材料導(dǎo)論課程教案課件

1、材料導(dǎo)論材料導(dǎo)論教材：勵(lì)杭泉編 “材料導(dǎo)論”, 輕工業(yè)出版社, 2000參考書：任選教材：一、什么是材料？一、什么是材料？What are materials? Materials are the matter of the universe. These substances have properties that make them useful in structures, machines, devices, products, and systems. 材料是宇宙間可用于制造用品的物質(zhì)。What are materials? Materia材料導(dǎo)論課程教案課件聚丙烯短纖維聚丙烯短纖

2、維塑料布塑料布材料導(dǎo)論課程教案課件材料導(dǎo)論課程教案課件材料導(dǎo)論課程教案課件材料導(dǎo)論課程教案課件材料導(dǎo)論課程教案課件材料導(dǎo)論課程教案課件材料導(dǎo)論課程教案課件材料導(dǎo)論課程教案課件門窗玻璃門窗玻璃材料導(dǎo)論課程教案課件材料導(dǎo)論課程教案課件材料導(dǎo)論課程教案課件材料導(dǎo)論課程教案課件材料導(dǎo)論課程教案課件材料導(dǎo)論課程教案課件汽車與高速公路汽車與高速公路鐵路鐵路二、材料發(fā)展史二、材料發(fā)展史材料的發(fā)展史=人類的文明史石器時(shí)代- N萬年前 2000BC青銅時(shí)代- 2000BC 500BC 鐵器時(shí)代- 500BC 19世紀(jì)高分子時(shí)代 - 20世紀(jì) 材料的發(fā)展史=人類的文明史石器時(shí)代- N萬年前 材料導(dǎo)論課程教案課件

3、非理性階段（主要依靠工匠、藝人的經(jīng)驗(yàn)技術(shù)） 非理性階段（主要依靠工匠、藝人的經(jīng)驗(yàn)技術(shù)）石器石陶 器陶 器 陶 器 陶 器陶 器陶 器銅 器銅 器大 方 鼎大 方 鼎青 銅 器越 王 寶 劍青 銅 器越 王 寶 劍 編 鐘 編 鐘鐵 器鐵 器鐵 器鐵 器理性化階段 18世紀(jì)后，工業(yè)迅速發(fā)展，在物理學(xué)、化學(xué)、材料力學(xué)等學(xué)科的基礎(chǔ)上，金屬學(xué)、陶瓷學(xué)、高分子材料學(xué)應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。理性化階段 18世紀(jì)后，工業(yè)迅速發(fā)展，在物理學(xué)蒸汽機(jī)蒸汽機(jī)1839年，美國(guó)人Goodyear 發(fā)現(xiàn)天然橡膠與硫磺共熱后呈現(xiàn)奇特性能。1839年，美國(guó)人Goodyear 發(fā)現(xiàn)天然橡膠與硫磺共熱后1887 年，Count Hilaire

4、 de Chardonnet用硝化纖維素的溶液進(jìn)行紡絲，制得了第一種人造絲。 1887 年，Count Hilaire de Chardo合成纖維合成纖維鋼筋混凝土鋼筋混凝土材料設(shè)計(jì)階段材料設(shè)計(jì)階段計(jì)算機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)三、材料家族三、材料家族金屬材料高分子材料粉末金屬有色金屬鋼鐵塑料橡膠粘合劑涂料纖維復(fù)合材料陶瓷材料玻璃結(jié)晶陶瓷碳材料半導(dǎo)體材料家族金屬材料高分子材料粉末金屬有色金屬鋼鐵塑料橡膠粘合劑涂料纖維good conductors of electricity and heatnot transparent to visible lightpolished metal surface h

5、as a lustrous appearancequite strong, yet deformable金屬?gòu)?qiáng)度高、延展性好良導(dǎo)體不透明光滑表面有光澤METALSgood conductors of electricityThe elements inherently metallic in nature 103Lw97Bk95Am94Pu93Np92U91Pa67Ho65Tb1H3Li4Be11Na12Mg5B6C7N8O9F10Ne13Al14Si15P16S17Cl18Ar19K20Ca21Sc22Ti23V24Cr25Mn26Fe27Co28Ni29Cr30Zn102No101Md10

6、0Fm71Lu70Yb69Tm68Er66Dy90Th99Es96Cm98Cf31Ga32Ge33As34Se35Br36Kr37Rb38Sr39Y40Zr41Nb42Mo43Tc44Ru45Rb46Pd47Ag48Cd49In50Sn51Sb52Te53I54Xe55Cs56Ba57La72Hf73Ta74W75Re76Os77Ir78Pt79Au80Hg81Tl82Pb83Bi84Po85At86Rn87Fr88Ra89Ac58Ce59Pr60Nd61Pm62Sm63Eu64Gd1AIIAIIIA IVA VA VIA VIIAOVIIIBIIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB IB I

7、IB2HeThe elements inherently metallcompounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements金屬與非金屬元素的化合物typically insulative to the passage of electricity and heat不良導(dǎo)體more resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments耐高溫、耐嚴(yán)酷環(huán)境hard but very brittle硬而脆Ceramics陶瓷compounds between metallic andElectric

8、al insulationThermal insulationChemical resistanceMagnetic inertnessExtremely light weightToughnessTransparencyColorabilityPolymers電絕緣熱絕緣磁惰性化學(xué)惰性重量輕透明韌性好可染色Electrical insulationThermal iA composite material is a combination of two or more chemically different materials, having a distinct interface be

9、tween them, which act together to produce a desired (tailored) set of properties. 不同材料的組合CompositesA composite material is a combEXAMPLES OF COMPOSITESEXAMPLES OF COMPOSITESSemiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors and insulators. 電性能介于導(dǎo)體與絕緣體之間

10、Furthermore, the electrical characteristics of these materials are extremely sensitive to the presence of minute concentrations of impurity atoms.電性能對(duì)雜質(zhì)含量極為敏感Semiconductors半導(dǎo)體Semiconductors have electricalBiomaterials arc employed in components implanted into the human body for replacement of diseas

11、ed or damaged body parts. 生物材料用于制造人體植入物以取代染病或壞損部件的材料BiomaterialsBiomaterials arc employed in cADVANCED MATERIALS先進(jìn)材料Materials that are utilized in high-technology applications are sometimes termed advanced materials.在高技術(shù)中應(yīng)用的材料ADVANCED MATERIALSMaterials thLasers, integrated circuits, magnetic inform

12、ation storage, liquid crystal displays (LCDs), fiber optics, spacecraft, aircraft, and military rocketry and the thermal protection system for the space shuttle orbiter.Examples of High-tech 高技術(shù)示例激光、集成電路、磁記錄、液晶顯示、光導(dǎo)纖維、宇宙飛船、導(dǎo)彈、航天飛機(jī)Lasers, integrated circuits, mThe properties of materials can be engin

13、eered by controlling the sizes of these building blocks in the 1-100 nm size range and their assembly. 納米材料The building blocks of these materials, be it metal, ceramic or polymers, are nanometer size particles.Nanostructured MaterialsThe properties of materials ca制藥：大表面提高可溶性信息儲(chǔ)存：顆粒小解離吸附：消毒太陽能電池：水解離納

14、米冰箱：絕熱去磁制藥：大表面提高可溶性四、材料科學(xué)與工程學(xué)科四、材料科學(xué)與工程學(xué)科MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING involves the generation and application of knowledge relating the composition, structure, and the processing of materials to their properties and uses.材料組成、結(jié)構(gòu)、加工與材料性質(zhì)、使用之間關(guān)系的發(fā)現(xiàn)與應(yīng)用MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERIN材料科學(xué)與工程是在金屬學(xué)、陶瓷學(xué)和高

15、分子科學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展起來的綜合性學(xué)科不論什么材料，盡管種類不同，各有特點(diǎn)，但卻具有很多相通的原理、共性和相似的研究、生產(chǎn)方法材料科學(xué)強(qiáng)調(diào)共性，強(qiáng)調(diào)各種材料之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系和相互借鑒。材料科學(xué)與工程是在金屬學(xué)、陶瓷學(xué)和高分子科學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展起來材料科學(xué)與工程的學(xué)科性質(zhì)有別于物理學(xué)、化學(xué)、數(shù)學(xué)和力學(xué)等基礎(chǔ)科學(xué)，是一門應(yīng)用科學(xué)材料科學(xué)與工程的學(xué)科性質(zhì)有別于物理學(xué)、化學(xué)、數(shù)學(xué)和力學(xué)等基礎(chǔ)WHY STUDY MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING學(xué)習(xí)的目的研究材料設(shè)計(jì)材料選擇材料WHY STUDY MATERIALS SCIENCE ANDoes the material po

16、ssess the necessary mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties?是否具有所需的物理機(jī)械性能？Can the material be formed to the desired shape?能否加工成型？Will the properties of the material alter with time during service?性能是否隨時(shí)間變化？回答下列問題：Does the material possess the Will the material be adversely affected by the env

17、ironmental conditions and resist corrosion and other forms of attack?環(huán)境對(duì)材料是否有不利影響？Will the material be acceptable on aesthetic grounds?是否符合風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣？Will the material be adverselyWill the material give sufficient degree of reliability and quality?質(zhì)量是否可靠？Can the product be made at an acceptable cost?價(jià)格是否合

18、適？Can the product be recycled?能否回收利用？Will the material give sufficiProcessing加工 Structure結(jié)構(gòu) Properties性質(zhì) Performance性能Processing加工 Structure結(jié)構(gòu) PPropertiesMechanicalElectrical ThermalMagneticOpticalDeteriorativePhysical性質(zhì)機(jī)械（力學(xué)）熱電磁光劣化（化學(xué)）物理PropertiesMechanicalElectrical Materials are the matter of the

19、 universe. These substances have properties that make them useful in structures, machines, devices, products, and systems.真實(shí)內(nèi)涵：滿足性能要求的用品中的物質(zhì) Materials are the matter o完完材料的無限循環(huán)體系材料的無限循環(huán)體系原材料制取預(yù)加工生產(chǎn)制品服務(wù)期丟棄/回收工程化材料環(huán)原材料制取預(yù)加工生產(chǎn)制品服務(wù)期丟棄/回收工程化材料環(huán)材料科學(xué)與工程的任務(wù)主要任務(wù)是揭示材料成分、結(jié)構(gòu)、制造工藝和性能之間的關(guān)系，并以此指導(dǎo)研制具有新性質(zhì)、新功能的新材料極其應(yīng)用。材料科學(xué)與工程的任務(wù)主要任務(wù)是揭示材料成分、結(jié)構(gòu)、制造工藝和材料科學(xué)與材料工程的區(qū)別材料科學(xué)：集中于認(rèn)