2023新高考新教材版英語高考第二輪復習-專題八　主旨要義

1、2023新高考新教材版英語高考第二輪復習 專題八主旨要義Passage 1When a chunk of ice fell from a collapsing glacier （冰川）on the Swiss Alps Mount Eiger in 2017, part of the long deep sound it produced was too low for human ears to detect. But these vibrations held a key to calculating the ice avalanches （崩塌）critical characterist

2、ics.Low-frequency sound waves called infrasound that travel great distances through the atmosphere are already used to monitor active volcanoes from afar. Now some researchers in this field have switched focus from fire to ice: dangerous blocks snapping off glaciers. Previous work has analyzed infra

3、sound from snow avalanches but never ice, says Boise State University geophysicist Jeffrey Johnson. 44This was different,Johnson says. “A signature of a new material has been detected with infrasound.Usually glaciers move far too slowly to generate an infrasound signal, which researchers pick up usi

4、ng detectors that track slight changes in air pressure. But collapse-sudden, rapid breaking of ice from the glaciers main bodyis a prolific infrasound producer. Glacial collapse drives ice avalanches, which pose an increasing threat to people in mountainous regions as rising temperatures weaken larg

5、e fields of ice. A glacier “can become detached from the ground due to melting, causing bigger break-offs,M says University of Florence geologist Emanuele Marchetti, lead author of the new study. As the threat grows, scientists seek new ways to monitor and detect such collapse.Researchers often use

6、radar to track ice avalanches, which is precise but expensive and can monitor only one specific location and neighboring avalanche paths. Infrasound, Marchetti says, is cheaper and can detect break-off events around a much broader area as well as multiple avalanches across a mountain. It is challeng

7、ing, however, to separate a signal into its components （such as traffic noises, individual avalanches and nearby earthquakes） without additional measurements, says ETH Zurich glaciologist Malgorzata Chmiel. “The model used by Marchetti is a first approximation for this. she says. Isolating the relev

8、ant signal helps the researchers monitor an ice avalanches speed, path and volume from afar using infrasound.Marchetti and his colleagues are now working to improve their detectors to pick up more signals across at-risk regions in Europe, and they have set up collaborations around the continent to b

9、etter understand signals that collapsing glaciers produce. They are also refining their mathematical analysis to figure out each ice cascades physical details.What can we learn from Paragraph 2 and Paragraph 3?A.Infrasound has a major role to play in discovering new materials.B.Ice avalanches are a

10、bigger threat to people than volcanic eruptions.C.Researchers are trying to use infrasound for detecting ice avalanches.Scientists employ infrasound more in mountain areas than in other places.Which is an advantage of infrasound over radar?A.The combination with other relevant signals.B.The accuracy

11、 in locating a certain avalanche.C.The ability in picking up signals in wider areas.D.The sensitivity in tracking air pressure changes.The underlined word this in Paragraph 4 refers to .A.distinguishing different components of a signalB.detecting multiple avalanches at the same timeC.calculating the

12、 speed and path of ice avalanchesD.monitoring the specific location of ice break-offs. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?A.From Fire to IceB.Glacier WhispersC.Nature is WarningD.Secret of Ice Avalanches答案語篇解讀次聲是一種低頻音波，科學家們正在致力于利用次聲來監(jiān)測冰J11崩塌。l .c主旨要義題。第二、三段的關鍵詞是次聲(infraso

13、und)和冰崩(ice avalanches),在第三段最后一句中 提到“科學家們找尋新方法來監(jiān)測冰崩”，這些新方法中的一種就是利用次聲。.C細節(jié)理解題。第四段的前兩句將雷達和次聲進行了對比，比起雷達，用次聲更加便宜且探測范圍更大(can detect break-off events around a much broader area)0.A推測詞義題。this指代前面出現(xiàn)的事物，前句中提到“It is challenging, however, tejjeparatesignaL intoits3mponeg”，這與A項要表達的意思一致。.B主旨要義題。文章主要介紹科學家利用次聲監(jiān)測冰川

14、崩塌.B項中的Glacier與冰川對應，而Whispers則與聲音（次聲）呼應。Passage 2Last year scientists reported using a neural implant （神經植入物）in a mans brain to restore his ability to communicate. The man has been partially paralyzed and unable to produce comprehensible speech since suffering a severe stroke. It is the latest advan

15、ce in the exploding field of brain-computer interfaces （接口）, or BCIs, which allow computers to read information out of a living brain.Brain-computer interfaces are possible because of two facts. The first is that your brain contains hundreds of tiny maps. Each represents specific features of your ph

16、ysical feelings and intended actions. And crucially, the basic set of brain maps and their locations within the brain are very similar across individuals.Thanks to their specialized functions and universal locations, brain maps are ideal entry points for BC1 technologies. Picking up signals from a b

17、rain map is only the first step in making a useful BCI. Although the location of a brain map is the same across individuals, the detailswhat patterns of activity within the map mean-differ from person to person. In a sense, the unique features of your specific brain maps serve as a kind of encryptio

18、n （力口密），safeguarding your specific thoughts and feelings from would-be spies.That brings us to the second fact that makes BCIs possible. Thanks to advances in machine learning, scientists have developed programs that can learn to recognize key patterns in a vast sea of numbers. They train these prog

19、rams to decode（解碼）brain signals by feeding them tons of examples. Researchers developing BCIs often create such examples by instructing an individual to think specific thoughts at specific times, creating a neural curriculum for the program to learn from.While the universal features and locations of

20、 brain maps make them obvious entrances for BCIs, the unique features of your brain maps tend to protect them from spying eyes. In cases where BCIs have successfully read specific thoughts or intentions from a brain, it has been with the permission of the individual whose brain was being read. But t

21、here are surreptitious ways to train decoders on your brain without your knowledge. This can happen if your neural data falls into the hands of companies with detailed information about your activities.Like all technologies, brain-computer interfaces are not necessarily good or bad. Yet while harves

22、ting the benefits of BCIs, we need to ensure that we have the means to protect ourselves from corporations with every motive to take advantage of this technology for their financial gain.What can we learn about brain maps?A.They carry unique messages.B.They can process encrypted signals.C.Their func

23、tions vary from person to person.D.Their locations reveal human thinking patterns.What can we infer from the passage?A.BCIs can boost brain signals dramatically.B.BCIs could help recover from brain injuries.C.Machine learning enables BCIs to read mind.D.The decoding of the brain may be affected by B

24、CIs.What does the underlined word “surreptitious“ in Paragraph 5 probably mean?A.Secure.B.Stable.C.Standard. D.Secret.What does the passage mainly talk about?A.The future trend of BCIs.B.The potential risks of BCIs.C.The working principle of BCIs.D.The general applications of BCIs.林宏語篇解讀BCI是一種連接大腦與電

25、腦的接口，它允許計算機讀取活體大腦中的信息.A 推理判斷題。根據第二段中的“The first is that your brain contains hundreds of tiny maps. EaehurepresenJ&specifitieaiures of your physical feelings and intended actions.”和第三段中的“In a sense,由 unique菱則毀_oyQUTJi陷ificbiainmaps serve as a kind of encryption, safeguarding your specific thoughts an

26、d feelings from would-be spies.“可知，大腦地圖承載著獨特的信息。.C 推理判斷題。根據第四段中的Than據 t。advances in machine learning, scientists have developed programs that can learn to recognize key patterns in a vast sea of numbers. They train these programs to decode brain signals by feeding them tons of examples.”可知，機器學習使 BCI

27、 能夠讀BA腦。.D推測詞義題。畫線詞所在句子中出現(xiàn)了 without your knowledge,指“在你不知情的情況下”，因此那 些方法應該是秘密的(secret)。.C主旨要義題。本篇文章主要闡述了 BCI是如何讀取大腦中的信息的，即BCI的工作原理。Passage 3Both misinformation, which includes honest mistakes, and disinformation, which involves an intention to mislead, have had a growing impact on teenage students ov

28、er the past 20 years. One tool that schools can use to deal with this problem is called media literacy education. The idea is to teach teenage students how to evaluate and think critically about the messages they receive. Yet there is profound disagreement about what to teach.Some approaches teach s

29、tudents to distinguish the quality of the information in part by learning how responsible journalism is. Yet some scholars argue that these methods overstate journalism and do little to cultivate critical thinking skills. Other approaches teach students methods for evaluating the credibility of news

30、 and information sources, in part by determining the incentive of those sources. They teach students to ask: What encouraged them to create it and why? But even if these approaches teach students specific skills well, some experts argue that determining credibility of the news is just the first step

31、. Once students figure out if its true or false, what is the other assessment and the other analysis they need to do?Worse still, some approaches to media literacy education not only dont work but might actually backfire by increasing students skepticism about the way the media work. Students may be

32、gin to read all kinds of immoral motives into everything. It is good to educate students to challenge their assumptions, but its very easy for students to go from healthy critical thinking to unhealthy skepticism and the idea that everyone is lying all the time.To avoid these potential problems, bro

33、ad approaches that help students develop mindsets in which they become comfortable with uncertainty are in need. According to educational psychologist William Perry of Harvard University, students go through various stages of learning. First, children are black-and-white thinkersthey think there are

34、 right answers and wrong answers. Then they develop into relativists, realizing that knowledge can be contextual. This stage is the one where people can come to believe there is no truth. With media literacy education, the aim is to get students to the next level-that place where they can start to s

35、ee and appreciate the fact that the world is messy, and that5s okay. They have these fundamental approaches to gathering knowledge that they can accept, but they still value uncertainty.Schools still have a long way to go before they get there, though. Many more studies will be needed for researcher

36、s to reach a comprehensive understanding of what works and what doesnt over the long term. Education scholars need to take an ambitious step forward,M says Howard Schneider, director of The Center for News Literacy at Stony Brook University.As for media literacy education, what is the authors major

37、concern?A.How to achieve its goal.B.How to measure its progress.C.How to avoid its side effects.D.How to promote its importance.What does the underlined word “incentive“ in Paragraph 2 probably mean?A.Importance.B.Variety.C.Motivation.D.Benefit.The author mentions stages of learning in Paragraph 4 m

38、ainly to .A.compare different types of thinkingB.evaluate students9 mind developmentC.explain a theory of educational psychologyD.stress the need to raise students, thinking levels4. Which would be the best title for this passage?A.Media Literacy Education: Much Still RemainsB.Media Literacy Educati

39、on: Schools Are to BlameC.Media Literacy Education: A Way to Identify False InformationD.Media Literacy Education: A Tool for Testing Critical Thinking答案語篇解讀作者就如何實現(xiàn)媒介素養(yǎng)教育目標、幫助學生適應不確定性提出了不同的方法。.A 細節(jié)理解題。由第一段第二、三句One tool that schools can use to deal with this problem is called media literacy education

40、. The idea is to teach teenage students how to evaluate and think critically about the messages they receive.”可知作者最關心的是如何實現(xiàn)媒介素養(yǎng)教育的目標青少年學生如何評估和 批判性地思考他們收到的信息。.C推測詞義題。想讓學生評估新聞和信息來源的可信度，可以讓他們通過確定那些來源的. 確定來源的重要性(importance)、多樣性(variety)和優(yōu)勢(benefit)都無法與可信度匹配，而確定來源的動機 (motivation),清楚發(fā)布這些新聞和信息的目的才有可能識別其是否可

41、信，故選C.D推理判斷題。本段中提到學生會經歷不同的學習階段,繼而詳細闡述了每個階段的不同并且體現(xiàn) 出各階段的進階性。接著便提到“With media literacy education, theaimisggeLStudent&lQJhencxL.level.”,這說明提高學生思維水平是非常有必要的，故選D。.A主旨要義題。本文圍繞著Media Literacy Education展開,且文章最后一段第一句指出，學校在通過 媒介素養(yǎng)教育幫助學生成長方面還有很長的路要走。Passage 4The US scientists who created the first living robot

42、s say the life forms, known as xenobots, can now reproducein a way not seen in plants and animals. The xenobot is formed from the stem cells of the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis), from which it takes its name.“Frogs have a way of reproducing that they normally use, but when you liberate the st

43、em cells from the embryo (胚胎)and you give them a chance to figure out how to be in a new environment, not only do they figure out a new way to move, but they also figure out apparently a new way to reproduce, said Michael Levin, a professor of biology at Tufts University, who was co-lead author of t

44、he new research.Stem cells are unspecialized cells that have the ability to develop into different cell types. To make the xenobots, the researchers removed living stem cells from frog embryos and left them to develop.“Most people think of robots as being made of metal, but its not so much what a ro

45、bot is made from but what it does, which acts on its own on behalf of people,said Josh Bongard, a computer science professor and robotics expert at the University of Vermont and lead author of the study. In that way, its a robot, but its also clearly an organism made from frog cells.The researchers

46、found that the xenobots could replicate （自我復制）.But it happened rarely and only in specific circumstances. The xenobots used “kinetic replicationa process that is known to occur at the molecular （分子的）level.With the help of artificial intelligence, the researchers then tested billions of body shapes t

47、o make the xenobots more effective at this type of replication. The supercomputer came up with a C-shape that looked like Pac-Man, the 1980s video game. They found it was able to find tiny stem cells, gather hundreds of them inside its mouth, and a few days later the pack of cells became new xenobot

48、s.“AI didnt program these machines in the way we usually think about writing code. It shaped and sculpted and came up with this Pac-Man shape J Bongard said. The shape is, in essence, the program. The shape influences how the xenobots behave to speed up this incredibly surprising process.The xenobot

49、s are very early technology-think of a 1940s computer-and dont yet have any practical applications. However, this combination of molecular biology and artificial intelligence could potentially be used in many tasks in the body and the environment. This may include things like collecting microplastic

50、s in the oceans, inspecting root systems and regenerative medicine. There are many things that are possible if we take advantage of this kind of plasticity and ability of cells to solve problems, Bongard said.According to Josh Bongard, a robot should be defined in terms of.A.its functionB.its reliab

51、ilityC.its appearanceD.its material. What can we learn about xenobots from the passage?A.Xenobots have copied stem cells using computer programs.B.Specialized cells play a key role in the replication of xenobots.C.AI makes it possible for xenobots to replicate more effectively.D.The shape of xenobot

52、s was inspired by a video game in the 1980s.What is the authors attitude towards future applications of xenobots?A.Disapproving.B.Optimistic.C.Unconcemed.0.Objective.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?A.Where does the unnatural replication process lead?B.Are xenobots the

53、future of artificial intelligence?C.The uncertain role of robot reproductionD.Fact or fantasy? Robots can reproduce答案【語篇解讀】科學家創(chuàng)造出一批可以繁殖的“異種機器人”，文章闡述了其研究過程和發(fā)展前景。.A 細節(jié)理解題。根據第四段中 Josh 所說的話“Most people think of robots as being made of metal, but its not so much what a robot is made from but what it does

54、, which acts on its own on behalf of people”可知， 問題不在于機器人是由什么制成的，而在于它能做什么.所以機器人應該根據它的功能來被定義。.C 細節(jié)理解題。根據第六段第一句WilhlhfeJielRQLailifieiaUnteUig&n怎 the researchers then tested billions of body shapes to make the xenobots more effective at this type of replication.”可知.人工智能使異種 機器人更有效地自我復制成為可能。.B 推理判斷題。根據最后

55、一段最后一句中的“There are many things that are possible if welake advantage of this kind of plasticity and ability of cells to solve problems”可推斷出，作者對異種機器人的未 來應用持樂觀態(tài)度。4.D主旨要義題。文章主要介紹了科學家創(chuàng)造出一批可以繁殖(reproduce)的“異種機器人工根據關鍵 詞可鎖定C項和D項,C項中的“uncertain role(不確定的作用)”與主旨不符。D項中的“Fact or fantasy? 是對“可以繁殖”進行的提問，而文章也給出了答

56、案，所以D項正確。Passage 5Do you listen to quiet music to help you wind down before sleep? However, this practice could be counterproductive, according to a new study by Michael K. Scullin and colleagues at Baylor University. The work, published in Psychological Medicine, found that bedtime music was associ

57、ated with more sleep disruptions and that instrumental music is even worse than music with lyrics.In the first study, 199 online participants living in the US reported on their sleep quality and music listening frequency and timing, as well as their beliefs about how this affected their sleep. Almos

58、t all-87%一believed that music improves sleep, or at least does not disrupt it. However, the team found that more overall time spent listening to music was associated with poorer sleep and daytime sleepiness. Just over three quarters of the participants also reported experiencing frequent “earworms”h

59、aving a song or tune “stuck“ and replaying in their minds. A quarter reported experiencing these during the night at least once per week, and these people were six times as likely to report poor sleep quality. The teams analysis suggested that listening specifically to instrumental music near bedtim

60、e was linked to more sleep-related earworms and poorer sleep quality. The team then ran an experimental study on 48 young adults. After arriving at the sleep lab at 8:45 p.m., participants went to a quiet bedroom, where they completed questionnaires that included measures of stress, sleep quality an