新時代核心英語教程寫作1教學(xué)課件(U3)

1、oreurriculum新時代核心英語教程寫 作1oreurriculum新時代寫 作1SentencefundamentalsSentencefundamentals3UNITSentenceSentence3UNITSentence elements句子成分 adverbial 狀語 attributive 定語 complement 補(bǔ)語 Key Termsobject 賓語 predicate 謂語 predicative 表語 subject 主語Sentence elements句子成分 adverbiaTypes of sentences句子類型 complex sentence

2、 復(fù)合句 compound-complex sentence 并列復(fù)合句 compound sentence 并列句 declarative sentence 陳述句 exclamatory sentence 感嘆句 Key Termsimperative sentence 祈使句 interrogative sentence 疑問句 loose sentence 松散句 periodic sentence 圓周句 simple sentence簡單句Types of sentences句子類型 complexMain ContentsThe elements of a sentenceFiv

3、e basic sentence patternsTypes of sentencesSentence fundamentalsMain ContentsThe elements of a2. Distinguish different types of sentences Difficult Points1. Analyze sentence elements2. Distinguish different typesSentencefundamentalsSentencefundamentalsSentenceSentenceSentence fundamentalsThe same st

4、ring of English words can be organized in different ways to convey the same meaning or even different meanings. The sun shone brightly all afternoon. All afternoon, the sun shone brightly. Do you think the book is worth reading? You do think the book is worth reading? Sentence fundamentalsThe same T

5、he importance of sentence fundamentals help students write correct and effective English sentences.know the most fundamental concepts of the English sentence.The importance of sentence funThe elements of a sentenceThe elements of a sentenceThe elements of a sentenceThe SubjectThe simple subject cons

6、ists of one or more nouns or pronouns, while the complete subject consists of the simple subject with all its modifiers. Those who sit in the sunshine have the most fun. What you have said amounts to a refusal. Complete subjectSimple subjectNoun clause as simple subjectSubjectThe simple subject cons

7、SubjectA compound subject contains two or more nouns or pronouns joined by a coordinating conjunction or a correlative. It may or may not take modifiers. Howling wind and drenching rain rattled the loose windows on the old cabin.Compound subjectSubject Howling wind and drencSubjectIn imperative sent

8、ences which express requests or commands, the subject you is implied but not stated. (You) Mind your own business. Implied subjectSubject(You) Mind your own busPredicateThe simple predicate is the main verb and any auxiliaries that modify it; the complete predicate includes any modifiers of the verb

9、 with or without any objects or complements and their modifiers.He would tell me the story tomorrow. Complete predicateSimple predicatePredicateThe simple predicate PredicateA compound predicate consists of two or more predicates that have the same subject and that are joined by a coordinating conju

10、nction. Hemingway sat at the desk and began to write. Compound predicatePredicateA compound predicate ObjectA direct object often receives the action of a verb and answers the question “what” or “whom.” She found an interesting book. Who could have predicted that within ten years hed be in charge of

11、 the whole company? Direct objectDirect objectObjectShe found an interestingObjectAn indirect object is a noun or pronoun that indicates the person or thing for whom or which something is done. Let me buy you a drink. Indirect objectDirect objectObjectAn indirect object is a ComplementA subject comp

12、lement, also called predicative, is usually a noun, a noun phrase, an adjective, or a prepositional phrase that follows a linking verb. Today is Saturday. It soon became dark.ComplementA subject complementComplementAn object complement is usually a noun, a noun phrase, an adjective, an adverb, or a

13、prepositional phrase that explains the direct object. We elected him our monitor.Transitive verbDirect objectObject complementComplementAn object complementAttributiveAn attributive is a word, phrase, or clause that is usually used directly before or after a noun or pronoun to describe it. He is a n

14、atural violinist. Everybodys business is nobodys business. AttributiveAn attributive is aAdverbialAn adverbial is a word, phrase, or clause which modifies or gives more information about a verb, an adjective, an adverb, a phrase, or a clause. We are slowly gaining the support of the public.You will

15、be punished if you do that again.AdverbialAn adverbial is a worAdverbialAdverbials can mainly be classified into the following types: adverbial of time, adverbial of place, adverbial of cause, adverbial of result, adverbial of purpose, adverbial of condition and so on.Seriously, do you really love h

16、im?Trembling with fear, I made for the door.AdverbialAdverbials can mainlySubject-verb orderIn English sentences, except the interrogative sentences, the subject usually comes before the verb. But sometimes writers reverse the order for stylistic effects. High were the hopes of the football fans. Su

17、bject-verb orderIn English sSubject-verb orderIn sentences beginning with there or here followed by a form of the linking verb “be” (such as is, are, was, were, have been, will be, and so on), the subject always follows the verb. There is a dog in the house.Subject-verb orderIn sentencesActivity 1 1

18、. My roommate seems beautiful in her new dress.(My) roommate seems beautiful in (her) (new) dress.2. We bear no ill will toward our opponents.We bear (no ill) will toward (our) opponents.Identify the elements in the following sentences. Activity 1 1. My roommate seemActivity 1 3. I will analyze four

19、 poems.I will analyze (four) poems.4. Tom and I consider Marys poems quite beautiful. Tom and I consider (Marys) poems quite beautiful.Identify the elements in the following sentences. Activity 1 3. I will analyze fActivity 1 5. They walked out of the house and disappeared into the darkness.They wal

20、ked out of the house and disappeared into the darkness. 6. To learn English well means that you have to work very hard. To learn English well means that you have to work very hard. Identify the elements in the following sentences. Activity 1 5. They walked outActivity 1 7. There once lived a poor fa

21、rmer with four sons.There once lived a (poor) farmer (with four sons).8. Having been defeated again, the king tried for a seventh time.Having been defeated again, the king tried for a seventh time.Identify the elements in the following sentences. Activity 1 7. There once livedFive basic sentence pat

22、ternsFive basic sentence patternsFive basic sentence patternsFiFive basic sentence patternssubject + verb (S V) David cried. SVFive basic sentence patternsSVFive basic sentence patterns(2) subject + verb + subject complement (S V SC) David looks tired. SVSCFive basic sentence patternsSVFive basic se

23、ntence patterns(3) subject + verb + direct object (S V O) David loves his mother. SVOFive basic sentence patternsDaFive basic sentence patterns(4) subject + verb + indirect object + direct object (S V O O) David gave me the book.SVOOFive basic sentence patternsDaFive basic sentence patterns(5) subje

24、ct + verb + direct object + object complement (S V O OC) David makes his mother angry. SVOCOFive basic sentence patternsSVFive basic sentence patternsFirst, we use modifiers to develop or narrow the meaning of the basic sentence elements. A modifier may be a single word, a phrase, or a clause: Basic

25、: The woman stood. Expanded: The short, wrinkled, old woman who was wearing a jacket stood behind the counter reading a fishing magazine. Five basic sentence patternsFiFive basic sentence patternsSecond, we develop basic sentences by using a set of similar modifiers. Notice the three coordinate noun

26、s of the direct object in the following example: Basic: He enjoyed dances. Expanded: He enjoyed dances, parties, and concerts. Five basic sentence patternsSeFive basic sentence patternsBy modifying and coordinating, a sentence can be expanded, theoretically, without limit. The following is a sentenc

27、e of 107 words taken from E. B. Whites Stuart Little. In the loveliest town of all, where the houses were white and high and the elm trees were green and higher than the houses, where the front yards were wide and pleasant and the back yards were bushy and worth finding out about, where the streets

28、sloped down to the stream and the stream flowed quietly under the bridge, Five basic sentence patternsByFive basic sentence patternsBy modifying and coordinating, a sentence can be expanded, theoretically, without limit. The following is a sentence of 107 words taken from E. B. Whites Stuart Little.

29、 where the lawns ended in orchards and the orchards ended in fields and the fields ended in pastures and the pastures climbed the hill and disappeared over the top toward the wonderful wide sky, in this loveliest of all towns Stuart stopped to get a drink of sarsaparilla.Five basic sentence patterns

30、ByActivity 2 1. The company will probably send you a small present.The company will probably send you a small present. (S V O O)2. The youngest boy did not smile very often.The youngest boy did not smile very often. (S V)Identify the basic patterns of the following sentences. Activity 2 1. The compa

31、ny willActivity 2 3. The widow called me a poor lost lamb. The widow called me a poor lost lamb. (S V O OC)4. Opening my eyes to the problem is not easy.Opening my eyes to the problem is not easy. (S V SC)Identify the basic patterns of the following sentences. Activity 2 3. The widow calledActivity

32、2 5. The students elected him monitor of the class.The students elect him monitor of the class. (S V O OC)6. It fills me with pride to have our conference in this citythis hallowed ground that gave birth to these enduring ideals.It fills me with pride to have our conference in this citythis hallowed

33、 ground that gave birth to these enduring American ideals. (S V O)Identify the basic patterns of the following sentences. Activity 2 5. The students eleActivity 2 7. In an essay using athletic skills as a basis of comparison, points of comparison might be height and weight requirements, running skil

34、ls, and hand-eye coordination.In an essay using athletic skills as a basis of comparison, points of comparison might be height and weight requirements, running skills, and hand-eye coordination. (S V O)Identify the basic patterns of the following sentences. Activity 2 7. In an essay usinActivity 2 8

35、. I know this because I have just been reading a book by Ellen Alderman and Caroline Kennedy called The Right to Privacy, which is full of alarming tales of ways that businesses and employers canand enthusiastically dointrude into what would normally be considered private affairs.I know this because

36、 I have just been reading a book by Ellen Alderman and Caroline Kennedy called The Right to Privacy, which is full of alarming tales of ways that businesses and employers canand enthusiastically dointrude into what would normally be considered private affairs. (S V O)Identify the basic patterns of t

37、he following sentences. Activity 2 8. I know this becaTypes of sentencesTypes of sentencesTypes of sentencesTypes of senGrammatical types of sentences 1. Simple sentences: A simple sentence has a single subject-verb combination. Students studied hard. The lake has been polluted by several neighborin

38、g streams. Grammatical types of sentencesGrammatical types of sentences 1. Simple sentences: A simple sentence may have more than one subject or more than one verb. Father and Mother love each other. The children smiled and waved at usGrammatical types of sentencesGrammatical types of sentences 2. C

39、ompound sentences: A compound sentence made up of two or more simple sentences linked by a comma plus a coordinating conjunction, by a correlative conjunction, or by a semicolon. The rain stopped, so we continued our journey. Either George was lying or I was going crazy. I thought he would help me;

40、however, I proved to be wrong. Grammatical types of sentencesGrammatical types of sentences 3. Complex sentences: A complex sentence is made up of one main clause and at least one subordinate clause, with a connective word denoting the relationship between the two parts. Many people believe that any

41、one can earn a living. He left before I arrived. Those who do not like to get dirty should not go camping. Grammatical types of sentencesGrammatical types of sentences 3. Complex sentences: A complex sentence is used when you want to emphasize one idea over another in a sentence. While I watered the

42、 grass, I talked with Liz. I watered the grass while I talked with Liz.Grammatical types of sentencesGrammatical types of sentences Complex sentences: Complex sentences signal how ideas relate.Tom is taller than Mike. (comparison) While I wash my clothes, I listen to the radio. (time) Since many stu

43、dents were absent, we decided to put off the meeting. (reason)Grammatical types of sentencesGrammatical types of sentences 4. Compound-complex sentences: A compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more main clauses and one or more subordinate clauses. When Father returned home, Mary was prepar

44、ing dinner, and Jane was lying in bed.Grammatical types of sentencesGrammatical types of sentences 4. Compound-complex sentences: Compound-complex sentences allow writers to present more complex relationships than other kinds of sentences do.Original: Mary hated to be seen in ugly clothing, but she

45、wore an ugly dress with red dots. She had received the dress as a Christmas present. Her Aunt Bess had given it to her. Revised: Mary hated to be seen in ugly clothing; nevertheless, she wore an ugly red-dot dress that her Aunt Bess had given her for Christmas.Grammatical types of sentencesActivity

46、3 1. I am studying English. My sister is majoring in Chinese.I am studying English, and/but/while my sister is majoring in Chinese.2. The man walked calmly. He seemed to know he would win the race. The man seemed to know he would win the race, for he walked calmly.Combine the following pairs of sent

47、ences into compound, complex, or compound-complex sentences. Activity 3 1. I am studying EnActivity 3 3. Put on your overcoat. I will not allow you to go out.Put on your overcoat, or I will not allow you to go out.4. The movie was boring. She walked out after 20 minutes.As/Since the movie was boring

48、, she walked out after twenty minutes.Combine the following pairs of sentences into compound, complex, or compound-complex sentences. Activity 3 3. Put on your overActivity 3 5. We arrived at the river. We saw many children playing there.When we arrived at the river, we saw many children playing the

49、re.6. Larry is a sleepwalker. Larry is my brother. Larry, who is my brother, is a sleepwalker.Combine the following pairs of sentences into compound, complex, or compound-complex sentences. Activity 3 5. We arrived at thActivity 3 7. She felt faint. She leaned against the lamppost.She felt faint, so

50、 she leaned against the lamppost.8. I live in a big city. My neighborhood has enough trees to make me feel as if I lived in the suburbs.Although I live in a big city, my neighborhood has enough trees to make me feel as if I lived in the suburbs.Combine the following pairs of sentences into compound,

51、 complex, or compound-complex sentences. Activity 3 7. She felt faint. Functional types of sentences 1. Statements:Statements are sentences in which the subject is always present and generally appears before the verb. They are mainly used to convey information. John is afraid of closed places. John

52、doesnt like fishing. Functional types of sentences Functional types of sentences 2. Questions:(1) The placing of auxiliaries in front of the subject. Do the students study hard?Functional types of sentences Functional types of sentences 2. Questions:(2) The initial positioning of an interrogative. W

53、hat are you doing?Functional types of sentences Functional types of sentences 2. Questions:(3) The rising “question” intonation. You understand me? Functional types of sentences Functional types of sentences 3. Commands:Commands are sentences which normally have no grammatical subject and whose verb

54、 is in the imperative mood.Read the play and write an analysis of it. Lets stop working and have a break. Functional types of sentences Functional types of sentences 4. Exclamations:Exclamations, most of which are sentences introduced by what or how without the inversion of the subject and the auxil

55、iary, are used primarily to express the speakers strong feelings and emotions. What lovely weather! How careful she is! Functional types of sentences Functional types of sentences Besides the four major types of sentences, there are also some minor categories. They are greetings, aphoristic sentence

56、s, interjections, and so on. Good morning; Hello; How are you doing? (greeting) More haste, less speed; The more, the better. (aphoristic sentence) Hey; Oh. (interjection) Help! Fire! (alarm call) Long live peace! (slogan)Functional types of sentences Rhetorical types of sentences 1. Loose sentences

57、:Loose sentences begin with the main idea and then build on this foundation with all supplementary details. The writer sat at his desk, his fingers frozen, his lips a grim, straight line, his eyes staring at the white sheet of paper before him. Rhetorical types of sentences Rhetorical types of sente

58、nces 2. Periodic sentences: The main idea is expressed at or near the end of the sentence. Pulling my tie off and throwing it onto the sofa, stretching and sighing with the ease of homecoming, listening to the familiar silence of the place, I feltas usualthe welcoming peace unlocked the tensions of

59、my outside world.Rhetorical types of sentences Classify the following sentences as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex. In addition, note any sentences that could be classified as loose or periodic or as imperative, interrogative, or exclamatory. Activity 4 1. Should he admit his mistake,

60、 or should he keep quiet and hope to avoid exposure?compound, interrogative2. Solve your problem yourself.simple, imperative Classify the following sentencClassify the following sentences as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex. In addition, note any sentences that could be classified as l