all接近，表示他們都如此。 Every student loves the English teacher. = All students love the English teacher.Every child likes playing. = All children like playing.3. one作不定代詞時(shí)，有復(fù)數(shù)形式ones，代替前面剛提到的人或事物以避免重復(fù)，有自

42、己的定語(yǔ)或冠詞；還可以用來(lái)泛指人。 如：This problem is a difficult one.I dont like colored envelopes. I like white ones.Modesty helps one go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. （泛指）4. some與any “一些”（1）作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，some多用于肯定句，any多用于否定句、疑問(wèn)句或條件句。（2） 表示請(qǐng)求、建議、反問(wèn)或是希望得到肯定回答的疑問(wèn)句中，常用some而不用any。（3）some可與數(shù)詞連用，表示“大約” 如：Some hun

43、dred teachers have moved into new houses.The bridge was built about two hundred years ago.5. few, a few; little, a little的用法（1）few, a few 用于可數(shù)名詞；little, a little用于不可數(shù)名詞（2）few, little 表示否定，“幾乎沒(méi)有”；a few, a little 表示肯定，“幾個(gè)，一些或一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)”6. no 與 none 均表示否定意義（1）no = not any 意在強(qiáng)調(diào)“連一個(gè)、一點(diǎn)都不”，只作形容詞，一般與名詞連用；（2）none

44、則相當(dāng)于名詞，可獨(dú)立在句中充當(dāng)成分，也可與介詞短語(yǔ)連用，表示在某一范圍內(nèi)“任何一個(gè)也不”。7. other, the other, another, others, the others的區(qū)別。用 法代名詞形容詞單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)不定another另一個(gè)others別人，其他人another (boy)另一個(gè)（男孩）other (boys)其他男孩特定the other另一個(gè)the others其余那些人、物the other (boy)另一個(gè)男孩the other (boys)其余那些男孩other可以作形容詞用，后面可以跟單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)名詞，意思是“其他的、別的”。 Where are his

45、other books? I havent any other books except this one. 2）other也可以用作代詞，與冠詞the連用構(gòu)成“the other”，表示兩個(gè)人或物中的“另一個(gè)”。常與one搭配構(gòu)成“one ., the other .”句型。 He has two brothers. One is 10 years old , the other is 5 years old. She held a ruler in one hand and an exercise-book in the other. 3）other作代詞用時(shí)，可以有復(fù)數(shù)“others”，

46、泛指“另外的人或物”。常與some搭配構(gòu)成“some ., others .”句型。 Some went to the cinema, others went swimming. This coat is too large. Show me some others, please. 4）“the others”表示特指某范圍內(nèi)的“其他的人或物”。 We got home by 4 oclock, but the others didnt get back until 8 oclock. In our class only Tom is English, the others are Chin

47、ese.5）another可以作形容詞用，修飾后面的名詞，意為“另一個(gè)”，還可以跟代詞one. You can see another ship in the sea, cant you? Mary doesnt want to buy this skirt. Would you please show her another one? 6）another也可以作代詞用，表示“另一個(gè)”。 Im still hungry after Ive had this cake. Please give me another. 5. all和both的用法。1）all指三者以上，或不可數(shù)的東西。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞既

48、可以用單數(shù)，也可以用作復(fù)數(shù)。在句中作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。 All of us like Mr Pope. 我們都喜歡Pope先生。（作主語(yǔ)） = We all like Mr Pope. (作同位語(yǔ)) All the water has been used up. (作主語(yǔ)) Thats all for today. (作表語(yǔ)) Why not eat all (of) the fish? (作賓語(yǔ)) All the leaders are here. (作定語(yǔ)) 2）both作代詞。與其他名詞或代詞并列出現(xiàn)，表示“兩個(gè)都”。 Lucy and Lily both agree wi

49、th us. They both passed on their sticks at the same time. How are your parents? Theyre both fine. 與“of +代詞（或名詞）”連用，表示“兩者都”。 Both of them came to see Mary. Both of the books are very interesting. 單獨(dú)使用，表示“兩者（都）”。 Michael has two sons. Both are clever. I dont know which book is the better, I shall read

50、 both. 3）both用作形容詞，放在名詞之前，修飾該名詞，表示“兩者都”。 Both his younger sisters are our classmates. There are tall trees on both sides of the street.六、相互代詞 表示相互關(guān)系的代詞叫做相互代詞。相互代詞有each other 和one another兩種形 式。在當(dāng)代英語(yǔ)中，each other和one another沒(méi)有什么區(qū)別。相互代詞可在句中作賓語(yǔ)，定語(yǔ)。作定語(yǔ)用時(shí)，相互代詞用所有格形式。 We should learn from each other / one a

51、nother. （作賓語(yǔ)） Do you often write to each other / one another? （作賓語(yǔ)） We often borrow each others / one anothers books. （作定語(yǔ)） The students corrected each others / one anothers mistakes in their homework. （作定語(yǔ)）七、 疑問(wèn)代詞疑問(wèn)代詞有who，whom，whose，what和which等。疑問(wèn)代詞用于特殊疑問(wèn)句中，一般都放在句首，并在句子中作為某一句子成分。例如：Who is going to

52、come here tomorrow? （作主語(yǔ)）What is that? (作表語(yǔ))Whose umbrella is this? (作定語(yǔ))Whom are you waiting for? (作賓語(yǔ))關(guān)系代詞是一種引導(dǎo)從句并起連接主句和從句作用的代詞。關(guān)系代詞有 who, whose, whom, that, which. 它們?cè)诰渲锌捎米髦髡Z(yǔ),表語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ),定語(yǔ). 在主句中,它們還代表著從句所修飾的那個(gè)名詞或代詞。例如：I hate people who talk much but do little.Im looking at the photograph which you sen

53、t me with your letter.With the money that he had saved, he went on with his studies.Do you know the lady who is interviewing our headmaster?【演練】1. Tom, Please pass _ the glasses. I want to read the newspapers. A. you B. me C. him D. her2. The English novel is quite easy for you. There are _ new word

54、s in it. A. a little B. little C. a few D. few3. -You want _ sandwich? -Yes, I usually eat a lot when Im hungry. A. other B. another C. others D. the other4. The doctors and nurses are doing their best to fight SARS. They think more of others than _. A. they B. them C. themselves D. theirs5. -Which

55、do you prefer, a bottle of orange or a bottle of milk? -_, thanks. Id like a cup of tea. A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None6. -Oh! I came in a hurry and forgot to bring food. -Never mind. You can have _. A. us B. ours C. you D. yours7. -Can I come this evening or tomorrow morning? -_ is OK. Im fre

56、e today and tomorrow. A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None8. -How are you going to improve _ this term? -Work harder than last term. A. ourselves B. myself C. himself D. yourself9. -Could you tell me _ she is looking for? -Her cousin, Susan. A. that B. whose C. who D. which10. -Is _ here? -No. Li Le

57、i and Han Mei have asked for leave. A. everybody B. somebody C. anybody D. nobody11. Paul has _ friends except me, and sometimes he feels lonely. A. many B. some C. few D. more12. If you want to book a round-trip ticket, youll have to pay _ $ 30. A. more B. other C. the other D. another13. -Do you l

58、ive by yourself, Mr Wang? -Yes. I have two sons. But _ of them lives with me. They are now studying in America? A. neither B. both C. none D. either14. -Have you sent your parents an E-mail telling them you arrived safe? -No. _ of them can use a computer. A. None B. Both C. Neither D. All15. Who tau

59、ght _ English last term? Was _ Mr. Smith? A. you; it B. you; he C. your; it D. your; that16. -That woman has a bag in her right hand. Whats in her _ hand? A. another B. other C. one D. the other17. We decided to go for a field trip with some friends of _. A. us B. our C. ours D. ourselves18. -Is the

60、re a bus to the zoo? -Im afraid theres _ bus to the zoo. A. no B. any C. some D. none19. You forgot your dictionary? You may have _. A. me B. my C. mine D. myself20. This is _ classroom. Where is _? A. our; them B. us; they C. our; theirs D. ours; theirs【練習(xí)答案】第4講 數(shù) 詞表示數(shù)目多少或順序多少的詞叫數(shù)詞。數(shù)詞分為基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞。表示數(shù)目