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1、發(fā)音語(yǔ)音學(xué)第1頁(yè),共33頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,4點(diǎn)54分,星期二Articulatory phoneticsHumans produce different kinds of sounds, not all related to language (e.g, coughing, burping)Major aspects of speech production:airstreams mechanism state of the vocal cordsstate of the velumplace & manner of articulation 第2頁(yè),共33頁(yè),2022年,5月20日
2、,4點(diǎn)54分,星期二Speech Organs 第3頁(yè),共33頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,4點(diǎn)54分,星期二Airstream Mechanism All sounds are made with some movements of airThe basic source of power is the lungsThe air goes up the windpipe (trachea) and into the larynx and out of the body through the vocal tract (i.e. mouth or nose) pulmonic egressive
3、 (= from the lungs outwards) 第4頁(yè),共33頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,4點(diǎn)54分,星期二Airstream MechanismPulmonic egressive- all human languagesPulmonic ingressove- not foundVelaric egressive- not foundVelaric ingressive- e,g, ZuluGlottalic egressive- e.g, NavajoGlottalic ingressive- e.g, Sindhi 第5頁(yè),共33頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,4點(diǎn)54分,星期二
4、The vocal cords Their outer edges are attached to muscle in the larynx while their inner edges are free.If the back end of the vocal folds are held apart, a triangular space opens up between them.The space is called glottis.第6頁(yè),共33頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,4點(diǎn)54分,星期二The vocal cords第7頁(yè),共33頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,4點(diǎn)54分,星期二S
5、tate of the vocal cordsAdjustments of the glottis is very crucial in speech production 3 positions1) Open glottis, i.e. the folds are apartnormal breathingvoiceless soundssssssssssss and ffffffffffffffffff第8頁(yè),共33頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,4點(diǎn)54分,星期二State of the vocal cordsOpen glottis第9頁(yè),共33頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,4點(diǎn)54分,星期
6、二State of the vocal cordsOpen glottis第10頁(yè),共33頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,4點(diǎn)54分,星期二State of the vocal cords cont.2) Narrow glottis: i.e. held gently togetherThe air from the lungs forces its way through them causing the folds to vibrate.Voiced soundszzzzzzzz, vvvvvvvvv and iTry it yourself!Some consonants are voic
7、ed, but ALL vowels are voiced.第11頁(yè),共33頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,4點(diǎn)54分,星期二State of the vocal cords cont.Narrow glottis第12頁(yè),共33頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,4點(diǎn)54分,星期二State of the vocal cords cont.3) Closed glottis, i.e. vocal folds are firmly pressed together. Airstream is stopped completelyGlottal stopThe t in American English
8、in words like buttonArabic第13頁(yè),共33頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,4點(diǎn)54分,星期二State of the vocal cords cont.Closed glottis第14頁(yè),共33頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,4點(diǎn)54分,星期二State of the vocal cords cont.Other less common configurations:When vocal cords open only at one end (creaky voice); e.g. (Hausa) When the vocal cords are apart; but fo
9、rce of air may still cause some vibration (breathy voice), or (murmured); e.g (Hindi) 第15頁(yè),共33頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,4點(diǎn)54分,星期二The VelumVelum (soft palate): muscular flap at the back of the roof of the mouthWhen velum is raised; air flows into the oral tract resulting in oral soundswhen velum is lowered, air
10、flows into both mouth & nose resulting in nasal sounds as m, n 第16頁(yè),共33頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,4點(diǎn)54分,星期二The Oral Tract The air passages above the larynx are known as vocal tractThe shape of the vocal tract is very important in the production of speech.Made up of:Oral cavity (mouth and pharynx)Nasal cavityThe
11、parts of the vocal tract that are used to form sounds are called articulators.Upper and lower surface第17頁(yè),共33頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,4點(diǎn)54分,星期二The Oral TractContains:Active articulators: lower lip & tongue Passive articulators: upper surfaces of the oral tract (non-mobile parts) upper lip, teeth, pharynx wall
12、& roof of the mouth which includes: Alveolar ridge- behind upper teethHard palate- bony structureSoft palate or velum- at the back of the mouth第18頁(yè),共33頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,4點(diǎn)54分,星期二The Oral TractTongue- five areas:1) Tip at the very front2) Blade below the alveolar ridge3) Front below the hard palate4) Bac
13、k below the soft palate5) Root towards the rear wall of the pharynx第19頁(yè),共33頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,4點(diǎn)54分,星期二The Oral Tract (Tongue) 第20頁(yè),共33頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,4點(diǎn)54分,星期二Manner of articulation How close the active and passive articulators come to each other (stricture)?Refers to the way in which the airstream is mod
14、ified in the vocal tractClosureNarrowingApproximation第21頁(yè),共33頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,4點(diǎn)54分,星期二StopsA complete closure at the place of articulationTwo types: oral and nasalOral stopsVelum is raisedArticulators are close enough (in different points) to build pressure in the oral cavity.Airstream is released wit
15、h a burst of sound 第22頁(yè),共33頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,4點(diǎn)54分,星期二FricativesThink of frictionAirstream partially obstructedHissing sounds sibilants= high-pitched hissing sounds s and 第23頁(yè),共33頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,4點(diǎn)54分,星期二AffricatesAn affricate is a stop with an extended and controlled fricative phase following the obstruc
16、tion a combination of stop + fricative): = voiceless post-alveolar affricate = voiced post-alveolar affricate第24頁(yè),共33頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,4點(diǎn)54分,星期二ApproximantArticulators approach each other but do not touchj in yes and w in weAlways voiced第25頁(yè),共33頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,4點(diǎn)54分,星期二Liquids, Glides & VowelsFree passage
17、 of air through oral tractVowels & glides y, w: articulators are wide apart & air flows unhindered (open approximation) Liquids l, r: contact & free air passage 第26頁(yè),共33頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,4點(diǎn)54分,星期二Place of articulation What parts of the vocal tract are used to produce a soundName is based on passive arti
18、culatorTypes of obstruction required in the description of English consonants 第27頁(yè),共33頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,4點(diǎn)54分,星期二Place of articulation 第28頁(yè),共33頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,4點(diǎn)54分,星期二Place of articulationRetroflex: tongue tip is curled towards the back of the mouth; t & d in Indian EnglishPharyngeal: moving root of the
19、tongue towards back of the throat第29頁(yè),共33頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,4點(diǎn)54分,星期二Place of articulation第30頁(yè),共33頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,4點(diǎn)54分,星期二Speech Sound Classification We classify consonants according to:VoicingPlace of articulationManner of articulation & Vowels according to:part of the tongue used Position of the tongueLip rounding 第31頁(yè),共33頁(yè),2022年,5月20日,4點(diǎn)54分,星期二Supra-segmental Structure Syllable: not easy to define; can be countedAll syllables have vowels (obligatory)& may be preceded and/or followed by one or more consonantsSome syllabl
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