2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-安徽大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號(hào)49

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-安徽大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Peoplehavewonderedforalongtimehowtheirpersonalitiesandbehaviorsareferriedisnoteasytoexplainwhyonepersonisintelligentandanotherisnot,orwhyoneiscooperativeandanotheriscompetitive.

Socialscientistsare,ofcourseextremelyinterestedinthesetypesofquestion.Theywanttoexplainwhywepossesscertaincharacteristicsandexhibitcertainbehaviors.Therearenodearanswersyet,buttwodistinctschoolsofthoughtonthematterhavedeveloped.Asonemightexpectthetwoapproachesareverydifferentfromoneanotherandthere’sagreatdealofdebatebetweenproponentsofeachtheory.Thecontroversyisoftenconvenientlyreferredtoas“nature/nurture”.

Thosewhosupportthe“nature”sideoftheconflictbelievethatourpersonalitiesandbehaviorpatternsarelargelydeterminedbybiologicalandgeneticfactor.Thatourenvironmenthaslittle,ifanythingtodowithourabilities,characteristicsandbehavioriscentraltothistheory.Takentoanextreme,thistheorymaintainsthatourbehaviorispredeterminedtosuchagreatdegreethatwearealmostcompletelygovernedbyourinstincts.

Proponentsofthe“nurture”theory,orastheyareoftencalledbehaviorsclaimthatourenvironmentismoreimportantthanourbiologicallybasedinstinctsindetermininghowwewillact.Behavioristsseehumansasbeingwhosebehaviorisalmostcompletelyshapedbytheirsurroundings.Theirviewofthehumanbeingisquitemechanistic;theymaintainthatlikemachines,humansrespondtoenvironmentalstimuliasthebasisoftheirbehavior.

ThesocialandpoliticalimplicationsorthesetwotheoriesareprofoundIntheUnitedStates,forexample,blacksoftenscorebelowwhitesonstandardizedintelligenttest.Thisleadssome“nature”proponentstoconcludethatblacksaregeneticallyinferiortowhites.Behavioristsincontrastsaythatthedifferencesinscoresareduetothefactthatblacksareoftendeprivedofmanyoftheeducationalandotherenvironmentaladvantagesthatwhiteenjoy,andthat,asaresult,theydonotdevelopthesameresponsesthatwhitesdo.

Neitherofthesetheoriescanyetfullyexplainhumanbehavior.Infact,itisquitelikelythatthekeytoourbehaviorliessomewherebetweenthesetwoextremes.Thatthecontroversywillcontinueforalongtimeiscertain.

46.Theauthorismainlyconcernedaboutsolvingtheproblem（）.

47.Theword“proponents”canbestbereplacedby（）.

48.Whichofthefollowingstatementsmaybesupportedbythe“nature”school?

49.Whatcanwelearnaboutthebehaviorists?

50.The“nature”theoristsbelievethattheblacks’lowscores（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.whyone’sbehaviorsdifferfromothers

B.whatmakesdifferentstagesofintelligence

C.howsocialscientistsformdifferenttheories

D.whatcausesthe“nature/nurture”controversy

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.approaches

B.advocates

C.principles

D.characters

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Wearebornwithcertainpersonalitiesandbehaviors.

B.Environmenthasnothingtodowithourpersonalities.

C.Abilitiesandcharacteristicsarerevealedbybehaviors.

D.Onlyextremebehaviorsaredeterminedbyinstinct.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Theybelievehumanbeingsaremechanical.

B.Theycompareourbehaviorstothemachines.

C.Theysuggestthatwereacttotheenvironmentasthemachinesdo.

D.Theyupholdthatthemechanistictheorycanbeappliedonusaswell.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.aretheresultoftheeducationaldisadvantages

B.areamanifestationoftheblacks’poorintelligence

C.havenothingtodowiththeirtrueintelligence

D.havenothingtodowillfactorsotherthanheredity

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】46.主旨大意題。第一段先提出“人們一直很想知道個(gè)性和行為是怎樣形成的”，然后每段都提出一個(gè)理論，最后一段得出總結(jié)這兩種理論都不能完全解釋人類行為，關(guān)于個(gè)性是先天的還是后天的這場(chǎng)爭(zhēng)論肯定會(huì)持續(xù)很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間。因此D選項(xiàng)“是什么導(dǎo)致了先天/后天的爭(zhēng)論”正確，符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“為什么一個(gè)人的行為與別人不同”，B選項(xiàng)“是什么造就了智力的不同階段”，C選項(xiàng)“社會(huì)科學(xué)家如何形成不同的理論”均不符題意，可排除。故選D。

47.詞義推測(cè)題。定位在原文Asonemightexpectthetwoapproachesareverydifferentfromoneanotherandthere’sagreatdealofdebatebetweenproponentsofeachtheory.（正如人們預(yù)想的那樣，這兩種方法是非常不同的，各理論的……之間存在大量爭(zhēng)論）因?yàn)閮煞N理論是截然相反的，所以所持不同理論的人會(huì)存在大量的爭(zhēng)論。因此proponents指人，指這兩種理論的支持者。因此B選項(xiàng)“擁護(hù)者；倡導(dǎo)者”正確，符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“方法；辦法”；C選項(xiàng)“原則”；D選項(xiàng)“特性”均與題意不符，可排除。故選B。

48.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段首句Thosewhosupportthe“nature”sideoftheconflictbelievethatourpersonalitiesandbehaviorpatternsarelargelydeterminedbybiologicalandgeneticfactor.（那些支持自然派的人們認(rèn)為，我們的個(gè)性和行為模式在很大程度上是由生物和遺傳因素決定的。）由此可判斷自然派認(rèn)為我們具有一定的個(gè)性和行為模式是先天具備的，因此A選項(xiàng)“我們生來(lái)就有特定的個(gè)性和行為”，正確，符合題意。B選項(xiàng)“環(huán)境與我們的個(gè)性無(wú)關(guān)”，說(shuō)法過(guò)于絕對(duì)，定位在原文Thatourenvironmenthaslittle,ifanythingtodowithourabilities,characteristicsandbehavioriscentraltothistheory.（我們的環(huán)境與我們的能力、特征和行為幾乎沒(méi)有關(guān)系，這是這一理論的核心。）錯(cuò)誤，可排除。C選項(xiàng)“能力和特征是由行為表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的”與題意無(wú)關(guān)，可排除。D選項(xiàng)“只有極端的行為是由本能決定的”，錯(cuò)誤，定位在原文Takentoanextreme,thistheorymaintainsthatourbehaviorispredeterminedtosuchagreatdegreethatwearealmostcompletelygovernedbyourinstincts.（極端地說(shuō)，這一理論認(rèn)為，我們的行為在很大程度上是先天決定的，以至于我們幾乎完全受本能的支配。）可排除。故選A。

49.客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。由第四段第一句找到關(guān)鍵詞定位Proponentsofthe“nurture”theory,orastheyareoftencalledbehaviors（后天理論的支持者，或者通常被稱為行為主義者）再由第四段最后一句Theirviewofthehumanbeingisquitemechanistic;theymaintainthatlikemachines,humansrespondtoenvironmentalstimuliasthebasisoftheirbehavior.（他們對(duì)人類的看法相當(dāng)機(jī)械的；他們認(rèn)為，人類像機(jī)器一樣對(duì)環(huán)境刺激做出回應(yīng)，這些刺激是他們的行為的基礎(chǔ)。）因此C選項(xiàng)“他們認(rèn)為我們像機(jī)器一樣對(duì)環(huán)境做出反應(yīng)”正確，符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“他們相信人類是機(jī)械的”太過(guò)絕對(duì)，原文說(shuō)的是quite“相當(dāng)”，只能夠說(shuō)明極度相似，并不完全等同，可排除。B選項(xiàng)“他們把我們的行為比作機(jī)器”，依照原文，他們是將humanbeing“人類”比作機(jī)器，可排除。D選項(xiàng)“他們堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為機(jī)械論也適用于我們”原文未提及，可排除。故選C。

50.客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。定位到第五段Thisleadssome“nature”proponentstoconcludethatblacksaregeneticallyinferiortowhites.Behavioristsincontrastsaythatthedifferencesinscoresareduetothefactthatblacksareoftendeprivedofmanyoftheeducationalandotherenvironmentaladvantagesthatwhiteenjoy,andthat,asaresult,theydonotdevelopthesameresponsesthatwhitesdo.（這導(dǎo)致一些“自然”派支持者認(rèn)為黑人基因不如白人。與之相反的行為學(xué)家說(shuō)，成績(jī)的差異是由于黑人常常被剝奪了許多教育和其他白人所享有的環(huán)境優(yōu)勢(shì)，因此他們不與白人做出相同的反應(yīng)。）由此可知，在“自然”派支持者看來(lái)黑人的低分?jǐn)?shù)是因?yàn)榛虻牟煌?。因此D選項(xiàng)“除了遺傳與意志因素?zé)o關(guān)”正確。A選項(xiàng)“是教育劣勢(shì)的結(jié)果”為行為主義者的觀點(diǎn)，可排除。B選項(xiàng)“是黑人智力低下的表現(xiàn)”，C選項(xiàng)“與他們的真正智慧無(wú)關(guān)”與題意無(wú)關(guān)，可排除。故選D。

2.單選題

Whatwouldyou（）ifyouhadbeenthereatthetimeoftheaccident?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.do

B.bedoing

C.havedone

D.todo

【答案】C

【解析】考查虛擬語(yǔ)氣。if引導(dǎo)的從句使用的是過(guò)去完成時(shí)haddone，提出過(guò)去的未發(fā)生的條件。主句部分：主語(yǔ)＋would/should/might/couldhave＋動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞。句意：如果你當(dāng)時(shí)在事故現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，你會(huì)怎么做？因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

3.單選題

Ifthesalinityofoceanwatersisanalyzed,itisfoundtovaryonlyslightlyfromplacetoplace.Nevertheless,someofthesesmallchangesareimportant.Therearethreebasicprocessesthatcauseachangeinoceanicsalinity.Oneoftheseisthesubtractionofwaterfromtheoceanbymeansofevaporation-conversionofliquidwatertowatervapor.Inthismanner,thesalinityisincreased,sincethesaltsstaybehind.Ifthisiscarriedtotheextreme,ofcourse,whitecrystalsofsaltwouldbeleftbehind:this,bytheway,ishowmuchofthetablesaltweuseisactuallyobtained.

Theoppositeofevaporationisprecipitation,suchasrain,bywhichwaterisaddedtotheocean.Heretheoceanisbeingdilutedsothatthesalinityisdecreased.Thismayoccurinareasofhighrainfallorincoastalregionswhereriversflowintotheocean.Thussalinitymaybeincreasedbythesubtractionofwaterbyevaporationordecreasedbytheadditionoffreshwaterbyprecipitationorrunoff.

Normally,intropicalregionswherethesunisverystrong,theoceansalinityissomewhathigherthanitisinotherpartsoftheworldwherethereisnotasmuchevaporation.Similarly,incoastalregionswhereriversdilutethesea,salinityissomewhatlowerthaninotheroceanicareas.

Athirdprocessbywhichsalinitymaybealteredisassociatedwiththeformationandmeltingofseaice.Whenseawaterisfrozen,thedissolvedmaterialsareleftbehind.Inthismanner,seawaterdirectlybeneathfreshlyformedseaicehasahighersalinitythanitdidbeforetheiceappeared.Ofcourse,whenthisicemeltsitwilltendtodecreasethesalinityofthesurroundingwater.

IntheWeddellSea,offAntarctica,thedensestwaterintheoceansisformedasaresultofthisfreezingprocess,whichincreasesthesalinityofcoldwater.Thisheavywatersinksandisfoundinthedeepestportionsoftheoceansoftheworld.

13.Whatdoesthispassagemainlydiscuss?

14.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaftertheformationofoceanice?

15.WhydoestheauthormentiontheWeddellSeainthelastparagraph?

16.Whatcanbeinferredaboutthewaternearthebottomofoceanswithices?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Thechangeinoceanicsalinity

B.Theprocessesofseawater

C.Theformationofourtablesalt

D.Theconversionofseawater

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Thesaltisstillinthewater.

B.Theheavywatersinks.

C.Thewaterbecomesdenser.

D.Watersalinitydecreases.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Tosuggestthatithassalinityvariation.

B.TocompareAntarcticwaterswithArcticwaters.

C.Toindicatethelocationofdeepwaters.

D.Togiveanexampleofcold-watersalinity.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Itmovesveryquickly.

B.Itisrelativelywarm.

C.Itssalinityisrelativelyhigh.

D.Itisrelativelycold.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:D

第4題:C

【解析】13.主旨大意題。文章的第一句Ifthesalinityofoceanwatersisanalyzed,itisfoundtovaryonlyslightlyfromplacetoplace.（如果對(duì)海水的鹽度進(jìn)行分析，就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)各地的鹽度差別很小。）但是有些小的變化是重要的，最后再說(shuō)明了導(dǎo)致海洋的鹽度變化的基本過(guò)程有三個(gè)：蒸發(fā)、降水和冰。文章一直圍繞著鹽度變化進(jìn)行闡述。因此A選項(xiàng)“海洋鹽度的變化”正確，符合題意。B選項(xiàng)“海水的過(guò)程”，C選項(xiàng)“我們食鹽的形成”，D選項(xiàng)“海水的轉(zhuǎn)化”均與題意不符，可排除。故選A。

14.推理判斷題。定位在倒數(shù)第二段Whenseawaterisfrozen,thedissolvedmaterialsareleftbehind.Inthismanner,seawaterdirectlybeneathfreshlyformedseaicehasahighersalinitythanitdidbeforetheiceappeared.（海水凍結(jié)時(shí)，溶于其中的物質(zhì)被留了下來(lái)。這樣，在新形成的海洋冰正下方的海水會(huì)比在冰塊形成之前有更高的鹽度。）由此可知海洋冰形成后附近水域的鹽度會(huì)上升，而不是下降，因此D選項(xiàng)“鹽度降低”錯(cuò)誤。同理可知A選項(xiàng)“鹽還在水里”，C選項(xiàng)“水變得更濃了”正確。B選項(xiàng)“重水下沉”定位在最后一段IntheWeddellSea,offAntarctica,thedensestwaterintheoceansisformedasaresultofthisfreezingprocess,whichincreasesthesalinityofcoldwater.（在南極洲附近的威德?tīng)柡?，海洋中最稠密的水是由于這種凍結(jié)過(guò)程而形成的，這種凍結(jié)過(guò)程增加了冷水的鹽度。）可知Thisheavywatersinks這種重水下沉也與海洋冰的形成有關(guān)。故選D。

15.推理判斷題。定位在最后一段IntheWeddellSea,offAntarctica,thedensestwaterintheoceansisformedasaresultofthisfreezingprocess,whichincreasesthesalinityofcoldwater.Thisheavywatersinksandisfoundinthedeepestportionsoftheoceansoftheworld.（在南極洲附近的威德?tīng)柡＃Ｑ笾袧舛茸罡叩乃怯捎谶@種凍結(jié)過(guò)程而形成的，這種凍結(jié)過(guò)程增加了冷水的鹽度。這種重水下沉，在世界海洋最深的部分被發(fā)現(xiàn)。）還是在對(duì)第三種導(dǎo)致海洋的鹽度變化的過(guò)程海洋冰的舉例，因此答案選D選項(xiàng)“舉冷水鹽度的例子”正確，符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“表明它有鹽度變化”，與題意不符，可排除。B選項(xiàng)“把南極水域和北極水域進(jìn)行比較”屬于無(wú)中生有，可排除。C選項(xiàng)“指示深水的位置”偷換主語(yǔ)，非深水而是重水下沉?？膳懦?。故選D。

16.推理判斷題。根據(jù)原文Inthismanner,seawaterdirectlybeneathfreshlyformedseaicehasahighersalinitythanitdidbeforetheiceappeared.（這樣，在新形成的海洋冰正下方的海水會(huì)比在冰塊形成之前有更高的鹽度。）和thedensestwaterintheoceansisformedasaresultofthisfreezingprocess,whichincreasesthesalinityofcoldwater.（由于這種凍結(jié)過(guò)程，海洋中最密集的水形成，增加了冷水的鹽度）由此可推理出在海洋冰底下的海水濃度會(huì)更高。因此C選項(xiàng)“它的鹽度相對(duì)較高”正確，符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“它移動(dòng)得很快”，B選項(xiàng)“海水會(huì)相對(duì)暖和”，D選項(xiàng)“海水相當(dāng)冷”，均未涉及，不符合題意，可排除。故選C。

4.單選題

Thereweretwosmallroomsinthebeachhouse,（）servedasakitchen.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.thesmallerofwhich

B.thesmallestofwhich

C.thesmallofthem

D.thesmallestofthat

【答案】A

【解析】考查比較級(jí)的使用。最高級(jí)表示三者或者三者以上事物的比較，兩者中的比較應(yīng)選用比較級(jí)，故可排除BD使用了最高級(jí)的選項(xiàng)。同理可排除C選項(xiàng)，使用原級(jí)不構(gòu)成比較。句意：海濱別墅里有兩間小房間，較小的那間用作廚房。故選A。

5.單選題

Thesewagesystemofthecity（）thewatersothatswimmingwasforbidden.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.diluted

B.diverted

C.culminated

D.contaminated

【答案】D

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)diluted“稀釋；削弱”；B選項(xiàng)diverted“轉(zhuǎn)移；使……轉(zhuǎn)向”；C選項(xiàng)culminated“使結(jié)束；達(dá)到頂點(diǎn)”；D選項(xiàng)contaminated“污染；弄臟”。句意：城市的污水系統(tǒng)……了這片水域，因此游泳被禁止。關(guān)鍵詞sewage“污水”和后面的結(jié)果swimmingwasforbidden“游泳被禁止了”由此可知是污水會(huì)污染這片水域。本句使用的是過(guò)去式，因此空格內(nèi)應(yīng)填入謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

6.單選題

Thatterribledaywillbedeeply（）inthechildren’smemory.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.included

B.embraced

C.embedded

D.removed

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)included“包括”；B選項(xiàng)embraced“包含；擁抱”；C選項(xiàng)embedded“使嵌入；使深留腦中”；D選項(xiàng)removed“去掉；移除”。句意：那可怕的一天將……在孩子們的記憶中。關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)Thatterribleday“那可怕的一天”，可知這份記憶是深刻的而且不美好，深深烙印在孩子們的記憶里。beembeddedin“嵌入；扎根于”，因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

7.單選題

Youwillhardlybelieveit,butthisisthethirdtimetonightsomeone（）me.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.telephoned

B.hastelephoned

C.telephones

D.shouldtelephone

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定句式結(jié)構(gòu)。Thisisthefirst（序數(shù)詞）timethat…表示“第一次做某事”，后面的從句一定要用“現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)”，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成have/hasdone。句意：你可能不會(huì)相信，這已經(jīng)是今晚第三次有人給我打電話了。hastelephoned使用了現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，故選B。

8.翻譯題

61.Americanscientistshaveforthefirsttimetakenstemcellsfromhumanembryosthataregeneticcopiesoflivingpeople.Thegoalistocreatebettertreatmentsfordisease.Buttheworkhasraisedethicalconcernsaboutmakinggeneticcopiesorcloning.Cloningahumanbeingisillegalinmorethantwelvestates.Mostscientistshaverejectedit,butsomemedicalresearchersareperformingwhatiscalled“therapeuticcloning”totrytofightdisease.Stillthatmethodisbannedinsevenstates.

62.Onestatewhere“therapeuticcloning”isnotbannedisOregonthatiswhereresearchersatOregonHealth&ScienceUniversityinPortlandwereabletoputhumanDNAintomodifiedhumaneggs:thustheyproducedembryosthatweregeneticallythesameasthepeoplewhohaddonatedtheirDNA.

63.Thestemcellstakenfromtheembryoswhichcanbedevelopedintoanytissueinthebodyarecalled“mastercells”.Scientistshavealreadyknownhowtousechemicalstocausemastercellstodevelopintoanytissueinthebody.

64.Theideaisthatdoctorcouldusetissuecreatedthiswaytoreplacediseasedorgans.Thenewbodytissuewouldbeageneticallymatchofthepersonreceivingitandtherewouldbenodangerthatthepatient’sbodywouldrejectthenewtissuewhichcanhappenwithnormaltransplants.

ThescientistsbelievedthestemcellscouldgivedoctorsanewwaytotreatParkinson’sdisease—adegenerativemovementdisorder.TheybelievetheycouldusethisgeneticmaterialorDNAfromaskincellofsomeonewithParkinson’sdiseasetocreateapersonalizedtreatment.

AltaCharoisabioethicistattheUniversityofWisconsinLawSchool,shebelievesitistoosoontosay,whethertheuseofembryonicstemcellsforpersonalizedmedicinewouldbecomecommon.Scientistscouldinfactfindotherlesscontroversialsourcesofstemcells;however,shesupportstheuseofstemcellstotreatdisease.

65.Shesaid,“Ithinkthatwouldargueforusingthem.Ithinktherearemoralobligationstopeoplewhoarehereamongus,whoaresickandinneed,trans-politicalconcernsandpublicrelations,andperceptionproblemsaroundtheveryearliestfirsttwoorthreedays’worthofdevelopmentofanembryo-likeentity.”

Theresearcheronthecloningofhumanembryostoharveststemcellswaspublishedinthejournal“Cell”.

【答案】61.美國(guó)科學(xué)家首次從基因復(fù)制的人體胚胎中提取出干細(xì)胞，其目標(biāo)是為了創(chuàng)造更好的治療辦法。但這項(xiàng)成果引發(fā)了關(guān)于基因復(fù)制或克隆的倫理?yè)?dān)憂。

62.俄勒岡州是未禁止“治療性克隆”的州之一。該州波特蘭市的俄勒岡健康與科學(xué)大學(xué)的研究人員能夠?qū)⑷祟怐NA植入經(jīng)過(guò)改良的人類卵子中，由此制成的人類胚胎和捐助DNA者在遺傳基因上相一致。

63.從胚胎中提取的干細(xì)胞，能夠被培育成任何人體組織，被稱為“萬(wàn)能細(xì)胞”?？茖W(xué)家們懂得如何利用化學(xué)物質(zhì)使萬(wàn)能細(xì)胞發(fā)育成任何人體組織。

64.這種想法是醫(yī)生能夠使用這種途徑制成的人體組織來(lái)替代病變器官。這種新的人體組織和接受移植者在遺傳基因上相匹配，不會(huì)發(fā)生病人身體抗拒新組織的危險(xiǎn)，而正常移植往往會(huì)存在這種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

65.我認(rèn)為利用它會(huì)引發(fā)爭(zhēng)論，我認(rèn)為，對(duì)于我們當(dāng)中的人來(lái)說(shuō)，對(duì)于那些生病和需要幫助的人，對(duì)于跨政治的關(guān)注和公共關(guān)系，以及對(duì)于胚胎樣實(shí)體最初兩三天的發(fā)展所產(chǎn)生的認(rèn)知問(wèn)題，都是有道德義務(wù)的。

9.單選題

Theinventor（）hisoriginaldesigninordertoincreasethemachine’sefficiencytoahigherlevel.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.executed

B.cultivated

C.modified

D.decorated

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)executed“執(zhí)行”；B選項(xiàng)cultivated“培養(yǎng)”；C選項(xiàng)modified“修改”；D選項(xiàng)decorated“裝飾”。句意：發(fā)明家為了把機(jī)器的效率提高到一個(gè)更高的水平……原來(lái)的設(shè)計(jì)。increasethemachine’sefficiency提高效率與originaldesign原來(lái)的設(shè)計(jì)之間的關(guān)系，有不足之處即要做出挑戰(zhàn)與改變，故C選項(xiàng)更符合語(yǔ)義。

10.單選題

WhileherfriendswerebusytryingtolandonajobinWallStreet,shedecidedtostayinherhumblelittletownand（）ingrowingorganiccorn.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.specialize

B.expertise

C.commercialize

D.privatize

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)specialize“專門研究；專攻”；B選項(xiàng)expertise“專門知識(shí)；專門技能”；C選項(xiàng)commercialize“使商業(yè)化；使商品化”；D選項(xiàng)privatize“使私有化；使歸私有”。句意：盡管她的朋友都忙于在華爾街找份工作，她卻決定待在她的小鎮(zhèn)上……種植有機(jī)玉米。根據(jù)句意可以知道她和她的朋友不一樣，決定了就在小鎮(zhèn)上專門從事有機(jī)玉米的種植。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

11.單選題

Oneofthequalitiesthatmostpeopleadmireinothersisthewillingnesstoadmitone’smistakes.Itisextremelyhardtosometimestosayasimplethinglike“Iwaswrongaboutthat,”anditisevenhardertosay“Iwaswrong,andyouwererightaboutthat.”

Ihadanexperiencerecentlywithsomeoneadmittingtomethathehadmadeamistakefifteenyearsago.HetoldmehehadbeenthemanagerofacertaingrocerystoreintheneighborhoodwhereIgrewup,andheaskedmeifIrememberedtheeggcartons.ThenherelatedanincidentandIbegantoremembervaguelytheincidenthewasdescribing.

Iwasabouteightyearsoldatthetime,andIhadgoneintothestorewithmymothertodotheweeklygroceryshopping.Onthatparticularday,Imusthavefoundmywaytothedairyfooddepartmentwheretheincidenttookplace.

Theremusthavebeenaspecialsaleoneggsthatdaybecausetherewasanimpressivedisplayofeggsindozenandhalf-dozencartons.Thecartonswerestackedthreeorfourfeethigh.Imusthavestoppedinfrontofadisplaytoadmirethestacks.Justthenawomancamebypushinghergrocerycartandknockedoffthestacksofcartons.Forsomereasons,Idecideditwasuptometoputthedisplaybacktogether,soIwenttowork.

Themanagerheardthenoise,andcamerushingovertoseewhathadhappened.Whenheappeared,Iwasonmykneesinspectingsomeofthecartonstoseeifanyoftheeggswerebroken,buttohimitlookedasthoughIwastheculprit(罪人).Heseverelyreprimandedmeandwantedmetopayforanybrokeneggs.Iprotestedmyinnocenceandtriedtoexplain,butitdidnogood.EventhoughIquicklyforgotallabouttheincident,apparentlythemanagerdidnot.

41.Howoldwastheauthorwhenhewrotethisarticle?

42.Whowastoblameforknockingoffthestacksofcartons?

43.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTTRUE?

44.Whichofthefollowingcanserveasthebesttitleofthepassage?

45.Thetoneofthearticleexpressestheauthor’s（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.About8yearsold

B.About18yearsold

C.About23yearsold

D.About15yearsold

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Theauthor

B.Themanager

C.Awoman

D.Theauthor’smother

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Thewomanwhoknockedoffthestacksofcartonswasseriouslycriticizedbythemanager.

B.Theauthorwasseverelycriticizedbythemanager.

C.Awomancarelesslyknockedoffthestacksofcartons.

D.Itwastheauthorwhoputthedisplaybacktogether.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.ItIsHardertoAdmitOne’sMistake

B.IWasOncetheCulprit

C.IRememberanIncident

D.ACaseofMistakenIdentity

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.angertothemanagerforhiswrongaccusation

B.admirationforthemanager’swillingnesstoadmitmistake

C.indignationagainstthewomanwhoknockedoffthestacksofcartons

D.regretforthemistakehemadeinthestore

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】41.推理判斷題。定位在第二段第一句Ihadanexperiencerecentlywithsomeoneadmittingtomethathehadmadeamistakefifteenyearsago.（我最近有一次經(jīng)歷，一個(gè)人向我承認(rèn)他在15年前犯了一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。）由本句開(kāi)始作者開(kāi)始談及15年前發(fā)生的一件事情。隨即我們看到第二段Iwasabouteightyearsoldatthetime.（我那時(shí)差不多8歲）作者的那段回憶發(fā)生在他8歲的時(shí)候，離現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)過(guò)了15年，由此可以推斷出作者現(xiàn)在應(yīng)該在23歲左右。故選C，同理可排除ABD選項(xiàng)。

42.客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。定位在第四段Justthenawomancamebypushinghergrocerycartandknockedoffthestacksofcartons.（就在這時(shí)，一個(gè)順道經(jīng)過(guò)的女人，她的購(gòu)物車撞倒了一堆紙箱）由此可知，紙箱盒是這個(gè)女人推倒的。A選項(xiàng)“作者”，B選項(xiàng)“經(jīng)理”，C選項(xiàng)“女人”，D選項(xiàng)“作者的媽媽”，故選C。

43.推理判斷題。定位在第五段Heseverelyreprimandedmeandwantedmetopayforanybrokeneggs.（他嚴(yán)厲地批評(píng)了我并且想讓我賠付每一個(gè)碎了的雞蛋。）因?yàn)樽髡卟攀悄莻€(gè)被嚴(yán)厲批評(píng)的人。所以A選項(xiàng)“那個(gè)打翻一疊紙箱的女人受到經(jīng)理的嚴(yán)厲批評(píng)”錯(cuò)誤。B選項(xiàng)“作者受到了經(jīng)理的嚴(yán)厲批評(píng)”正確。C選項(xiàng)“一個(gè)女人不小心把一疊紙箱撞倒了”正確。原文中Justthenawomancamebypushinghergrocerycartandknockedoffthestacksofcartons.（就在這時(shí)，一個(gè)順道經(jīng)過(guò)的女人，她的購(gòu)物車撞倒了一堆紙箱。）D選項(xiàng)“作者把它們擺放在了展柜上”根據(jù)原文Forsomereasons,Idecideditwasuptometoputthedisplaybacktogether,soIwenttowork.（出于某些原因，我決定由我將它們?cè)贁[放好，于是我開(kāi)始了工作。）BCD選項(xiàng)全部正確，故選A。

44.主旨大意題。文章第一句Oneofthequalitiesthatmostpeopleadmireinothersisthewillingnesstoadmitone’smistakes.（令大多數(shù)人欽佩另一個(gè)人的一個(gè)品質(zhì)就是愿意承認(rèn)自己的錯(cuò)誤。）本文開(kāi)始講到了能夠積極地承認(rèn)錯(cuò)誤是令人值得欽佩的品質(zhì)。接下來(lái)就主要講述了作者15年前因?yàn)橐粓?chǎng)誤會(huì)而被批評(píng)的故事。A選項(xiàng)“很難承認(rèn)自己的錯(cuò)誤”，只是一小部分的陳述，不夠全面。B選項(xiàng)“我曾是罪魁禍?zhǔn)住?，以偏概全。C選項(xiàng)“我記得那次的小插曲”定位在最后一句EventhoughIquicklyforgotallabouttheincident,apparentlythemanagerdidnot.（盡管我很快就把這件事忘得一干二凈，但經(jīng)理顯然沒(méi)有。）所以C不正確。D選項(xiàng)“一個(gè)被誤解的事例”，是對(duì)全文的一個(gè)總的概括，由這個(gè)事例具體展開(kāi)，闡述愿意承認(rèn)錯(cuò)誤的優(yōu)良品質(zhì)。故選D。

45.推理判斷題。文章的第一段第一句，作者就有指出Oneofthequalitiesthatmostpeopleadmireinothersisthewillingnesstoadmitone’smistakes.（令大多數(shù)人欽佩另一個(gè)人的一個(gè)品質(zhì)就是愿意承認(rèn)錯(cuò)誤。）EventhoughIquicklyforgotallabouttheincident,apparentlythemanagerdidnot.（盡管我很快就把這件事忘得一干二凈，但經(jīng)理顯然沒(méi)有。）隔了15年，那位經(jīng)理再見(jiàn)到作者的時(shí)候還愿意承認(rèn)自己過(guò)去的錯(cuò)誤，由此也能夠了解到作者對(duì)他的這種行為是欽佩的，B選項(xiàng)“贊賞經(jīng)理愿意承認(rèn)犯過(guò)的錯(cuò)誤”正確。A選項(xiàng)“對(duì)經(jīng)理的錯(cuò)誤指責(zé)感到憤怒”，C選項(xiàng)“對(duì)撞倒一堆紙箱的女人表示憤慨”，AC選項(xiàng)在文中并未體現(xiàn)，屬于主觀猜測(cè)。D選項(xiàng)“為他在店里犯下的錯(cuò)誤而后悔”，由第一題可知，是經(jīng)理主動(dòng)承認(rèn)錯(cuò)誤，作者并沒(méi)有錯(cuò)。故選B。

12.翻譯題

學(xué)習(xí)對(duì)于心靈而言，猶如食物對(duì)于身體一樣重要。攝取足夠的食物營(yíng)養(yǎng)之后，身體才得以成長(zhǎng)，肌肉才得以發(fā)達(dá)。同樣，為保持敏銳的心智能力和擴(kuò)充智力容量，我們應(yīng)該日復(fù)一日地不斷學(xué)習(xí)。不斷學(xué)習(xí)為我們提供無(wú)盡的能量，它是跟上信息時(shí)代步伐最穩(wěn)妥的方法，也是在變動(dòng)的時(shí)代中取得成功的可靠保證。

【答案】Asfoodistothebody,soislearningtothemind.Ourbodiesgrowandmusclesdevelopwiththeintakeofadequatenutritiousfood.Likewise,weshouldkeeplearningdaybydaytomaintainourkeenmentalpowerandexpandourintellectualcapacity.Learningincessantlyisthesurestwaytokeeppacewiththetimesintheinformationage,andreliablewarrantofsuccessintimesofuncertainty.

13.單選題

Itwassoscorchinglyhotthatthewaterdropletsfallingonitdidn’tstayatall.Theyjust（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.evacuated

B.evaporated

C.eliminated

D.escaped

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)evacuated“疏散；撤出”；B選項(xiàng)evaporated“蒸發(fā)；消失”；C選項(xiàng)eliminated“消除；排除”；D選項(xiàng)escaped“逃離；逃脫”。句意：天這么熱，掉下來(lái)的水滴一點(diǎn)兒都沒(méi)留下，都……了。水滴在陽(yáng)光的炙熱下會(huì)蒸發(fā)掉。因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

14.單選題

Wouldyouplease（）onyoursecondpoint?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.indicate

B.elaborate

C.precede

D.count

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)indicate“表明；指出”；B選項(xiàng)elaborate“精心制作；詳細(xì)闡述”；C選項(xiàng)precede“領(lǐng)先；高于”；D選項(xiàng)count“認(rèn)為；算數(shù)”。句意：能不能對(duì)你的第二個(gè)要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行……？對(duì)第二個(gè)要點(diǎn)還沒(méi)有領(lǐng)會(huì)理解，需要進(jìn)一步做解釋。因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

15.填空題

（46）Somepeopleseemtobebetterinlearninglanguages.（47）Theycanpicknewvocabulary,masterrulesorgrammars,andlearntowriteinthenewlanguagequickerthanothers.（48）Theydonotseemtobeanymorebrighterthanothers,（49）sowhatmakeslanguagesucheasierforthem?Perhapsifwetakeacloselookatthesesuccessfullanguagelearnerswemaydiscoverafewofthetechniqueswhichmakelanguagelearningeasierforthem.

Firstofall,successfullearnersareindependent.They（50）donotdependonthebookandtheteacher;theydiscovertheirownwaytolearnthelanguage.Insteadofwaitingfortheteachertoexplain,theytrytounderstandthepatternsandtherulesforthemselves.Theyaregoodguessers（51）findingclueshardandformtheirownconclusions.When（52）theyguesswrong,theyguessotherstime.Theytrytolearnfromtheirmistakes.

Successfullanguagelearningisactive.Therefore,successfullearnerslookforchancestousethelanguage（53）actively.Theyfindpeoplespeakthelanguageandaskthemtocorrectthemwhentheymakeamistake.Theyarenotafraidtorepeatwhattheyhearorsaystrange（54）things.Theycanalsoreceiveinformationthatisinexact（55）orincompleteifacommunicationisdifficult.

46.______________

47.______________

48.______________

49.______________

50.______________

51.______________

52.______________

53.______________

54.______________

55.______________

【答案】46.in改為at

47.grammars改為grammar

48.去掉more

49.such改成so

50.and改成or

51.form改為forming

52.others改為another

53.people和speak間加上who

54.receive改為accept

55.if改成when

【解析】46.考查固定搭配。表示擅長(zhǎng)的短語(yǔ)搭配為begoodat，句中說(shuō)的是有些人會(huì)更擅長(zhǎng)。因此需要使用good的比較級(jí)形式better。句意：有些人似乎更擅長(zhǎng)學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言。

47.考查詞匯的單復(fù)數(shù)含義。grammar為不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)表示“語(yǔ)法，文法”，而其復(fù)數(shù)形式grammars表示“語(yǔ)言知識(shí)及應(yīng)用能力”。句意：他們可以學(xué)習(xí)新的詞匯，掌握規(guī)則或語(yǔ)法。句中指的是語(yǔ)法，為不可數(shù)名詞，不能使用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

48.考查比較級(jí)的用法。bright是單音節(jié)形容詞。它的比較級(jí)為brighter，more是用來(lái)修飾三個(gè)音節(jié)及以上的形容詞的比較級(jí)的，故應(yīng)刪掉。句意：他們似乎并不比其他人更聰明。

49.考查such與so的辨析。such是形容詞，用來(lái)修飾名詞；so是副詞，用來(lái)修飾形容詞或副詞。后面的easier是形容詞，故應(yīng)使用so來(lái)修飾。句意：那么是什么讓語(yǔ)言對(duì)他們來(lái)說(shuō)如此容易呢？

50.考查連接詞的使用。and和or都能夠表示并列，and用在肯定句和陳述句中，or用在否定句和疑問(wèn)句中。在句中前面有表否定的not，故連接的使用應(yīng)該用or。句意：他們不依賴書本老師；他們發(fā)現(xiàn)自己學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言的方法。

51.考查并列句中的謂語(yǔ)一致。and前面使用的是現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)修飾guessers，后面句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也應(yīng)該與之保持一致。故應(yīng)將form改為forming。句意：他們是很好的猜測(cè)者，能找到困難的線索并形成自己的結(jié)論。

52.考查介詞辨析。others表示其他人。another做介詞時(shí)可表示再一，又一次的意思。根據(jù)句意：當(dāng)他們猜錯(cuò)的時(shí)候，他們會(huì)再猜一次。因此需將others改為another。

53.考查句子成分。Theyfindpeoplespeakthelanguageandaskthemtocorrectthemwhentheymakeamistake.根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知speakthelanguage是定語(yǔ)從句修飾people，而people在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)主語(yǔ)，因此關(guān)系代詞who不能省略。句意：他們找到說(shuō)這種語(yǔ)言的人，當(dāng)他們說(shuō)錯(cuò)時(shí)請(qǐng)這些人糾正。

54.考查動(dòng)詞辨析。receive“收到”表達(dá)較為客觀被動(dòng)。accept“接受”具有主觀色彩，主動(dòng)的去接。句意：當(dāng)交流有困難的時(shí)候，他們也能接納不準(zhǔn)確或者不完整的信息。交流的時(shí)候他們會(huì)主動(dòng)地去接受一些不完整的信息。因此需要將receive改成accept。

55.考查連接詞的使用。根據(jù)先前所說(shuō)的當(dāng)他們猜錯(cuò)的時(shí)候，他們會(huì)再猜一次。使用的就是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，那么在他們遇到acommunicationisdifficult的情況的時(shí)候，也應(yīng)該作為時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，故應(yīng)使用when連接而非if。

16.單選題

Yourstayabroadwillgiveyou（）opportunitiestolearnanewforeignlanguage.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.ample

B.sample

C.vertical

D.empirical

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)ample“豐富的，足夠的”；B選項(xiàng)sample“試樣的”；C選項(xiàng)vertical“垂直的”；D選項(xiàng)empirical“經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義的”。句意：你待在國(guó)外將給你提供……機(jī)會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)新語(yǔ)言。學(xué)習(xí)一門語(yǔ)言最快的方式就是融入一個(gè)純語(yǔ)言的環(huán)境。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵信息stayabroad“待在國(guó)外”和后面的tolearnanewforeignlanguage“學(xué)習(xí)一門新語(yǔ)言”，在國(guó)外待著意為著會(huì)有更多的機(jī)會(huì)進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)和練習(xí)語(yǔ)言。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

17.單選題

Theexpression“hastemakeswaste”doesnot（）toreading.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.affect

B.attend

C.adopt

D.apply

【答案】D

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)affect“影響；感染”；B選項(xiàng)attend“出席；參加”；C選項(xiàng)adopt“采??；接受”；D選項(xiàng)apply“應(yīng)用；適用”。句意：“欲速則不達(dá)”這句話不……于閱讀。AC選項(xiàng)不能與to連用，可排除。B選項(xiàng)attendto意為“照顧；照料”，不符合句意，故選D。

18.單選題

WhileIwasreadinginthesun,adrowsyfeeling（）overme,soIhadtogobackintothehouse.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.climbed

B.crept

C.crawled

D.rose

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定搭配。A選項(xiàng)climbed“爬；攀登”；B選項(xiàng)crept“爬行；蔓延”；C選項(xiàng)crawled“爬行；匍匐行進(jìn)”；D選項(xiàng)rose“上升；起立”。句意：當(dāng)我在陽(yáng)光下看書時(shí)，一陣昏昏欲睡的感覺(jué)向我……，所以我不得不回到屋里。睡意向我襲來(lái)，讓我不得不回到屋內(nèi)。A選項(xiàng)是及物動(dòng)詞，不與介詞搭配，可排除。同理可排除D選項(xiàng)。B選項(xiàng)creepover意為“悄悄來(lái)襲”，符合句意。C選項(xiàng)主要用來(lái)形容人匍匐前行，而句中的主語(yǔ)是adrowsyfeeling，可排除。故選B。

19.單選題

Careshouldbetakentodecreasethelengthoftimethatoneis（）loudcontinuousnoise.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.attachedto

B.subjectedto

C.filledwith

D.associatedwith

【答案】B

【解析】考查詞組搭配辨析。A選項(xiàng)(be)attachedto“附屬于；系于”；B選項(xiàng)(be)subjectedto“遭受；承受”；C選項(xiàng)(be)filledwith“充滿”；D選項(xiàng)(be)associatedwith“與……有關(guān)”。句意：應(yīng)注意縮短人們……連續(xù)噪音的時(shí)間。從句中的主語(yǔ)是one“人”，賓語(yǔ)是loudcontinuousnoise“響亮不間斷的噪音”。人對(duì)噪音是難以忍受的，所以需要縮短人們承受噪音的時(shí)間。因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

20.單選題

Iaskedthetailortomakeasmall（）tomytrousersbecausetheyweretoolong.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.alteration

B.variation

C.revision

D.change

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)alteration“修改；更改”；B選項(xiàng)variation“變化；變更”；C選項(xiàng)revision“修正；復(fù)習(xí)”；D選項(xiàng)change“變化；改變”。alteration尤指部分的改變，可用于服裝的改長(zhǎng)短；variation一般是指(形式、位置、條件的)變化、改變、變動(dòng)；revision常指文章、詞典、劇本等的修改、訂正；change改變，變化，可指表面的、本質(zhì)的、內(nèi)在的變化。句意：我要求裁縫對(duì)我的褲子稍作……，因?yàn)樘L(zhǎng)了。句中指的是對(duì)trousers“長(zhǎng)褲”的修改，因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

21.翻譯題

ArecentadvertisementforGoogleChromeshowedaseriesofimportanteventsinachild’slife,eachonebelongingtoadifferentparttheInternet—thefirststepsonYouTube;birthdaye-mails;Facebookphotosofteenageparties.Themessagewasclear:alifecannowbefullyexpressedthroughtheInternet.

This,ofcourse,hasasignificanteffectonhowwerememberthings.Online,majoreventsandexperiencescanbereadabout—andwithvideo,watched—againandagain.ComputersandtheInternet,ratherthanofferingsomethingnew,combineallourtechnologicalmeansofartificialmemory—text,soundandimage—tocreate