2022年考研考博-考博英語-合肥工業(yè)大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號17

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-合肥工業(yè)大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Humanmigration:thetermisvague.Whatpeopleusuallythinkofisthepermanentmovementofpeoplefromonehometoanother.Morebroadly,though,migrationmeansalltheways—fromtheseasonaldriftofagriculturalworkerswithinacountrytotherelocationofrefugeesfromonecountrytoanother.

Migrationisbig,dangerous,compelling.Itis60millionEuropeansleavinghomefromthe16thtothe20thcenturies.Itissome15millionHindus,Skihs,andMuslimssweptupinatumultuousshuffleofcitizensbetweenIndiaandPakistanafterthepartitionofthesubcontinentin1947.

Migrationisthedynamicundertowofpopulationchange:everyone’ssolution,everyone’sconflict.Asthecenturyturns,migration,withitsinevitableeconomicandpoliticalturmoil,hasbeencalled“oneofthegreatestchallengesofthecomingcentury.”

Butitismuchmorethanthat.Itis,ashasalwaysbeen,thegreatadventureofhumanlife.Migrationhelpedcreatehumans,droveustoconquertheplanet,shapedoursocieties,andpromisestoreshapethemagain.

“Youhaveahistorybookwritteninyourgenes,”saidSpencerWells.Thebookhe’stryingtoreadgoesbacktolongbeforeeventhefirstwordwaswritten,anditisastoryofmigration.

Wells,atall,blondgeneticistatStanfordUniversity,spentthesummerof1998exploringremotepartsofTranscaucasiaandCentralAsiawiththreecolleaguesinaLandRover,lookingfordropsofblood.Intheblood,donatedbythepeoplehemet,hewillsearchforthestorythatgeneticmarkerscantellofthelongpathshumanlifehastakenacrosstheEarth.Geneticstudiesarethelatesttechniqueinalongeffortofmodernhumanstofindoutwheretheyhavecomefrom.Buthoweverthepathsaretraced,thebasicstoryissimple:peoplehavebeenmovingsincetheywerepeople.Ifearlyhumanshadn’tmovedandintermingledasmuchastheydid,theyprobablywouldhavecontinuedtoevolveintodifferentspecies.FrombeginningsinAfrica,mostresearchersagree,groupsofhunter-gatherersspreadout,driventotheendsoftheEarth.

TodemographerKingsleyDavis,twothingsmademigrationhappen.First,humanbeings,withtheirtoolsandlanguage,couldadapttodifferentconditionswithouthavingtowaitforevolutiontomakethemsuitableforanewniche.Second,aspopulationsgrew,culturesbegantodiffer,andinequalitiesdevelopedbetweengroups.Thefirstfactorgaveusthekeystothedoorofanyroomontheplanet;theothergaveusreasonstousethem.

Overthecenturies,asagriculturespreadacrosstheplanet,peoplemovedtowardplaceswheremetalwasfoundandworkedandtocentersofcommercethatthenbecomecities.Thoseplaceswere,inturn,invadedandoverrunbypeoplelatergenerationscalledbarbarians.

Inbetweenthesestormsurgesweresteadierbutsimilarlyprofoundfidesinwhichpeoplemovedouttocolonizeorwerecapturedandbroughtinasslaves.ForawhilethepopulationofAthens,thatcityoflegendaryenlightenmentwasasmuchas35percentslaves.

“Whatstrikesmeishowimportantmigrationisasacauseandeffectinthegreatworldevents.”MarkMiller,co-authorofTheAgeofMigrationandaprofessorofpoliticalscienceattheUniversityofDelaware,toldmerecently.

Itisdifficulttothinkofanygreateventsthatdidnotinvolvemigration.Religionsspawnedpilgrimsorsettlers;warsdroverefugeesbeforethemandmadenewlandavailablefortheconquerors;politicalupheavalsdisplacedthousandsormillions;economicinnovationsdrewworkersandentrepreneurslikemagnets;environmentaldisasterslikefamineordiseasepushedtheirbedraggledsurvivorsanywheretheycouldreplanthope.“It’spartofournature,thismovement,”Millersaid,“It’sjustafactofthehumancondition.”

1.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisINCORRECT?

2.AccordingtoKingsleyDavis,migrationoccursasaresultofthefollowingreasonsEXCEPT______.

3.WhichofthefollowinggroupsisNOTmentionedasmigrantsinthepassage?

4.Thereseemstobea(n)______relationshipbetweengreateventsandmigration.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Migrationexertsagreatimpactonpopulationchange.

B.MigrationcontributestoMankind’sprogress.

C.Migrationbringsaboutdesirableandundesirableeffects

D.Migrationmaynotbeaccompaniedbyhumanconflicts.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.humanadaptability

B.humanevolution

C.culturaldifferences

D.inter-groupinequalities

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Farmers.

B.Workers.

C.Settlers.

D.Colonizers.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.loose

B.indefinite

C.causal

D.remote

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:C

【解析】1.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“下列哪個(gè)陳述是不正確的？”。根據(jù)第三段第一句Migrationisthedynamicundertowofpopulationchange:everyone’ssolution,everyone’sconflict.（移民是人口變化的動(dòng)態(tài)的潛在影響：每個(gè)人的解決方案，每個(gè)人的沖突）可知，A項(xiàng)“人口遷移對人口變化有很大的影響”正確，而D項(xiàng)“移民可能不會伴隨著人類沖突”與原文不符；由第三段最后一句Asthecenturyturns,migration,withitsinevitableeconomicandpoliticalturmoil,hasbeencalled“oneofthegreatestchallengesofthecomingcentury.”（隨著世紀(jì)之交的到來，移民及其不可避免的經(jīng)濟(jì)和政治動(dòng)蕩被稱為“下個(gè)世紀(jì)最大的挑戰(zhàn)之一”）以及第四段最后一句Migrationhelpedcreatehumans,droveustoconquertheplanet,shapedoursocieties,andpromisestoreshapethemagain.（移民幫助創(chuàng)造了人類，驅(qū)使我們征服這個(gè)星球，塑造了我們的社會，并有望再次重塑它們）可知，B項(xiàng)“移民有助于人類的進(jìn)步”和C項(xiàng)“移民帶來了有利和不利的影響”都符合原文。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

2.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“根據(jù)KingsleyDavis的說法，移民的發(fā)生是由于以下原因，除了……”。根據(jù)文章第七段TodemographerKingsleyDavis,twothingsmademigrationhappen.First,humanbeings,withtheirtoolsandlanguage,couldadapttodifferentconditionswithouthavingtowaitforevolutiontomakethemsuitableforanewniche.Second,aspopulationsgrew,culturesbegantodiffer,andinequalitiesdevelopedbetweengroups.（在人口統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)家KingsleyDavis看來，有兩件事促成了移民的發(fā)生。首先，人類可以用他們的工具和語言來適應(yīng)不同的環(huán)境，而不必等待進(jìn)化使他們適應(yīng)新的環(huán)境。其次，隨著人口的增長，文化開始出現(xiàn)差異，不同群體之間的不平等也在發(fā)展。）可知，移民發(fā)生的原因包括人類的適應(yīng)性和文化的差異以及不同群體之間的不平等，A項(xiàng)“人類的適應(yīng)能力”、C項(xiàng)“文化差異”和D項(xiàng)“部落之間的不平等”都是其中的原因，只有B項(xiàng)“人類進(jìn)化”未提及。因此，該題選擇B項(xiàng)正確。

3.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“下列哪個(gè)群體在文章中沒有提到是移民？”。最后一段講述了幾起重大事件引起的人口遷移：Religionsspawnedpilgrimsorsettlers;warsdroverefugeesbeforethemandmadenewlandavailablefortheconquerors;politicalupheavalsdisplacedthousandsormillions;economicinnovationsdrewworkersandentrepreneurslikemagnets;environmentaldisasterslikefamineordiseasepushedtheirbedraggledsurvivorsanywheretheycouldreplanthope.（宗教催生了朝圣者或定居者；戰(zhàn)爭把難民趕到了他們面前，為征服者提供了新的土地；政治動(dòng)蕩使成千上萬人流離失所；經(jīng)濟(jì)創(chuàng)新像磁鐵一樣吸引著工人和企業(yè)家；像饑荒或疾病這樣的環(huán)境災(zāi)難把他們臟兮兮的生還者推到任何他們可以重新種植希望的地方。），由此可知，B項(xiàng)“工人”、C項(xiàng)“定居者”和D項(xiàng)“殖民者”都是移民的群體，只有A項(xiàng)“農(nóng)民”沒有被提到。因此，該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。

4.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“在重大事件和移民之間似乎有一個(gè)……的關(guān)系”。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“Whatstrikesmeishowimportantmigrationisasacauseandeffectinthegreatworldevents.”MarkMiller,co-authorofTheAgeofMigrationandaprofessorofpoliticalscienceattheUniversityofDelaware,toldmerecently.（特拉華大學(xué)政治學(xué)教授、《移民時(shí)代》的合著者M(jìn)arkMiller最近告訴我：“讓我震驚的是，移民和世界重大事件是因果關(guān)系。”）可知，C項(xiàng)“因果”正確；A項(xiàng)“松散的”、B項(xiàng)“不確定的”和D項(xiàng)“遙遠(yuǎn)的”都不準(zhǔn)確。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

2.單選題

TomandRachelLeihbachei’sfriendshavealwaysbeeninstrumentalintheirlives.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.approachable

B.thoughtful

C.functional

D.helpful

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。instrumental表示“樂器的，有幫助的，儀器的”；A項(xiàng)approachable“親切友善的，易理解的，可接近的”，B項(xiàng)thoughtful“深思的，體貼的，關(guān)切的”，C項(xiàng)functional“功能的”，D項(xiàng)helpful“有幫助的，有益的”。句意：湯姆和雷切爾雷巴赫的朋友在他們的生活中一直很有幫助。根據(jù)句意可知，instrumental在句中表示“有幫助的”，D項(xiàng)的意思符合句子。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

3.單選題

Superstitionisabiasedword.Lookupalmostanydictionarydefinitionandyouwillseethatitimpliesthateveryreligionnotbasedonreasonorknowledgeiscalledasuperstition.Eventhewordknowledgeisatwo-facedword.Presumably,itisusedasasynonymforreason.Whatitallcomesdowntoisthatpeopledesignateassuperstitiouswhattheydonotthinkreasonableinsomeoneelse’sreligion.

Itistruethataperson’sreligionmustbebasedonsomekindofknowledge.Butwhatkindofknowledgeismeant?Scientific,experimental,rational?Suchknowledgeisnaturalandmaybeethicalandthenitisnaturalreligiousknowledge.ApersonmayquiteeasilyconcludefromobservingtheuniversethatonlyGodcouldhaveproducedit.Thatknowledgeisnotreligion,notevenifapersonisboundtorecognizeaCreatoroftheuniverse.ItisnaturalknowledgesuchasConfucius,SocratesorZoroasterpossessed.

Naturalreligiousknowledge,asisevidentinthehistoryofthehumanrace,althoughithelpstomakeamangood,hardlysufficestokeephimgood,especiallyintimesofcrisis.Willsuchnaturalknowledge,forinstance,sustainamanwhenhehassuddenlylostallhismoneyandevenhiswifeandchildren?Willitofferthehopeofeverseeingthemagain?Willitinfluencehimgladlytosacrificehislifeforhisfamily,hiscountry,hisreligion?Onlyastrongsenseofsupernaturalreligion,arelianceuponGod,willprovidethenecessarycourageforrightaction.

Allthegreatreligionsoftheworld—Christianity,Hinduism,ChineseBuddhismandIslam—haveshownmenthewaytosuchcourageanditsresultingpeaceofmindandheartandpeacewithallmen.Theypointtoabettersortoflife,mostlyalifesomewhereelse,or,atleast,anendtothetroublesofthislife.

ChristianityandIslamdirectmentolookup,hopeforandstriveafteraneternallifeofhappinessinthepossessionofGod.Hinduism,althoughitbelievesinreincarnations,alsoencouragesitsadherentstoachievesuccessivelyhigherincarnationsuntiltheyachieveunity,becomeonewithBrahman—God.ChineseBuddhismtellsitsfollowersthatiftheyperformgooddeedsandhavefaithinOmitofoobyfrequentlycallinguponthisGodofInfiniteCompassiontheywillberewardedbyeternallifeintheWesternParadise.

Theagnosticortheatheistthinksofallofthosecreedsasreligioussuperstition.Aretheagnosticandtheatheistfreeofsuperstition?Hardly.Everythinkingmanhasanaturalbentforreligion,foridealsaboveandbeyondearthlyones.Ifhecrusheshisnaturalinclination,whichisGod-inspiredideals,hemostlikelywillsubstituteaseriesofself-inspiredidealsorsomefadlikeastrology,whichwillbecomeareligionforhim.

Thereisalinebetweenreligionandsuperstitionwhicheveryonemustlearntoidentify,orforfeitatruedirectioninhislife.

1.Accordingtothepassage,peopledefinesuperstitionas______.

2.Accordingtotheauthor,allthegreatreligionsoftheworld______.

3.Fromthepassagewearetoldthattheatheists______.

4.Ofthefollowingsuggestedtitle,theonethatmostaccuratelysumsupthepassageis______.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.somereligiousknowledgenotbasedonreason

B.naturalknowledgeofareligion

C.anythingthatseemsunreasonableinanotherperson’sreligion

D.someoneelse’sreligion

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.bringpeaceofmindandpeacewithotherhumanbeing

B.putforthabetterlifenowandpromiseeternallifeintheWesternParadise

C.givecouragetotheiradherentstoliveanddiepeacefully

D.urgetheiradherentstoachievehigherincarnations

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.havelittleornoreligiousknowledge

B.haveidealsthatarebeyondearthlyones

C.aremostlyastrologerswhohavetoomanymaterialisticidealsinlife

D.areactuallynotfreefromsuperstition

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.TheGreatReligionsonEarth

B.IngredientsofSuperstition

C.ReligionandSuperstition

D.AchieveUnitywithGod

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:C

【解析】1.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“根據(jù)文章，人們把迷信定義為……”。根據(jù)第一段最后一句Whatitallcomesdowntoisthatpeopledesignateassuperstitiouswhattheydonotthinkreasonableinsomeoneelse’sreligion.（歸根結(jié)底，人們認(rèn)為在別人的宗教中他們認(rèn)為不合理的東西是迷信的）可知，C項(xiàng)“在另一個(gè)人的宗教中似乎不合理的任何事情”正確；A項(xiàng)“一些不是基于理性的宗教知識”是字典上對于迷信的定義，并不是人們的定義；B項(xiàng)“宗教的自然知識”這屬于宗教信仰建立的基礎(chǔ)；D項(xiàng)“其他人的宗教”沒有提到。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

2.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“根據(jù)作者，世界上所有偉大的宗教……”。根據(jù)第四段第一句Allthegreatreligionsoftheworld—Christianity,Hinduism,ChineseBuddhismandIslam—haveshownmenthewaytosuchcourageanditsresultingpeaceofmindandheartandpeacewithallmen.（世界上所有偉大的宗教—基督教、印度教、中國佛教和伊斯蘭教—都向人們展示了通往這種勇氣的道路，以及由此產(chǎn)生的心靈和平與所有人的和平）可知，A項(xiàng)“帶來內(nèi)心的平和，以及與他人之間的平和”正確；B項(xiàng)“提出更好的生活，并承諾在西天永生”和D項(xiàng)“敦促他們的追隨者達(dá)到更高的化身”該段沒有提到；由第四段第二句Theypointtoabettersortoflife,mostlyalifesomewhereelse,or,atleast,anendtothetroublesofthislife（它們預(yù)示著一種更好的生活，大多是另一個(gè)地方的生活，或者至少，結(jié)束了今生的煩惱）可知，C項(xiàng)“給他們的信徒勇氣，讓他們平靜地活著和死去”與原文不符。因此，該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。

3.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“從文章中我們得知，無神論者……”。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的Aretheagnosticandtheatheistfreeofsuperstition?Hardly.Everythinkingmanhasanaturalbentforreligion,foridealsaboveandbeyondearthlyones.（不可知論者和無神論者都能擺脫迷信嗎？幾乎不能。每個(gè)有思想的人都有一種天生的宗教傾向，一種超越世俗的理想傾向）可知，D項(xiàng)“事實(shí)上并不能擺脫迷信”正確；A項(xiàng)“很少或沒有宗教知識”沒有提到；B項(xiàng)“有超越世俗的理想”不夠全面；根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段最后一句Ifhecrusheshisnaturalinclination,whichisGod-inspiredideals,hemostlikelywillsubstituteaseriesofself-inspiredidealsorsomefadlikeastrology,whichwillbecomeareligionforhim.（如果他打破了自己的自然傾向，那就是上帝啟發(fā)的理想，他很可能會用一系列自我啟發(fā)的理想或某種流行的占星術(shù)來代替，這將成為他的宗教）可知，C項(xiàng)“大多是在生活中有太多的唯物主義的理想的占星家”中的唯物主義理想并沒有提到。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

4.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】主旨大意題。題干意思是“在以下建議的標(biāo)題中，最準(zhǔn)確地總結(jié)了這篇文章的是……”。文章開篇先闡述了迷信的定義，這個(gè)概念和宗教有關(guān)，然后又講述了宗教信仰中存在的迷信思想，并在文章的最后總結(jié)了迷信和宗教的區(qū)別：Thereisalinebetweenreligionandsuperstitionwhicheveryonemustlearntoidentify,orforfeitatruedirectioninhislife.（宗教和迷信之間有一條界線，每個(gè)人都必須學(xué)會辨別這條界線，否則就會失去人生的真正方向）；綜合推斷，C項(xiàng)“宗教和迷信”最適合做文章的標(biāo)題；A項(xiàng)“地球上最偉大的宗教”、B項(xiàng)“迷信的成分”和D項(xiàng)“與神合一”都只是文章的一部分。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

4.單選題

Youareunlikelytomake______towardresolvingyourdifferencesifyoutworefusetomakeconcessionstoeachother.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.conclusion

B.impact

C.resolution

D.headway

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A項(xiàng)conclusion“結(jié)論，結(jié)局，推論”，B項(xiàng)impact“巨大影響，撞擊，沖撞”，C項(xiàng)resolution“分辨率，決議，解決”，D項(xiàng)headway“前進(jìn)，進(jìn)步，航行速度”。由Youareunlikelytomake______towardresolvingyourdifference“你們不太可能在解決分歧方面取得……”可知，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有headway最符合語境，makeheadway表示“取得進(jìn)展”。句意：如果你們拒絕彼此讓步，就不可能在解決分歧方面取得進(jìn)展。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

5.單選題

Thefirstmistakeistothinkofmankindasathinginitself.Itisn’t.Itispartofanintricateweboflife.Andwecan’tthinkevenoflifeasathinginitself.Itisn’t.ItispartoftheintricatestructureofaplanetbathedbyenergyfromtheSun.

TheEarth,inthenearly5billionyearssinceitassumedapproximatelyitspresentform,hasundergoneavastevolution.Whenitfirstcameintobeing,itverylikelylackedwhatwewouldtodaycallanoceanandanatmosphere.Thesewereformedbythegradualoutwardmovementofmaterialasthesolidinteriorsettledtogether.

Norwereocean,atmosphere,andsolidcrustindependentofeachotherafterformation.Thereisinteractionalways:evaporation,condensation,solution,weathering.Farwithinthesolidcrustthereareslow,continuingchanges,too,ofwhichhotsprings,volcanoes,andearth-quakesarethemorenoticeablemanifestationshereonthesurface.

Between2billionand3billionyearsago,portionsofthesurfacewater,bathedbytheenergeticradiationfromtheSun,developedcomplicatedcompoundsinorganizationsufficientlyversatiletoqualifyaswhatwecall“l(fā)ife”.Lifeformshavebecomemorecomplexandmorevariouseversince.

ButthelifeformsareasmuchpartofthestructureoftheEarthasanyinanimateportionis.Itisallaninseparablepartofawhole.Ifanyanimalisisolatedtotallyfromotherformsoflife,thendeathbystarvationwillsurelyfollow.Ifisolatedfromwater,deathbyasphyxiationwillfollowstillfaster.IfisolatedfromtheSun,animalswillsurviveforatime,butplantswoulddie,andifallplantsdied,allanimalwouldstarve.

Itworksinreverse,too,fortheinanimateportionofEarthisshapedandmoldedbylife.Thenatureoftheatmospherehasbeenchangedbyplantactivity(whichaddstotheairthefreeoxygenitcouldnototherwiseretain).Thesoilisturnedbyearthworms,whileenormousoceanreefsareformedbycoral.

Theentireplanet,plussolarenergy,isoneenormousintricatelyinterrelatedsystem.Theentireplanetisalifeformmadeupofnonlivingportionsandalargevarietyoflivingportions(asourownbodyismadeupofnonlivingcrystalsinbonesandnonlivingwaterinblood,aswellasofalargevarietyoflivingportions).

Infact,wecanpursuetheanalogy.Amanisof50trillioncellsofavarietyoftypes,allinterrelatedandinterdependent.Lossofsomeofthosecells,suchasthosemakingupanentire,willseriouslyhandicapalltherestoftheorganism:seriousdamagetoarelativelyfewcellsinanorgan,suchastheheartorkidneys,mayendbykillingall50trillion.

Inthesameway,onplanetaryscale,thechoppingdownofanentireforestmaynotthreatenEarth’slifeingeneral,butitwillproduceseriouschangesinthelifeformsoftheregionandeveninthenatureofthewaterrunoffand,therefore,inthedetailsofgeologicalstructure.Aseriousdeclineinthebeepopulationwillaffectthenumbersofthoseplantsthatdependonbeesforfertilization,thenthenumbersofthoseanimalsthatdependonthoseparticularbee-fertilizedplants,andsoon.

Orconsidercellgrowth.Cellsinthoseorgansthatsufferconstantwearandtear—asintheskinorintheintestinallining—growandmultiplyalllifelong.Othercells,notsoexposed,asinnerveandmuscle,donotmultiplyatallintheadult,underanycircumstances.Stillotherorgans,ordinarilyquiescent,asliverandbone,standreadytogrowifthatisnecessarytoreplacedamage.Whentheproperrepairsaremade,growthstops.

Inamuchlooserandmoreflexibleway,thesameistrueofdie“planetorganism”(whichwestudyinthesciencecalledecology).Ifcougarsgrowtoonumerous,thedeertheyliveonaredecimated,andsomeofthecougarsdieofstarvation,sothattheir“propernumber”isrestored.Iftoomanycougarsdie,thendeermultiplywithparticularrapidity,andcougarsmultiplyquicklyinturn,tilltheadditionalpredatorsbringdownthenumberofdeeragain.Barringinterferencefromoutside,theeatersandtheeatenretaintheirpropernumbers,andbotharethebetterforit.

Theneateconomyofgrowthwithinanorganismsuchasahumanbeingissometimes—forwhatreason,weknownot—disrupted,andagroupofcellsbeginsgrowingwithoutlimit.Thisisthedreaddiseaseofcancer,andunlessthatgrowinggroupofcellsissomehowstopped,thewildgrowthwillthrowallthebodystructureoutoftrueandendbykillingtheorganismitself.

Inecology,thesamewouldhappeningif,forsomereason,oneparticulartypeoforganismbegantomultiplywithoutlimit,killingitscompetitorsandincreasingitsownfoodsupplyattheexpenseofthatofothers.That,too,couldendinthedestructionofthelargersystem—mostoralloflifeandevenofcertainaspectsoftheinanimateenvironment.

Andthisisexactlywhatishappeningatthismoment.Forthousandsofyears,thesinglespeciesHomosapiens,towhichyouandIhavethedubioushonorofbelonging,hasbeenincreasinginnumbers.Inthepastcoupleofcenturies,therateofincreasehasitselfincreasedexplosively.

AtthetimeofJuliusCaesar,whenEarth’shumanpopulationisestimatedtohavebeen150million,thatpopulationwasincreasingatratethatitwoulddoublein1000yearsifthatrateremainedsteady.Today,withEarth’spopulationestimatedatabout4000million,itisincreasingataratewhich,ifsteady,willcauseittodoublein35years.

ThepresentrateofincreaseofEarth’sswarminghumanpopulationqualifiesasanecologicalcancer,whichwilldestroytheecologyjustassurelyasanyordinarycancerwoulddestroyanorganism.

Thecure?Justwhatitisforanycancer.Thecancerousgrowthmustsomehowbestopped.

Ofcourse,itwillbe.Ifwedonothingatall,thegrowthwillstop,asacancerousgrowthinamanwillstopifnothingisdone.Themandiesandthecancerdieswithit.

Howcanthehumanpopulationexplosionbestopped?Byraisingthedeathrateorbyloweringthebirthrate.Therearenootheralternatives.Thedeathratewillrisespontaneouslyandfinallycatastrophically,ifwedonothing—andthatwithinafewdecades.Tomakethebirthratefall,somehow,issurelypreferable,andthatisthereforethefirstorderofmankind’sbusinesstoday.

Failingthis,mankindwouldstandatthebarofabstractjusticeasthemassmurdereroflifegenerally,hisownincluded,andmassdisrupteroftheintricateplanetarydevelopmentthatmadelifeinitspresentglorypossibleinthefirstplace.

1.Accordingtothearticle,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

2.Accordingtotheauthor,theanalogybetweentheentireplanetandthehumanbodyisbasedonallofthefollowingEXCEPT______.

3.Accordingtothearticle,whatisNOTtrueaboutthepopulationintheworld?

4.In“Failingthis,mankindwouldstandatthebarofabstractjustice”(lastparagraph),whichofthefollowingdoes“this”referto?

5.“Theneateconomyofgrowthwithinorganism”(12thparagraph)means______.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Ittooktheuniverse5billionyearstoformtheearth.

B.Evaporation,condensation,solution,weatheringarefourmajorfactorsthatcontributedtotheformationoftheearth.

C.Lifeformswerefirstdevelopedindeepwaterbetween2billionand3billionyearsago.

D.Lifeisasmuch,partofthestructureoftheEarthasanyinanimateportionisandinreverse,theinanimateportionoftheEarthisshapedandmodifiedbylife.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Theyarebothcomposedofnonlivingportionsandalargevarietyoflivingportions.

B.Theyarebothenormouslyintricateandinterrelatedsystems.

C.Theyarebothmadeupof50trillioncellsofavarietyoftypes,allinterrelatedandinterdependent.

D.Theiroverallgrowthmaybedisruptedifagroupofcellsoraparticulartypeoforganismbeginstogrowwithoutlimit.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Forthousandsofyears,humanpopulationhasbeenincreasinginnumber.

B.AtthetimeofJuliusCaesar,humanpopulationwasincreasingslowly.

C.Today,theEarth’spopulationisestimatedtodoublein35years.

D.Ifwedonothingatall,thegrowthoftheEarth’spopulationwillneverstop.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Thehumanpopulationexplosionbeingstopped.

B.Raisingthedeathrateorloweringthebirthrate.

C.Thedeathraterisingspontaneouslyandcatastrophically.

D.Reductionofthebirthrate.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Thebalancedandinterrelateddevelopmentofanorgan.

B.Thepurecostofdevelopmentwithinorganism.

C.Theveryslowdevelopmentwithinorganism.

D.Therapiddevelopmentoforganism.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】1.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)推理題。題干意思是“根據(jù)這篇文章，下列哪個(gè)陳述是正確的？”根據(jù)第二段第一句TheEarth,inthenearly5billionyearssinceitassumedapproximatelyitspresentform,hasundergoneavastevolution.（地球自從呈現(xiàn)目前的形狀近50億年以來，已經(jīng)經(jīng)歷了一次巨大的演化）可知，50億年前地球初步形成，并非地球花了50億年才形成，A項(xiàng)“宇宙花了50億年才形成了地球”錯(cuò)誤；由第三段前兩句Norwereocean,atmosphere,andsolidcrustindependentofeachotherafterformation.Thereisinteractionalways:evaporation,condensation,solution,weathering.（海洋、大氣和固體地殼在形成后也不是相互獨(dú)立的?？偸怯邢嗷プ饔茫赫舭l(fā)，凝結(jié)，溶解，風(fēng)化。）可知，蒸發(fā)，凝結(jié)，溶解，風(fēng)化只是地球形成后海洋、大氣層以及地殼之間作用的形式，而不是地球形成的因素，B項(xiàng)“蒸發(fā)，凝結(jié)，溶解，風(fēng)化是促成地球形成的四個(gè)主要因素”錯(cuò)誤；根據(jù)第四段第一句Between2billionand3billionyearsago,portionsofthesurfacewater,bathedbytheenergeticradiationfromtheSun,developedcomplicatedcompoundsinorganizationsufficientlyversatiletoqualifyaswhatwecall“l(fā)ife”.（在20億到30億年前，部分地表水沐浴在太陽的高能輻射下，發(fā)展出結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、功能豐富的化合物，可以稱得上是我們所說的“生命”。）可知，生命的形式是在地球表面發(fā)展來的，C項(xiàng)“生命形式最初是在20億到30億年前的深水中發(fā)展起來的”錯(cuò)誤；根據(jù)第五段第一句ButthelifeformsareasmuchpartofthestructureoftheEarthasanyinanimateportionis.Itisallaninseparablepartofawhole.（但是生命形式是地球結(jié)構(gòu)的一部分，就像任何無生命的部分一樣）和第六段首句Itworksinreverse,too,fortheinanimateportionofEarthisshapedandmoldedbylife.（反之亦然，地球上無生命的部分是由生命塑造的）可知，D項(xiàng)“生命和任何無生命的部分一樣，都是地球結(jié)構(gòu)的一部分，反過來說，地球的無生命部分是由生命塑造和修改的”正確。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

2.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“根據(jù)作者的說法，整個(gè)地球和人體之間的類比是基于以下幾個(gè)，除了……？”。根據(jù)文章的第七段Theentireplanet,plussolarenergy,isoneenormousintricatelyinterrelatedsystem.Theentireplanetisalifeformmadeupofnonlivingportionsandalargevarietyoflivingportions(asourownbodyismadeupofnonlivingcrystalsinbonesandnonlivingwaterinblood,aswellasofalargevarietyoflivingportions).（整個(gè)地球，加上太陽能，是一個(gè)龐大而錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)。整個(gè)地球是一種由無生命部分和各種各樣的生命部分組成的生命形式，就像我們自己的身體是由骨頭中的無生命晶體和血液中的無生命水，以及各種各樣的生命部分組成。）和第八段Infact,wecanpursuetheanalogy.Amanisof50trillioncellsofavarietyoftypes,allinterrelatedandinterdependent.Lossofsomeofthosecells,suchasthosemakingupanentire,willseriouslyhandicapalltherestoftheorganism:seriousdamagetoarelativelyfewcellsinanorgan,suchastheheartorkidneys,mayendbykillingall50trillion.（事實(shí)上，我們可以進(jìn)行類比。一個(gè)人由50萬億個(gè)不同類型的細(xì)胞組成，它們都是相互關(guān)聯(lián)、相互依賴的。失去其中一些細(xì)胞，比如構(gòu)成一個(gè)整體的細(xì)胞，將嚴(yán)重阻礙整個(gè)有機(jī)體的其他部分：一個(gè)器官中相對少數(shù)的細(xì)胞受到嚴(yán)重?fù)p害，如心臟或腎臟，可能會導(dǎo)致50萬億個(gè)細(xì)胞全部死亡。）可知，A項(xiàng)“它們都是由無生命部分和各種各樣的生命部分組成”、B項(xiàng)“它們都是非常復(fù)雜和相互關(guān)聯(lián)的系統(tǒng)”和D項(xiàng)“如果一組細(xì)胞或某種生物體開始無限制地生長，它們的整體生長可能會受到干擾”是符合文意的；C項(xiàng)“它們都是由50萬億個(gè)不同類型的細(xì)胞組成的，都是相互聯(lián)系和相互依賴的”是人體的一個(gè)特點(diǎn)，并不是地球的。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

3.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“根據(jù)這篇文章，關(guān)于世界人口，哪些是不正確的？”。根據(jù)第十五段的內(nèi)容：AtthetimeofJuliusCaesar,whenEarth’shumanpopulationisestimatedtohavebeen150million,thatpopulationwasincreasingatratethatitwoulddoublein1000yearsifthatrateremainedsteady.Today,withEarth’spopulationestimatedatabout4000million,itisincreasingataratewhich,ifsteady,willcauseittodoublein35years.（在凱撒時(shí)代，地球人口估計(jì)有1.5億，如果這個(gè)速度保持不變，人口將在1000年內(nèi)增長一倍。今天，地球上的人口估計(jì)約為40億，它的增長速度如果穩(wěn)定的話，將使其在35年內(nèi)翻一番。）可知，A項(xiàng)“幾千年來，人類人口一直在增加”和C項(xiàng)“今天，地球的人口估計(jì)在35年內(nèi)翻一番”正確；文中提到如果按凱撒時(shí)代的人口增長速度，在1000年內(nèi)人口將增長一倍，即2億，但如今地球上人口是40億，是凱撒時(shí)代的26倍，所以B項(xiàng)“在凱撒大帝時(shí)期，人口增長緩慢”正確；D項(xiàng)“如果我們什么都不做，地球人口的增長將永遠(yuǎn)不會停止”文章并未提及。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

4.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“最后一段‘如果做不到這一點(diǎn)，人類就會站在抽象的正義面前’中的‘這個(gè)’指的是什么？”。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段Howcanthehumanpopulationexplosionbestopped?Byraisingthedeathrateorbyloweringthebirthrate.Therearenootheralternatives.Thedeathratewillrisespontaneouslyandfinallycatastrophically,ifwedonothing—andthatwithinafewdecades.Tomakethebirthratefall,somehow,issurelypreferable,andthatisthereforethefirstorderofmankind’sbusinesstoday.（怎樣才能阻止人口爆炸？通過提高死亡率或降低出生率。沒有其他選擇。如果我們什么都不做，死亡率會自然上升，最終導(dǎo)致災(zāi)難性的后果，而且是在幾十年內(nèi)。無論如何，降低出生率肯定是可取的，因此這是當(dāng)今人類的首要任務(wù)。）可知，倒數(shù)第二段主要闡述我們需要降低出生率或者提高死亡率來阻止人口爆炸，但無論如何降低出生率肯定是可取的；接著最后一段就說如果我們做不到這點(diǎn)，人類就會成為大屠殺者；綜合推斷可知，“this”指的是降低出生率，D項(xiàng)“降低出生率”正確；A項(xiàng)“人口爆炸停止了”，文章并沒有說人口爆炸停止，而是建議采取措施阻止人口爆炸；B項(xiàng)“提高死亡率或降低出生率”，文中沒有提到提高死亡率肯定是可取的，且最后一段講到如果我們不降低出生率，那么人類就會成為屠殺者，所以可以看出提高死亡率實(shí)不可取的；C項(xiàng)“死亡率自發(fā)地、災(zāi)難性地上升”也不符合段落前后邏輯。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

5.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“第十二段中的‘Theneateconomyofgrowthwithinorganism’是什么意思？”。根據(jù)題干定位到文章的第十二段：Theneateconomyofgrowthwithinanorganismsuchasahumanbeingissometimes—forwhatreason,weknownot—disrupted,andagroupofcellsbeginsgrowingwithoutlimit.Thisisthedreaddiseaseofcancer,andunlessthatgrowinggroupofcellsissomehowstopped,thewildgrowthwillthrowallthebodystructureoutoftrueandendbykillingtheorganismitself.（在一個(gè)有機(jī)體中，比如人類，凈增長有時(shí)候會受到干擾，一群細(xì)胞開始無限制地增長，原因我們