Types-of-Semantic-Change(英語詞義的變化方式)課件

1、LexicologyLexicologyTypes of Semantic Change(詞義的變化方式)Types of Semantic Change(詞義的變1：Generalization(詞義的擴(kuò)展)又稱：extension Meaning: The word “generalization” is a term of Latin origin referring to the stretching of meaning . “picture” 原義詞:only a painted . 擴(kuò)展后的意義 :a drawing ,a photograph and so on. “thing

2、” 原義詞:a political or judicial assembly .(治會議或?qū)徟写髸?擴(kuò)展后的意義: as a ting an eventually this meaning of “matter”. 1：Generalization(詞義的擴(kuò)展)又稱：ext 原義 擴(kuò)展后的意義 1:bribery 給乞丐的殘羹剩飯 行賄；受賄2:economy 家庭料理 經(jīng)濟(jì)3:influence 古代星占學(xué)家用來指一種從 影響強(qiáng)大物質(zhì)星際降入人間 4:holidays 專指圣誕節(jié)、復(fù)活節(jié)等節(jié)日 任何假日5:sanctuary 圣所、圣殿 避難所、庇護(hù)所 2:Specialization(詞義

3、的縮小)Meaning: “Specialization”is also a term of Latin origin referring of meaning. “deer” 原義:animal 縮小后的意義 :deer“artillery” 原義:munitions of war 縮小后的意義: mounted guns (軍需品) (安裝槍)2:Specialization(詞義的縮小)Meani 原義 縮小后的意義 1:hangar 棚 飛機(jī)棚、飛機(jī)庫 2: garage 安全地方 汽車間3:stink 任何一種氣味 臭氣4: poison 飲料 毒藥 5:hospital 供游者休息

4、娛樂的場所 醫(yī)院 Elevation of meaningDefinition :Elevation refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginning to position of importance Change :from negative to positive from derogatory to appreciative from neutral to appreciative from unimportant to important Elevation of meaningDefinitionElev

5、ation of meaningExamplesOriginally Meaning after elevation MarshallHorseservant Minister Craftsman a person good atcheating a worker in a skilled trade shrewd wicked; maliciouskeen-witted;Clever or sharp Elevation of meaningExamplesOrChange :from positive to negativefrom appreciative to pejorative f

6、rom neutral to negative from important to unimportantDegeneration of meaningDefinition :It is a process by which words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come be used in derogatory sense Change :Degeneration of meaninDegeneration of meaningExamplesOriginally Meaning after

7、 degeneration Villain A farm labor Scoundrel Boor A farmer A rough ,ill-mannered person Knave Boy Dishonest person Degeneration of meaningExampl The use of the abstract for the concrete or vice versa.The specific meaning The abstract meaningE.g. “Threat” means “army” at first. Later extended to thre

8、at. The use of the abstract The abstract meaning The specific meaningE.g. “Proposition” means “suggested” or “offer”. But this word can also be used to refer to people. It means “Difficult to deal with”.The abstract meaning Common words from proper names. A lot of common nouns are evolved from prope

9、r nouns. E.g. “Don Juan” is a Spanish aristocracy. Now we called the person “a Don Juan”, it means “a philanderer”.This process is also called “antonomasia”.Common words from proper namesThe place proper nouns (It from the features of local naming)E.g. “copper” from the Cyprus“. Because the area is

10、famous for its copper production. The place proper nounsE.g. “coThe names of proper nounsE.g. “shrapnel” was invented by a British general shrapnel.It usually comes from the name of the inventor.The names of proper nounsE.g. 2.Someone for the first or find an event to fame, after into a common noun.

11、E.g. “sandwich” was derived from a count. In order to save the time of gambling, he used a piece of meat to eat bread clip.2.Someone for the first or fin3.A famous figure in the novel, as a result of the obvious characteristics of the person referred to the general.E.g. We use Tartuffe to say “hypoc

12、ritical people”. It is from the playwright molieres comedy character the same name.3.A famous figure in the novelThe title of proper nouns or movie nameE.g. “radical chic” is the title of Tom Wolfes works. Now we also used to refer to associate with radical fashionThe title of proper nouns or mTrans

13、ference of meaning The process by which the difference has occurred in the development of a language is called transference of meaning Transference of meaning objective meaning(1)Subjective meaning.1e . g “Shame kept him silent” “shameful treatment ”objective meaning(1)Subjective(3) Objective meaning(2)Subjective and objective two kinds of meaning.e . g Knowledge, theory ,feelingA profound professor(3) Objective meaning(2)Subjec2Objective meaningSubjective meaninge .g “feeling sorrows” “sorrows that are deeply felt”2Objective meaningSubject