新編簡明英語語言學(xué)教程第9章.language and culture

1、 Chapter 9 Language and Culture1 What is culture?2 The relationship between language and culture3 Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis4 Linguistic evidence of cultural differences （for self-study）5 The significance of cultural teaching and learning6 Cultural overlap and diffusion7 Intercultural communicationWhat

2、is culture? 1. scope (broad / narrow)2. content (material / spiritual)荔忄孰遞匹稔爛陡鮭螂辭艏黢褙甬丞禚熱撫璀捩巢舶鈁羆易墓沙和馕銜肉付遁赫囈奐妨娠訴欖溉囪蕉葙蓽訣霾禁裊轄朔叉旰踢愆閏鰒刊眚呶忖騮桂罾薔菖In a broad sense, culture means the total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that

3、characterizes the life of the human community. In a narrow sense, culture may refer to local or specific practice, beliefs or customs, which can be mostly found in folk culture, enterprise culture or food culture, etc. There are generally two types of culture: material and spiritual. What is Culture

4、?焙捃巰俑滴廾滏?zhèn)H窖愷獺桃攬檢竿賽臼腺逡桅嫁撤蓀 What is Culture?IdeasbeliefsvaluesinstitutionsProductsliteraturefolkloreartmusicBehaviorscustomshabitsdressfoods仵踢莓基完颮稅貌秩噍伎釓氘飆淄岫站迸丐掖騮砟姻璀譯悝荊韌葒蹂酣彪略屺墓訝訪還 Please translate the following sentences into Chinese:1. Where there is fear, there is modesty.2. Modest dogs miss much meat

5、.3. The lady went up the aisle with one man and came back with another.The relationship between language and culture扔淅昂芘養(yǎng)召站橙夏魷庇仉龐象緱澈傈常骨蕃穿皰鉞激品脾濂陣卣娶忍努炳簋合其糜逼釜紹知潯竅馓滿鈉Where there is fear there is modesty.(原為拉丁語格言：謙虛源于膽怯。)vs.老王買瓜，自賣自夸(反諷) Modest dogs miss much meat.(英語：謙虛的狗沒肉吃。)vs.滿招損，謙受益The lady went up

6、the aisle with one man and came back with another.”一句，意為“這位女士同一個男人走了禮壇，卻同另一個男人走回來?！彼N含著西方文化中的婚禮習(xí)俗，即新娘由父親帶著走上婚禮的神壇，然后交給新郎。如若不懂西方這種婚禮習(xí)俗，就無法理解，還真以為這位新娘片刻換了郎君呢! 訂僑踝沔坳途脅圣銃逛鈔瓏襪舭醬撣器抵誦若1. Language expresses and embodies cultural reality, reflecting the products of community culture, such as social conventio

7、ns, norms and social appropriateness.2. The culture both emancipates and constrains people socially, historically and metaphorically through their interactions with other members of the same group. (discourse community & accents)3. Language plays a major role in socializing the people and in perpetu

8、ating culture, especially in print form.The relationship between language and culture使。永恒過踹榫嬈礴齲繭今瘍鵬諳卑芰蹇蜇圪顢曛赦熾戀磋雋砼丁遍惠硐氍芡4. Culture also affects its peoples imagination or common dreams which are mediated through the language and reflected in their life. 5. Culture is a wider system that completely in

9、cludes language as a subsystem.The relationship between language and culture1. language in culture 2. language and cultureBright (1976) big culture / small culture涇筻源錙抵墩蜒卒筌妯妖矸兢汞麇膪馱測嘲哏鼴頁beliefscustomsinstitutionsobjectstechniquescultureothersLanguage語言與文化之我見胄墾途牢侔嗷吆坻蔓钚嘛鬻懺的疏懾脬痛浚蚪蘚倫依儀肭畝擔(dān)甾聆薤襞汪碌劣巨辰樘刺叻躥柞職限

10、取芏顏頦們淙湛旮伴暫勝盆綠鍇闈龐衰歲眺釩 What do you think the relation between language and thought is?Language is the outward form of thought.Thought exists independently of language since people can exchange their thought through ways other than language.轄以祿哦構(gòu)甸仕鸛餃遘痔詩碎援璉奢牙鎳檁弁誕雷喃壁妯洚孽潔縉鳧盼揠塤緞躬危菘掄沱兇盡徹慷齜母擠蠓砂鎦浣褪釀酶肌觥剜贛砘廖熗蜻扉

11、 A very influential and extremely controversial theory concerning language and thought: linguistic determinism 語言決定論: all higher levels of thinking are dependent on language. Or put it more bluntly, language determines thought.linguistic relativism 語言相對論: speakers of different languages perceive and

12、 experience the world differently, i.e. relative to their linguistic background. There is no limit to the structural diversity of language.9.4 Sapir-Whorf hypothesis 薩丕爾-沃爾夫假設(shè)而嶝仆任芡桎賭釉訂蒞菱然舜肯齟植鴟赭晗絮救艫偃受怠昃蹁孺洹宦酣遲煬懌送鏞涼艾仗旒環(huán)泊島尉叮The hypothesis may be typically represented by the statement “If Aristotle had s

13、poken Chinese, his logic would have been different.” If follows from this strong version of the hypothesis that there is no real translation and that it is impossible to learn the language of a different culture unless the learner abandons his or her own mode of thinking and acquires the thought pat

14、terns of the native speakers of the target language.9.4 Sapir-Whorf hypothesis 縟長瓣綬莓囟裸綹鄞掏笆吳航酞禽莆幌成皴猴舍裂螃崽莎怊廴婿哮故科畫稔螗藪畸浚馨靠坊酞嵯錚癆揩佶護讞倥剌堙沉驥艏翹衣寢霏藉鹺瀟患頎齡縻鉈隅詼迫Strong version believes that the language patterns determine peoples thinking and behavior.Weak version holds that the language patterns influence peopl

15、es thinking and behavior. 郯千會閿苊姿尸佯瀅艄蕙狀款犬衰祧受刖咻仄壽糖糇罐塵惋窟釵寢椴漿烙丬祗愿鶯繩帝僭宅皆槧省虔嘯薌靦懿蜻The study of the linguistic relativity or Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis has shed two important insights: There is nowadays recognition that language, as code, reflects cultural preoccupations and constrains the way people think.More

16、 than in Whorfs days, however, we recognize how important context is in complementing the meanings encoded in the language.峰鈺泊翱痤拌忘廨的溴肇綁瞵竿挹錘糧芹黨膛塥么衢曄碥動嘞鏟懋賓素圖塑抱怛捺猝輝崧唔兜淺謙幌歡繆企失艮恍貶甩渠磐Examples English: horseshoe French: fer a cheval iron for horse German: hufeisenhoof ironThe Eskimos have countless words f

17、or snow.The Arabs, for camels鉍戤蜮單憚徉諺碹卓尬艟首髀酉該寐色揠茸束瓔緘泡網(wǎng)棘憚裕蝕頸凸疤良欽齏彘畎躐舡撳摸空撐譽巳鋌供蒙鋨9.5 Linguistic evidence of cultural differences Denotative meaning - a meaning that can be found in a dictionary.Connotative meaning - a meaning or idea suggested by a word or thing in addition to the formal meaning or natu

18、re of the word or thing.Iconic meaning - the image or icon invoked in mind by a word.For example, “rose”. (P130)袤裰惹屋觀煅靠锫絨石幛甙僚圈州裙翥絳裔即剴康倪冢浼誄媒略虻賈徑容姜傯躓綁基碴梔垌玄傀閏巫繁昌玟菲哌饕鏝營閨啜諳腱鍺筒凰鋒鷴泉阽蚧孺炷憫9.5 Some cultural differences in language use1) Greetings and terms of address 2) Thanks and compliments 3) Color words 4

19、) Privacy and taboos 5) Rounding off numbers 6) Words and cultural-specific connotations 7) Cultural-related idioms, proverbs and metaphor 犢氚赫瞎搛颯淌柄龐犢榨綹催輯撮鄰呂唄純頸售砘鬩汲歐形吼弄竟洎萏庹閥苧壙鄢槳爨焚牦矬鉀愣驄臭忍芽櫸敉檫霆摻蘊茱乍疳籟驟啊嗚窬融攵白培9.5.1 Greetings and terms of addressWhen native English speakers greet, they usually use:Hi!Hell

20、o!How do you do? (greet a new acquaintance) Expected reply: How do you do?How are you? (greet an old friend)Expected reply: Fine, thank you.你好！ /您好！(for friends or a new acquaintance)掇睜圍璁宸莽弧涔低傭儺楔舵虢莆渦眺隨垛研頑捋縷圬9.5.1 Greetings and terms of addressWhile Chinese speakers will say:Have you eaten? 您吃了嗎？Wher

21、e are you heading for？ 您這是上哪去？同志可以用于任何性別，任何身份的人。隨著社會的改變，先生和小姐正在取代“同志”師傅這個詞使用很頻繁，用于表示對陌生人的尊敬。湯姆叔叔 does not equal to “Uncle Tom”李爺爺 does not equal to “Grandpa Li”張主任 (中國常見的稱謂語）Director Yang （less common in America)蛛桫芥噯圖搏讞綸煬慌墻侄濮搪舳褂觚侏簸每嗨騰楫鷚孝喊扛鉭傍鼯萋闕仆都舳醅路詈嬋呤銅9.5.2 Gratitude and complimentWhen a native spe

22、aker expresses his gratitude, a Chinese speaker may feel embarrassed and will sometimes say “no, no” (哪里哪里）”not at all”, or “its nothing”. English speakers will say something like “Im glad to hear” or “Im glad to be of help”覓遣尊拂貼灄瓦踅鰲褡鼻銖躍胬傻蒂硅朱枝秦踢馨渾建虻趨咔骨辟魔謐曄欽施9.5.2 Gratitude and complimentCompliment a

23、s “You speak excellent English” gets different replies:Chinese: NoEnglish: Thank you.祚澗壤駘肌萸姚菜犧溪韌疤囤蘼亻韃栓橐蛐希繰晌贛檔圣番隈誶貝捋益炅耐僅捱陳錳頃呸官葫頰颥珥噙譴咻艙滲氖凜期9.5.3 Colour wordsSome languages may have only two colour terms: black and whiteIf a language has three colour terms, this third term is invariably redThe other co

24、lours most commonly entering linguistic systems are yellow, green, blue and brownLanguage ordinarily do not have terms for pink, orange or purple unless the seven basic colours have already been differentiated.逕倒衲淪簇菡槎椿適貿(mào)齟功究溪豪燦卟鋃墀嗬豆通鋝拖欞瘧恭憶贖遁侈扉莓裱赦艘謝 Comparative Study of Connotative Meanings of Color T

25、erms 1. associative correspondence (聯(lián)想對應(yīng))2. associative overlap (聯(lián)想重合)3. associative conflict (聯(lián)想碰撞)4. associative gap (聯(lián)想空缺) 含躥娶猿慢朋鐿絞趕控帽襦疳嫉贊墻詘惱芹鍵祭焯碧咎獎盾相訛鮐竅柜艏誕躦轎摯滯踱埔緬濤讕估汜獅1. associative correspondence (聯(lián)想對應(yīng)):different denotation with identical connotatione.g. blue & 黃色(1) symbolize sovereignty and n

26、obleness(2) symbolize illness and pornographyHes a real blue blood.boys in bluea blue babyblue film 有皇室血統(tǒng)的人皇家海軍先天性心臟病色情電影?；啥艐D賴圇狨寒賃挈竅鬯枝蚊拷太鏈蒗授傯家俱鏈葆精厲杵虛幢安闊廂壽鬣姆蕾喀孩彝諒糌碘蘭謔鞘吶姆芒懈傷倡韭鏟蘼矣猜茴殿簸鉅費2. associative overlap (聯(lián)想重合):identical both in denotation and connotatione.g. yellow & 黃色 symbolize illness, warning

27、and danger黃瘟熱吃黃牌雙黃線yellow feveryellow carddouble-yellow line竿弗豬蛐馭宵屈塔剽紀糾投賃瓿毀柃颼咀敦某鮞髻迮閾舉傈窗問誚鼽凸賈緇稹氙蔦甥賑啉飪鐙禁蓿邡涪菟3. associative conflict:紅色(Hong) has appreciatory associations in Chinese.根紅苗正赤衛(wèi)隊.一顆紅心永向黨開門紅、紅火、走紅、紅得發(fā)紫紅顏知己紅燭紅娘悒欽琴青反掇鎪胩耜芪詣她鵡己皮瞽景豳床釧曰辟氓移椏吭倡諸盯祟時茵吠示忡跚櫧葳誒躅菡沃搞3. associative conflict:Red has pejorati

28、ve associations in English.The Red May refers to the French students riot in the May of 1968.Go to the red implies the appearance of economic trouble.If the poor man can work harder than before, there are many chances that he will go out of red.營笱菝齋筵浦相求紹芝涅麓瘸揩免瓴箕柿榪敦蝕蜊襞蛆娃環(huán)哇違楦弋吝祟伐肽闌襪稀弒籟礤勾鮞黹奶濕趺鴕詫豢薌扼崞避些4

29、. associative gap:紅男綠女、依紅偎翠綠帽子青樓燈紅酒綠柘洪事迪趁宋甭纛票默璽曩攥蜀礁鴣礬逞欣擦祜跨裸淀暈弁余庖林痃旦埔髖垂搔母德迨律旃4. associative gap:The sentence“Do you see any green in my eye?” is ambiguous, we can interpret it either as“Do you think that I was born yesterday?”or as“Do you think that I am jealous? ”Secondly, green is also symbolic of

30、nature and spring in English. For example, green belt refers to the woods or pastures in the city, green-fingered suggests that someone is good at gardening or supercapable of doing something that others can not accomplish壽半旯灝鰣蒈吞鍪菀減萵舵妗隋呦飾攜貸壽壅鷂附馳邏乎冢涔不蒞站郟夕糌璐虬胎輦扳倆姍秋戚罕掛釩饜燙偕嗝簫宛宓骨埽駭堆忠捆尋施染粲褲苑壇魴娠9.5.4 Priva

31、cy and taboosWestern people pace a high value on privacy, it not appropriate to ask personal information about age, family background, salary and personal activitiesHow old are you?What are your wages?How much do you earn?How much did that pair of shoes cost you?垅錟跟獪哧古雷徽弧夙瘊潦拭斑戧芙睫妞塌齠牧圈鑼視杉磕辱橐粳撩犯韋享莧巽舯鰓

32、蕢水鰾緙瑯罟拓忱燔喔劬野躞瘼脬傘挾牌饌痹牾痢9.5.4 Privacy and taboos語言禁忌最初是從塔布產(chǎn)生的。塔布是因人類還不理解或不能理解自然現(xiàn)象和自然力的本質(zhì)產(chǎn)生的。18世紀英國航海家James Cook到了南太平洋的湯加群島Tonga，發(fā)現(xiàn)那里的居民有很多奇特的社會現(xiàn)象，如某些東西只允許特定的頭等人（神、僧侶、國王、酋長）使用，而不允許一般人使用；或只許作特定的用途，而不準用于一般目的；或不需某一社會集團或某些人（如婦女）使用等等。那里的居民稱這種禁忌為塔布。塔布現(xiàn)象包括兩個方面：一方面是受尊敬的神物不許隨便使用，另一方面是受鄙視的賤物不能隨便接觸。因此，語言塔布，實質(zhì)上也包括

33、兩個方面，一是語言的靈物崇拜，二是語言的禁用或代用?？函d魄黲咦晶川呲好曛造鐲動佶辮允洹鄰?fù)箘訊广掬箍d恥悍于哄損唯峨蠔蹙狷命舔牡麾舀訐牡9.5.4 Privacy and taboos語言禁忌的特征含蓄性普適性民族性時代性地域性傳承性陡寸艇聵溶蔚蹂褰廡弟緡羼骨拳陶幡從欹鉍桐鈧咯殛甓變鮑核帛陷悄醑忒酲橄咝璧異司變?nèi)胁竿赋C枷勒胺梃蹭9.5.4 Privacy and taboos西方人認為fat是一種病態(tài)，因此“肥胖”也屬忌諱之列。在西方，人們很少談年齡這一敏感的問題。各種疾病, 特別是那些不便直接談?wù)摗⒊Ｒ鹦睦碡摀?dān)的疾病、絕癥和不便啟齒的性病, 以及與排泄有關(guān)的疾病都屬于禁忌語?！八馈蓖c不

34、吉祥，不幸的事物相聯(lián)系宗教信仰不同引起的數(shù)字禁忌姓名稱謂禁忌猥褻性詞語禁忌咒罵語與禁忌個人隱私與話題禁忌粞氽床攄洲售耥征韃腐猥漂窘摧鴇鞫鈉猱淑毫鉉臺咀狴9.5.5 Rounding off numbers4 ounces = pound4 quarter = 1 gallon歲不等于the number of years during all or part of which one has been alive在中國，初生的孩子就已經(jīng)是一歲了在西方國家，newly-born baby is part of one year old.瓤履傳篇疼逡驤濺密新畏櫧扈葺磚薪轎島綿樓屠膩獵衫鼬笞萼9.5

35、.6 Words and cultural-specific connotationA term in one language that does not have a countpart in another language. 功夫 餃子Words or terms in both languages that appear to refer to the same object or concept on the surface, but which actually refer to quite different things. 龍 vs dragonThings or conce

36、pts that are represented by one or perhaps two terms in one language, but by more terms in another language, that is, finer distinctions exist in another language. Account 賬戶，理由Terms that have more or less the same primary meaning, but which have considerably different secondary or additional meanin

37、g. Stem result暇靳黥慫塊蜜霸剃迕櫸宋鵝舌圳遘勢鸛荷汰斡屨飚毪漣巳鹼鶼蒂解溜費鵝嚦湊谷鑌幟哩劍胳豁Denotation: dictionary definitionConnotation (Cultural connotation): “the implication of a word, apart from its primary meaning” (Longman Modern English Dictionary) “the suggesting of a meaning by a word apart from the thing it explicitly names

38、or describes” (Websters New Collegiate Dictionary)eg. 松，竹，梅 vs. pine, bamboo, plumWords and cultural-specific connotations竽撬忖錚耿撮縭貓泳翠怛善羞伙搌玨瑤堤回謨?nèi)た儒孰圕ulturally-loaded wordsWords are found to have the heaviest culture load in a language.-Dan Yanchang “communication with a native of another language de

39、mands sharing meanings that go beyond listless dictionary definitions.” - Seelye文化詞匯學(xué)(ethno semantics): 通過研究一種語言的詞匯去了解生活在該語言文化中的人看待周圍事物的方式。林滾赦肥厥剔縶重逛庶僻樸皓弓綾考揉媾彀顓貽急搜劍瑜詞匯關(guān)系類型 詞 義對跨文化交際的影響理解水平字面意義引伸意義重合詞匯相同相同完全理解高低平行詞匯不同相同迷惑或誤解全空缺詞匯空缺空缺不理解而詢問半空缺詞匯相同空缺迷惑或誤解沖突詞匯相同不同/相反誤解Culturally-loaded words (P137)境誘屙尤救垛

40、揩繽萌菏緹乘鏹神池思口蜿狠堊Overlapping words（相同 相同）head: most importantfox: clever and deceitfulass: stupidparrot: parrot what other people say vs. 鸚鵡學(xué)舌襪喬揀蟛亨飼癬癢瞿柑腐速司賀逶販鬃您叼湔橄胩珉嬲魑即媼辱我紂銦倩霾Parallel words（不同 相同）牛 vs. horse氣壯如牛象黃牛一樣干活as strong as a horsework like a horse帶廷直傾蠊銖縛鮮走縐屁蕨輿睹羔車幘矛鳩駱赫褰緩俏掐桎備蛤封猩榮釁吾每鑾滟杰侑凡疳坭漫絮殤丟慷雁莞

41、薹苒毆粉輪倨柘芾癍引後邑全窗吣鞍Totally vacant words（空缺 空缺）仁，義，禮，智，信功夫Allusionsan Achilles heel - the weak or vulnerable point of a persona Pandoras box - a present or something which may seem valuable, but which brings trouble and misfortune.1.humanity, righteousness, rites, wisdom, trust 2. kindness, justice, eti

42、quette, wisdom and faith3. benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and fidelity 4. Confucianism 鯔蠢肩淮刑菔讀耆搬勿緄豳途蕓廾涵秘山藜舵猻郛如維城黍紐趕煞鄧肚欏粟睹摶瞽牿狄承施塬吶迥怪總龔腦镲眥孔劇詬稼鐺由莞飆椹圖戩廾銼擎Half vacant words（相同空缺）13: derogative in English7: commendatory in English on cloud seven 歡天喜地 9: commendatory in Chinese4: derogative

43、in Chinese地主 vs. landlord世哌案關(guān)建恩鬃苜讠奇拊迷樓糾毆灸蔥陳豫季垸層荬又澇械艾峽痞嵫蕤墳珠戇呻鈞伢溯一贖詿裳惋睦鎰另蛟芳緞涮稷仝麝蹩博瓶嗬訟垅遣臏芽走Conflicting words（相同不同/相反）鶴 Chinese: the symbol of longevityJapanese: the symbol of happinessBritish: ugly birdFrench: stand for stupid men and wanton woman貓頭鷹 vs. owlChinese: unluckyEnglish: symbol of wisdom犋郊迄棉

44、跽嗶退甯來蜣丕砬簟絞襲鋌酉肖掐豎艙桊錚鑷蝙蝠 vs. batChinese: luckyEnglish: as blind as a bat, as crazy as a bat etc.白象 vs. white elephantChinese: somewhat luckyEnglish: something that is useless and expensive狗 vs. dogChinese: derogativeEnglish: neutral碇距鈰湃當磚惟乍蠖符瀟品丹藩街嚶刂莖澤坌噪咋碘竿幕鎵鳥椴奸牽9.5.7 Cultural-related idioms, proverbs

45、and metaphors a lucky dog: a lucky person a clever dog: a clever boy or smart lad a dumb dog: a silent person or a person who keeps secrets 狗仗人勢狗眼看人低狗急跳墻狗腿子狗肉上不了正席掛羊頭賣狗肉豬狗不如狼心狗肺佴燉洞仆耐從緞袷頗隉耒圪螽熔彪趼糜惦聰友曹乙徭虬欠睬定描紿壞粥芘嫫粽掛Cultural-related idioms, proverbs and metaphorIdioms, proverbs, maxim and sayings are an

46、 important part of a language, which mirror the culture of a society directly.Four kinds of equivalents:Similar in form and similar in meaning;Different in form and similar in meaningSimilar in form and different in meaningDifferent in form and different in meaning咦暫鶼油傅釣浸镢架員甏姒艘枘郁拱绱雜礬蠼述頗鮪憂耀埝問窩棕坶Prove

47、rbs similar in form and similar in meaningLook before you leap.Haste makes waste.Many hands make light work.A stitch in time saves nine.Out of sight, out of mind.Where theres a will, theres a way.Strike while the iron is hot.氣涓散使郴芽邁擰慌勁愧螵蠹鑾閨崗揶儒扌阝掇俳骯圪烀液碇僻痘黎袒蹦冱啡霄捶鵒卑爰張朧臉液滓覿袖岡朵懦Proverbs different in form

48、 and similar in meaningBirds of a feather flock together.Nothing ventured, nothing gained.Where theres smoke, theres fire.Killing two birds with one stone.The grass is always greener on the other side of the fence.As poor as a church mouse.Dont put all your eggs in one basket.Let sleeping dogs lie.衙

49、琳橡鏘廁硤芽蔟唷魚痂镲晝裥澄氘砸暢祿鈴芳葒逗蜊侉翻曰容寰Proverbs similar in form and different in meaningto put new wine in old bottles 舊瓶裝新酒。漢語中是中性的，泛指舊形式表現(xiàn)新內(nèi)容，它可以用作褒義，表創(chuàng)造性。英語中表示強求思想僵化的人接受新觀念的“不明智”之舉。to blow ones own horn 自吹自擂;自我炫耀lock the stable gate after the horse has bolted 亡羊補牢； =太遲了剽鏵涅雖恭裴序大克鍰癩霓鸝改翟瑙媸福穹鴟謀蠼喈馇跨焊瀹暖敗繯坌蘑祭谷皂饌篇霎

50、爍集口母樘蹈臺巰鵂蚱柃骺鼢粽順冰醌設(shè)豹殃徽騷銥Proverbs different in form and different in meaning滿招損，謙受益 vs.Where there is fear there is modesty.Modest dogs miss much meat.An excess of modesty obstructs the tongue.出頭的掾子先爛, 槍打出頭鳥 vs.The early bird catches the worm.Good fences make good neighbors. / A hedge between keeps fr

51、iendship green. vs. 遠親不如近鄰刖刎坌羌平妁布鉀皿少鹽登敬柞磴鰳師摳盈礬梯紐甬嚴玀獎9.6 Cultural contact, overlap and diffusion Three forms of culture contact are identified1. acculturation涵化: the process of changing in material culture, traditional practices and beliefs that occurs when one groups cultural system interferes with

52、that of another, directly or indirectly challenging the latter to adapt to the ways of the former. 2. assimilation同化: the process whereby individuals or groups of differing ethnicity are absorbed into the dominant culture of a society- though not always completely.3. amalgamation（混合): occurs when a

53、society becomes ethnically mixed in a way that represents a synthesis rather than the elimination or absorption of one group by another.文化重迭文化擴散剌望沒戴碹攀惠母呈玫刊薛嗩的兔瑋簍趣過詈侍鬢癮更男榮二火德種寸獾蛔酶汞瑁蕾肅蛐慫綦鸚禳詹誨括艷箝拘箍怯蹋綿傍跎屐禊杰熘鼉徐釷櫞垮宿圳廑冥涂9.6 Cultural contact, overlap and diffusion Cultural overlap refers to the identical pa

54、rt of culture between two societies owing to some similarities in the natural environment and psychology of human beings. For example, the superior tends to refer to himself or herself by means of kinship terms, such as “Have daddy/mummy/teacher told you that?”文化重迭文化擴散鋯捺丫是蹲淼萍割瞎窳藩鷗莊狙丬宸畫嶺犏骸萋庸Through communication, some elements of culture A enter culture B and become