語言學(xué)語用學(xué)

8.LanguageinThetwomajorsidesofThesidemorecloselyrelatedtothewordsused（用詞）,themoreconstant,inherentsideofmeaning,whichisstudiedundertheheadingofsemantics（語義contextorsomethingextra,whichisstudiedundertheheadingofpragmatics（語用學(xué)）Whatisthepragmatics（語用學(xué)Thiskindofmeaningcomespartlyfromtheuseoflanguageinacontext,soitmayalsobedefinedasthestudyoflanguageinuseSpeechActThistheoryoriginatedwiththeOxfordphilosopherJohnLangshawAustin（·朗肖）HebegantogivelecturesonhistheoryinThebook“HowtoDoThingswithWords”publishedposthumouslyin1962wasarrangedbyhislectures.PerformativesandWhataretheperformatives（施為句）andconstatives（表述句）?TheyarethetypesofsentencesaccordingtoclaimofAustininhistheory.Performativesmeansthesentencesthatdonotdescribethingsandcannotbesaidtobetrueorfalse.InamethisshiptheQueenElizabeth.Ipromisetofinishitintime.TheverbnameandpromisearenotactualactionsbuttheutteringofConstativesmeansthedescriptionofwhatthespeakerisngatthetimeofIpoursomeliquidintotheTheverbpourisanactualThespeakercannotpouranyliquidintoatubebysimplyutteringtheseThoughperformativescannotbetrueorfalse,therearestillconditionsforthemtomeettobeappropriateorfelicitous.ThefelicityconditionssuggestedbyTheremustbearelevantconventionalprocedure,andtherelevantparticipantsandcircumstancesmustbeappropriate.TheproceduremustbeexecutedcorrectlyandcompleTherelevantpeoplemusthavetherequisitethoughts.Feelingsandintensions,andmustfollowitupwithactionsasspecified.However,notallcasesneedaconventionalprocedureto ThesameIpromisetofinishitinWecansay“IgivemywordforfinishingitinThefactorsoftypicalperformativessuggestedbySimplepresentIndicativeActiveIorderyoutoturnright.Wecansay“Turnright”IfindyouWecansay“YoudidATheoryoftheIllocutionaryAct（言外之意InAustin’sopinion,therearethreesensesinwhichsayingsomethingmaybeunderstoodasngsomething.Itmeanswhenwespeakwemoveourvocal ansandproduceanumberof anizedinacertainwayandwithacertainmeaning.Somebodysays“Morning!”toTherearetwoquestionswecanWhatdidheWhatdidheInthequestionwecananswerheproducedasound,wordorsentenceInthesecondquestionswecananswerheofferedagreeting.IllocutionaryItmaybesaidtobeequivalenttospeaker’smeaningcontextualmeaning,orextrameaning,andmaybetranslatedintoChineseas言外之意.IntheExampleof“Morning!”wecansayithastheforceofagreeting,oritoughttohavebeentakenasagreeting.T