國科大研一課程學(xué)習(xí)2017-2018春季英文科技寫作sclecture

1、1 Previous studies have indicated that UFO sightings and earthquakes may be related. 2 In this study, we collect data from five countries about the average number of UFOs reported each week, the number of UFOs reported one week prior to an earthquake, and the age of the people reporting UFOs. 3 In o

2、ur opinion, UFO sightings can be used to predict earthquakes. 4 Figure 1 shows the relationship between the number of UFO sightings on an average week and the number of UFOs one week prior to an earthquake. 5 As can be seen in Figure 1, UFO sightings are increasing one week before earthquakes. 6 For

3、 example, 58 UFOs are reported in America one week before a earthquake compared to 18 on an average week. 7 Besides, when we surveyed the Russian data we found that there are 12 UFO sightings during an average week, but then UFOs are reported by 27 people one week before an earthquake. 8 And whats m

4、ore, in Canada there were 12 UFO sightingsWhat is wrong with this Results section?Identify the problem with each sentence.1 Previous studies have indicated that UFO sightings and earthquakes may be related. 2 In this study, we collect data from five countries about the average number of UFOs reporte

5、d each week, the number of UFOs reported one week prior to an earthquake, and the age of the people reporting UFOs. 3 In our opinion, UFO sightings can be used to predict earthquakes. 4 Figure 1 shows the relationship between the number of UFO sightings on an average week and the number of UFOs one

6、week prior to an earthquake. 5 As can be seen in Figure 1, UFO sightings are increasing one week before earthquakes. 6 For example, 58 UFOs are reported in America one week before a earthquake compared to 18 on an average week. Besides, when we surveyed the Russian data we found that there are 12 UF

7、O sightings during an average week, but then UFOs are reported by 27 people one week before an earthquake.Emphasize ResultsDid you notice these problems?Background information not necessaryMethods not necessaryNo opinions Put in DiscussionSubordinate FigureReport results using Past tenseData dumpRes

8、ultsEmphasizing Results (and Other Things)Most data belong in figures or tables. If a lot of data are presented in text, they can overwhelm results.Data Overwhelming ResultsRead this text. Which sentence reports results?1 We compared paired sampling locations with similar vegetation and climate but

9、very different soil pHs. 2 Duke Forest, North Carolina, showed that when the pH was 6.8 the estimated bacterial diversity given by Shannon index was H = 5.2-5.5, while in soils with pH 5.1 the estimated bacterial diversity was H = 2.2-2.7. 3 Similarly for two tropical forest soils collected 1 km apa

10、rt in the Peruvian Amazon, the soil with a pH of 5.5 had an estimated bacterial richness of H = 5.6-5.8, and the soil with a pH of 4.1 had an estimated bacterial richness of H = 4-4.3 (Fig. 2). 4 Thus, soil bacterial diversity varied across ecosystem types. 5 Of all soil and site variables examined,

11、 soil pH was, by far, the best predictor of soil bacterial diversity with an r2 = 0.58 and a P value greater than 0.0001 and with the lowest levels of diversity observed in acid soils. Most data belong in figures or tables. If a lot of data are presented in text, they can overwhelm results.Data Over

12、whelming ResultsRead this text. Which sentence reports results?1 We compared paired sampling locations with similar vegetation and climate but very different soil pHs. 2 Duke Forest, North Carolina, showed that when the pH was 6.8 the estimated bacterial diversity given by Shannon index was H = 5.2-

13、5.5, while in soils with pH 5.1 the estimated bacterial diversity was H = 2.2-2.7. 3 Similarly for two tropical forest soils collected 1 km apart in the Peruvian Amazon, the soil with a pH of 5.5 had an estimated bacterial richness of H = 5.6-5.8, and the soil with a pH of 4.1 had an estimated bacte

14、rial richness of H = 4-4.3 (Fig. 2). 4 Thus, soil bacterial diversity varied across ecosystem types. 5 Of all soil and site variables examined, soil pH was, by far, the best predictor of soil bacterial diversity with an r2 = 0.58 and a P value greater than 0.0001 and with the lowest levels of divers

15、ity observed in acid soils. Where should we report results?Data Overwhelming Results1 Soil bacterial diversity varied across ecosystem types. 2 Of all soil and site variables examined, soil pH was, by far, the best predictor of soil bacterial diversity with an r2 = 0.58 and a P value greater than 0.

16、0001 and with the lowest levels of diversity observed in acid soils. One or two especially important values can be used in the text for emphasis.Place data in parentheses to emphasize results.How can you support results without overwhelming them with data?How can you support results without overwhel

17、ming with data?Data Overwhelming Results1 Thus, soil bacterial diversity varied across ecosystem types. 2 Of all soil and site variables examined, soil pH was, by far, the best predictor of soil bacterial diversity with an r2 = 0.58 and a P value greater than 0.0001 and (r2 = 0.58, P 0.0001) with th

18、e lowest levels of diversity observed in acid soils. One or two especially important values can be used in the text for emphasis.Place data in parentheses to emphasize results.How can you support results without overwhelming with data?Data Overwhelming Results1 Thus, soil bacterial diversity varied

19、across ecosystem types. 2 Of all soil and site variables examined, soil pH was, by far, the best predictor of soil bacterial diversity with an r2 = 0.58 and a P value greater than 0.0001 and (r2 = 0.58, P 0.0001) with the lowest levels of diversity observed in acid soils. One or two especially impor

20、tant values can be used in the text for emphasis.Place data in parentheses to emphasize results.3 We compared paired sampling locations with similar vegetation and climate but very different soil pHs. 4 Duke Forest, North Carolina, showed that when the pH was 6.8 the estimated bacterial diversity gi

21、ven by Shannon index was H = 5.2-5.5, while in soils with pH 5.1 the estimated bacterial diversity was H = 2.2-2.7. How can you support results without overwhelming with data?Data Overwhelming Results1 Thus, soil bacterial diversity varied across ecosystem types. 2 Of all soil and site variables exa

22、mined, soil pH was, by far, the best predictor of soil bacterial diversity with an r2 = 0.58 and a P value greater than 0.0001 and (r2 = 0.58, P 0.0001) with the lowest levels of diversity observed in acid soils. One or two especially important values can be used in the text for emphasis.Place data

23、in parentheses to emphasize results.3 We compared paired sampling locations with similar vegetation and climate but very different soil pHs. 4 For example, two deciduous forest soils collected in Duke Forest, North Carolina, showed that when the pH was 6.8 the soil with the higher pH (Site DF2, pH =

24、 6.8) had an the estimated bacterial richness 60% higher given by Shannon index was H = 5.1 5.3, while in soils with pH 5.1 the estimated bacterial diversity was H = 2.2 2.7 than the more acidic soil (Site DF3, pH = 5.1). Revise this sentence by omitting data.Data Overwhelming Results3 Similarly for

25、 two tropical forest soils collected 1 km apart in the Peruvian Amazon, the soil with a pH of 5.5 had an estimated bacterial richness of H = 5.6-5.8, and the soil with a pH of 4.1 had an estimated bacterial richness of H = 4-4.3 (Fig. 2). 3 Similarly for two tropical forest soils collected 1 km apar

26、t in the Peruvian Amazon, the soil with the higher pH (Site PE8, pH = 5.5) had an estimated bacterial richness 26% higher than the more acidic soil (Site PE7, pH = 4.1). Do you have something like this?Note the word choice: (1) data are analyzed, (2) language is quantitative.e.g., instead of saying

27、”diversity is slightly higher”, say “26% higher.”What is the purpose of this sentence?Subordinate MethodsWe compared paired sampling locations with similar vegetation and climate but very different soil pHs. Do we need a methods statement?In Results section of studies in which all experiments are de

28、signed in advance, do not use a methods statement as topic sentence.What if I need to state the Methods?1. Method as Topic Sentence (undesirable)2. Method Subordinated as the Subject; Result in Verb + Object3. Method Subordinated in a Transition Phrase; Result in Subject + Verb4. Method Subordinated

29、 in a Transition Clause; Result in Main ClauseWhere is the method? Where is the result?Method Subordinated as SubjectPropranolol administered during normal ventilation decreased phospholipid (Fig. 1)Propranolol administered during normal ventilation decreased We decapitated D. japonica before normal

30、 fission. This delayed waist formation (Fig. 1).Revise these sentences. Make the method the subject.RT-PCR of whole-body volatile collections from six healthy and six malaria infected mice revealed that volatile emissions decreased in infected mice (Fig. 1)Decapitation of D. japonica before normal f

31、ission delayed waist formation (Fig. 1). RT-PCR of whole-body volatile collections from six healthy and six malariarevealedInfected miceMethod Subordinated as SubjectRevise these sentences. Make the method the subject.We used DAPC analysis to examine mice during the acute and chronic phase. This ana

32、lysis revealed a clear distinction between healthy and infected individuals during the acute and chronic phases (Fig. 5)We used principal components analysis of environmental conditions to examine where clustered communities occurred. We found that clustered communities occur in cool, moist high-ele

33、vation environments on the western side of the Andes.DAPC analysis of mice revealed a clear distinction between healthy and infected individuals during the acute and chronic phases (Fig. 5)Principal components analysis showed that clustered communities occur in cool, moist high-elevation environment

34、s on the western side of the Andes.Where is the method? Where is the result?Method Subordinated in Transition PhraseAfter administration of propranolol during normal ventilation, phospholipid decreased (Fig. 1). After administration of propranolol during normal ventilationdecreased We decapitated D.

35、 japonica before normal fission. This delayed waist formation (Fig. 1).Revise these sentences. Put method in Transition Phrase.We used principal components analysis of environmental conditions to examine where clustered communities occurred. We found that clustered communities occur in cool, moist h

36、igh-elevation environments on the western side of the Andes.phospholipidWhere is the method? Where is the result?Method Subordinated in Transition PhraseAfter administration of propranolol during normal ventilation, phospholipid decreased (Fig. 1). After administration of propranolol during normal v

37、entilationdecreased After decapitation of D. japonica prior to fission, waist formation was delayed (Fig. 1). Revise these sentences. Put method in Transition Phrase.According to principal components analysis of environmental conditions, clustered communities occur in cool, moist high-elevation envi

38、ronments on the western side of the Andes. Where is the method? Where is the result?Method Subordinated in Transition ClauseWhen propranolol was administered during normal ventilation, phospholipid decreased (Fig. 1). When propranolol was administered during normal ventilationdecreased We decapitate

39、d D. japonica before normal fission. This delayed waist formation (Fig. 1).Revise these sentences. Put method in Transition Clause.We used DAPC analysis to examine during the acute and chronic phase. This analysis revealed a clear distinction between healthy and infected individuals during the acute

40、 and chronic phases (Fig. 5)Where is the method? Where is the result?Method Subordinated in Transition PhraseWhen propranolol was administered during normal ventilation, phospholipid decreased (Fig. 1). When propranolol was administered during normal ventilationdecreased When we decapitated D. japon

41、ica before normal fission, waist formation was delayed (Fig. 1).Revise these sentences. Put method in Transition Clause.When we used DAPC analysis to examine the difference between healthy and infected individuals, we found a clear distinction between healthy and infected individuals during the acut

42、e and chronic phases (Fig. 5)Revise this sentence by subordinating methods.Subordinate MethodsWe compared paired sampling locations with similar vegetation and climate but very different soil pHs. There was a strong correlation between bacterial diversity and soil pH at the local scale.When we compa

43、red paired sampling locations with similar vegetation and climate but very different soil pHs, we found evidence for the strong correlation between bacterial diversity and soil pH at the local scale.Do you have something like this?In the Results section, the main verbs should describe results, not m

44、ethods. Avoid sentences that state methods only. Statistics and ResultsStatistics are essential for establishing credibility, butJohns affection for Jane was significantly greater than zero.the story is not in the statistics, but in the data themselves.Which would you write?John likes having an occa

45、sional cup of coffee with JaneJohn is desperately, madly, passionately in love with Jane.Warming significantly increased methane emissions (p 0.05)Warming increased methane emissions by a factor of 3.4 (p 0.05). Warming increased methane emissions by a factor of 10 (p 0.05). Suggests no difference b

46、etween treatment and control P value still greater than 90%Problems Mixes results and interpretationStatistics and StoriesWrite a sentence for this graph.There was no significant effect of the treatment (p 0.05). The response to the treatment was 2.3 times higher than in the control (p = 0.07).Stati

47、stics and StoriesIs this a strong or weak relationship?Weak correlation!Statistically significant!Dont confuse statistical significance with importance.Statistics and StoriesIs this a strong or weak relationship? Is it significant?There was a strong positive correlation between eye-separation and ba

48、ck hairiness (r2 = .75, p 0.001). Ant species density was significantly and positively correlated both with temperature (r2 = 0.55, p 0.001) and NRI (r2 = .17, p = 0.0002). We found evidence for a strong correlation between bacterial diversity and soil pH at the local scale (r2 = 0.58, p 0.0001). Ho

49、w would you describe the relationship between x and y with r2 = 0.10, p 0.001?The relationship between x and y is weak but statistically significant (r2 = 0.10, p 0.001).Writing Assignment #1: ResultsDue May 10Revise your Results section.1. Do your data overwhelm your results?2. Did you subordinate

50、Methods?3. Do statistics support results? 4. Have you addressed other problems weve discussed?Conclusions dont let data overwhelm results subordinate results statistics and resultsDealing with LimitationsHow do you address negatives without undermining positives?Yes, butHowever, because our fingerpr

51、inting method underestimates total bacterial diversity, we cannot predict how the absolute diversity of bacteria changes across the pH gradient.Whats wrong with this?Puts “but” last, which makes it the most powerful messageTry “Yes, but”Dealing with LimitationsTry “Yes, but”1 Soil bacterial diversit

52、y varied across ecosystem types (Fig. 2). 2 Of all soil and site variables examined, soil pH was, by far, the best predictor of soil bacterial diversity (r2 = 0.58, P 0.0001) with the lowest levels of diversity observed in acid soils. 3 Because our fingerprinting method underestimates total bacteria

53、l diversity, we cannot predict how the absolute diversity of bacteria changes across the pH gradient. 4 When we compare paired sampling locations with similar vegetation and climate but very different soil pHs, we find evidence for the strong correlation between bacterial diversity and soil pH at th

54、e local scale. 5 For example, two deciduous forest soils collected in the Duke Forest, North Carolina, showed that the soil with the higher pH (Site DF2, pH = 6.8) had an estimated bacterial richness 60% higher than the more acidic soil (Site DF3, pH = 5.1). Which sentence addresses the limitation?M

55、ost data belong in figures or tables. If a lot of data are presented in text, they can overwhelm results.1 The baseline pulmonary artery pressure decreased from 9.4 1.8 to 8.4 1.5 cm H2O when NaHCO3 was infused and from 9.0 2.1 to 7.9 1.5 cm H2O when PICO2 was decreased in the lungs of 20 rabbits. 2 The pulmonary artery response to alveolar hypoxia at a pH of 7.35-7.42 was no different from the response to alveolar hypoxia at a pH of 7.5-7.65 (Fig. 3). 3 These results were the same regardless of whether alkalosis was induced by decreasing PICO2 or by infusing NaHCO3 (Fig. 3).