Unit1 Back to school 語法專題之句子成分講義-高中英語牛津譯林版必修第一冊

1、 第 頁B 1 Unit 1 Back to school語法專題之句子成分詞的分類詞類：英語中的詞根據其形式特征、詞義以及在句子中的作用可以分成十大類詞類縮寫形式用法例詞名詞n.表示人或事物的名稱net 網代詞pron.代替名詞或數詞等he 他動詞v.表示動作或狀態(tài)cut 割形容詞adj.表示人或事物的性質或狀態(tài)beautiful 美麗的副詞adv.表示動作特征或性狀特征well 好數詞num.表示數目或順序one 一冠詞art.表示名詞的泛指或特指the介詞prep.表示名詞或代詞與其他詞的關系for 為了連詞conj.表示連接并列成分的詞but 但是感嘆詞int.表示說話時的感情或口氣o

2、h 哦實詞：名詞、代詞、動詞、形容詞、副詞、和數詞能在句中獨立充當成分虛詞：冠詞、介詞、連詞和感嘆詞不能在句中獨立充當成分動詞的分類動詞的分類情態(tài)動詞助動詞系動詞實義動詞及物動詞不及物動詞句子成分：（sentence elements）組成句子的各個部分叫做句子成分。句子成分主要有主語、謂語、表語、賓語、同位語、定語、狀語、補足語、獨立成分（感嘆詞、呼語和插入語）等。句子的主干成分：主語、謂語、賓語、表語、補語句子的次要成分：定語、狀語、插入語、同位語句子成分的表示方法：主語、謂語_、賓語、定語()、狀語、補足語、表語 、同位語_, 獨立成分主語（subject）： 1）表示句子說的是“什么人

3、”或“什么事” 2）常用的作主語的詞類有：名詞（名詞化的其他詞類）、代詞、數詞、不定式、動名詞、名詞性詞組和從句The boy comes from America.（名詞）He usually went to school alone.（代詞）Two of us will attend the conference. 我們中有兩個人要參加這次會議。（數詞）The young should help the old. 年輕人應該幫助年老的人。（名詞性詞組）Studying English is very important. （動名詞）To teach him a lesson seems q

4、uite necessary. （不定式）That he won the prize excited everyone.（從句）It is important for us to have our dreams.（It形式主語）謂語（verb/predicate）：說明主語的動作、狀態(tài)和特征（“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么樣”）1）簡單謂語：由一個動詞或動詞短語構成He practices running every morning.2）復合謂語：由情態(tài)動詞或其他助動詞加動詞原形構成情動/助動+動原 You may keep the book for two weeks.系動詞+表語 He ha

5、s caught a bad cold.*在英語簡單句中，只能有而且（一般情況下）必須有一個謂語部分！His parents are teachers.The sun rises in the east.We have finished reading the book.You ought to work harder.I felt cold.He doesnt like music.賓語（object）：表示動作、行為的對象。有單賓語、雙賓語、復合賓語、同源賓語等。雙賓語又分為直接賓語和間接賓語。凡是能作主語的詞類都可以作賓語。動作的承受者動賓I like China. （名詞）We sho

6、uld help the old and the poor. （形容詞） I hope to see you again. （不定式） Did you write down what he said? （賓語從句）介詞后的名詞、代詞和動名詞介賓Are you afraid of the snake?Under the snow, there are many rocks.雙賓語間賓（指人）和直賓（指物）He gave me a book yesterday.Give the poor man some money.同源賓語He dreams a dream. 他做了個夢。復合賓語（賓+補）We

7、 must keep our dormitories clean. 我們必須保持宿舍干凈。表語（predicative）：系動詞之后的成分，表示主語的性質、狀態(tài)和特征。作表語的可以是名詞、介詞短語、代詞、數詞、形容詞、不定式、動名詞、從句等。My wallet is on the desk.（介詞短語）The book isnt mine.（代詞）The leaves turn yellow in fall.（形容詞）He has become a police officer.（名詞）My suggestion is that we should start at once.（從句）My s

8、uggestion is to leave at once.（不定式）His speech was boring.（分詞）The whole class got excited at the good news.（分詞）常見的系動詞有：（1）is，am，are，was，were，have/has been等；（2）look（看起來），feel（覺得，摸起來），smell（聞起來），sound（聽起來），taste（嘗起來）等；（3）become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run（4）keep, remain, stay, lie, stand ；（5）

9、seem, appear.定語（attributive/attribute）：修飾或限制名詞或代詞，“的”?？梢宰鞫ㄕZ的詞有形容詞、代詞、數詞、名詞、副詞、介詞短語、分詞等。Yan Ling is a chemistry teacher.（名詞） He is our friend. （代詞）We belong to the third world.（數詞） He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容詞）The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介賓結構)The boys playin

10、g football are in Class 2.（現在分詞）The trees planted last year are growing well now.（過去分詞） I have an idea to do it well.（不定式）You should do everything that I do.（定語從句） eq oac(,1)前置定語：可以充當前置定語的有形容詞、代詞、數詞、名詞或名詞所有格、動詞-ing形式、動詞-ed形式等。后置定語：可以充當后置定語的有形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、不定式、動詞-ing短語、動詞-ed短語、從句等。同位語（appositive）：對句子中某一

11、成分作進一步解釋說明，與前面名詞在語法上處于同等地位的句子成分叫做同位語。同位語常置于被說明的詞之后?？梢宰魍徽Z的有名詞、代詞、數詞和從句等。The English Department has two foreign teachers, an Australian and an American.（名詞作同位語）This term we each bought an e-dictionary.（代詞作同位語）They three are all three-good students.（數詞作同位語）The news that we are having a holiday is true

12、. （從句作同位語）狀語（adverbial）：用來修飾動詞，形容詞，副詞或句子，表示時間、地點、原因、目的、結果、程度、條件、方式和讓步。充當狀語的有副詞、介詞短語、不定式、分詞、形容詞和名詞等。其位置多位于句首或句尾，但表頻率或程度的副詞應位于句中be動詞、情態(tài)動詞和助動詞之后，實義動詞之前。地點和時間應按先小后大的順序。He did his homework carefully at home.（副詞、介詞短語）When I grow up, I am going to be a teacher.（句子作狀語）He lost his job due to his lack of pati

13、ence.（介詞短語作狀語）Her mother goes out to do some shopping on Sunday.（不定式作狀語）Feeling tired, he went to bed without supper.（現在分詞、介詞短語作狀語）Brought up in the country, he finds it hard to adjust himself to city life.（過去分詞作狀語）補足語（complement）：補足語分為賓語補足語（object complement）和主語補足語（subject complement），是用來說明賓語或主語的性質

14、、狀態(tài)等的一種句子成分。名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、現在分詞、過去分詞、不定式等皆可作補足語。They elected John monitor.（名詞作補足語）He treated his mistake as a joke.（介詞短語作補足語）I think it wrong of him to decline my offer.（形容詞作補足語）We heard her singing a song.（現在分詞作補足語）He told me to make my own decision.（不定式作補足語）He watched an insect caught by a bird.（過

15、去分詞作補足語）獨立成分（Independent Parts）：與句子沒有關系或關系很松、獨立于句子之外的成分稱為獨立成分。感嘆詞、呼語和插入語是英語中常見的三種獨立成分。1）感嘆詞 (Exclamation)：感嘆詞作獨立成分多置于句首。Well, lets end the discuss. 好了，我們結束討論吧。Oh, my god. 噢，天哪。2）呼語 (the Vocative)：呼語作獨立成分，可位于句首、句中或句尾。Baby, come here to my side. 寶貝，到我這邊來。Ladies and gentlemen, Ive got an important anno

16、uncement to make. 3）插入語 (the Parenthesis)：英語中的插入語一般對一句話作一些附加的說明。通常與句中其它部分沒有語法上的聯系，將它刪掉之后，句子結構仍然完整。插入語在句中有時是對一句話的一些附加解釋、說明或總結；有時表達說話者的態(tài)度和看法；有時起強調的作用；有時是為了引起對方的注意；還可以起轉移話題或說明事由的作用；也可以承上啟下，使句子銜接得更緊密一些。掌握這一語言現象不僅有利于對英語句子的理解，還有利于提高寫作的水平。Whats more, their parents allow them to stay out. 此外，他們的父母允許他們呆在戶外。T

17、his, I think, is the best way to help them. 我認為這是幫助他們的最好的方法。Im not a good cook, you see. 你知道我不太會做菜。指出下列句子劃線部分是什么句子成分：1. The pen writes well.2. He handed me the newspaper.3. I shall answer your question after class.4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!5. He asked me to sit down.6. His job is to train

18、 swimmers.7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.8. There is going to be an American film tonight.9. Mr. Zhang, our headmaster, is a kind man.10. His wish is to become a scientist.11. He managed to finish the work in time.12. The girl in a yellow dress came to ask me for advice.13. He found it important to master English.14. Our dream has come true.15. To be honest, your pronunciation is not so good.16. How many people do you say died in the accident?17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.18. It