2023年6月-新-四級(jí)真題試卷及解析

2023年6月大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試PartⅠWriting〔30minutes〕Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessay.Youshouldstartyouressaywithabriefdescriptionofthepictureandthenexpressyourviewsontheimportanceofdoingsmallthingsbeforeundertakingsomethingbig.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.PartⅡListeningComprehension(30minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD),anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.1.A)Thewomanisthemanager’ssecretary.B)Themanfoundhimselfinawrongplace.C)Themanisthemanager’sbusinessassociate.D)Thewomanwasputtingupasignonthewall.2.A)Heneedsmoretimeforthereport.B)Heneedshelptointerpretthedata.C)Heissorrynottohavehelpedthewoman.D)Hedoesnothavesufficientdatatogoon.3.A)AfriendfromNewYork.C)Apostaldelivery.B)AmessagefromTony.D)Achangeintheweather.4.A)Sheisnotavailableuntiltheendofnextweek.B)Sheisnotareliablesourceofinformation.C)Shedoesnotliketakingexams.D)Shedoesnotlikepsychology.5.A)Hewillhelpthewomancarrythesuitcase.B)Thewoman’swatchistwentyminutesfast.C)Thewomanshouldn’tmakesuchabigfuss.D)Thereisnoneedforthewomantobeinahurry.6.A)Maryisnotsoeasygoingasher.B)Maryandshehavealotincommon.C)ShefindsithardtogetalongwithMary.D)Shedoesnotbelievewhatherneighborssaid.7.A)Ataninformationservice.C)Atarepairshop.B)Atacarwashpoint.D)Atadrycleaner’s.8.A)Thewomancametotheconcertattheman’srequest.B)Themanisalreadyfedupwithplayingthepiano.C)Thepieceofmusicthemanplayedisverypopular.D)Theman’suniquetalentsaretheenvyofmanypeople.Questions9to12arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.9.A)HehastaughtSpanishforacoupleofyearsatalocalschool.B)HeworkedattheBrownstoneCompanyforseveralyears.C)HeownedasmallretailbusinessinMichiganyearsago.D)Hehasbeenworkingpart-timeinaschoolnearDetroit.10.A)Heprefersafull-timejobwithmoreresponsibility.B)Heiseagertofindajobwithanincreasedsalary.C)Helikestoworkinacompanyclosetohome.D)Hewouldrathergetalessdemandingjob.11.A)Sports.B)Travel.C)Foreignlanguages.D)Computergames.12.A)Whenheissupposedtostartwork.B)Whatresponsibilitieshewouldhave.C)Whenhewillbeinformedabouthisapplication.D)Whatcareeropportunitieshercompanycanoffer.Questions13to15arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.13.A)Sheispregnant.C)Shehasjustfinishedherproject.B)Sheisover50.D)Sheisagoodsaleswoman.14.A)HetakesgoodcareofLisa.C)Heisgoodatbusinessmanagement.B)HeistheCEOofagiantcompany.D)Heworksasasalesmanager.15.A)Itisinurgentneedoffurtherdevelopment.B)Itproducesgoodspopularamonglocalpeople.C)Ithasbeenlosingmarketshareinrecentyears.D)Itiswellpositionedtocompetewiththegiants.SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions16to19arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.16.A)Itislinedwithtalltrees.C)Ithashighbuildingsonbothsides.B)Itwaswidenedrecently.D)Itusedtobedirtyanddisorderly.17.A)Theyrepaveditwithrocks.C)Theybeautifieditwithplants.B)Theybuiltpublicrestroomsonit.D)Theysetupcookingfacilitiesnearit.18.A)Whatmakeslifeenjoyable.C)Whatacommunitymeans.B)Howtoworkwithtools.D)Howtoimprovehealth.19.A)Theywereobligedtofulfillthesignedcontract.B)Theywereencouragedbythecityofficials’praise.C)Theywantedtoprovetheywereascapableasboys.D)Theyderivedhappinessfromtheconstructivework.PassageTwoQuestions20to22arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.20.A)Themajorityofthemthinkitlessimportantthancomputers.B)Manyofthemconsideritboringandold-fashioned.C)Themajorityofthemfinditinteresting.D)Fewofthemreadmorethantenbooksayear.21.A)Novelsandstories.C)Historyandsciencebooks.B)Mysteriesanddetectivestories.D)Booksoncultureandtradition.22.A)WatchingTV.C)Readingmagazines.B)Listeningtomusic.D)Playingcomputergames.PassageThreeQuestions23to25arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.23.A)Adviceonthepurchaseofcars.B)Informationaboutthenewgreen-fuelvehicles.C)Trendsforthedevelopmentofthemotorcar.D)Solutionstoglobalfuelshortage.24.A)Limiteddrivingrange.C)Theshortlifeofbatteries.B)Hugerechargingexpenses.D)Theunaffordablehighprice.25.A)Theyneedtobefurtherimproved.B)Theycaneasilyswitchtonaturalgas.C)Theyaremorecost-effectivethanvehiclespoweredbysolarenergy.D)Theycanmatchconventionalmotorcarsinperformanceandsafety.SectionCDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblankswiththeexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Finally,whenthepassageisreadforthethirdtime,youshouldcheckwhatyouhavewritten.MyfavoriteTVshow?“TheTwilightZone.〞I(26)________liketheepisodecalled“ThePrinter’sDevil.〞It’saboutanewspapereditorwho’sbeing(27)________outofbusinessbyabignewspapersyndicate—youknow,agroupofpapersownedbythesamepeople.He’saboutto(28)________suicidewhenhe’sinterruptedbyanoldmanwhosayshisnameisSmith.Theeditorisnotonlyoffered5,000to(29)________hisnewspaper’sdebts,butthisSmithcharacteralsooffershisservicesforfree.It(30)________thattheguyoperatestheprintingmachinewithamazingspeed,andsoonhe’sturningoutnewspaperswith(31)________headlines.Thesmallpaperissuccessfulagain.TheeditorisamazedathowquicklySmithgetshisstories—onlyminutesaftertheyhappen—butsoonhe’spresentedwitha(32)________tosign.Mr.Smith,itseems,isreallythedevil!Theeditorisfrightenedbythisnews,butheismorefrightenedbytheideaof(33)________hisnewspaper,soheagreestosign.ButsoonSmithisreportingthenewsevenbeforeithappens—andit’sallterrible—onedisasterafteranother.Anyway,thereisalittlemoretotell,butIdon’twantto(34)________thestoryforyou.Ireallyliketheseoldepisodesof“TheTwilightZone〞becausethestoriesarefascinating.Theyarenotrealistic.Butthenagain,inawaytheyare,becausethey(35)________humannature.PartⅢReadingComprehension(40minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions36to45arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Walking,ifyoudoitvigorouslyenough,istheoverallbestexerciseforregularphysicalactivity.Itrequiresnoequipment,everyoneknowshowtodoitanditcarriesthe36________riskofinjury.Thehumanbodyisdesignedtowalk.Youcanwalkinparksoralongariverorinyourneighborhood.Toget37________benefitfromwalking,aimfor45minutesaday,anaverageoffivedaysaweek.Strengthtrainingisanotherimportant38________ofphysicalactivity.Itspurposeistobuildand39________boneandmusclemass,bothofwhichshrinkwithage.Ingeneral,youwillwanttodostrengthtrainingtwoorthreedaysaweek,40________recoverydaysbetweensessions.Finally,flexibilityandbalancetrainingare41________importantasthebodyages.Achesandpainsarehighonthelistofcomplaintsinoldage.Theresultofconstantmuscletensionandstiffnessofjoints,manyofthemare42________,andsimpleflexibilitytrainingcan43________thesebymakingmusclesstrongerandkeepingjointslubricated(潤(rùn)滑).Someofthisyoudowheneveryoustretch.Ifyouwatchdogsandcats,you’llgetanideaofhownaturalitis.Thegeneral44________issimple:wheneverthebodyhasbeeninonepositionforawhile,itisgoodto45________stretchitinanoppositeposition.A)allowingB)avoidableC)brieflyD)componentE)determinedF)helpingG)increasinglyH)lowestI)maintainJ)maximumK)preventL)principleM)provokeN)seriouslyO)topicSectionBDirections:Inthispassage,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.CanDigitalTextbooksTrulyReplacethePrintKind?[A]Theshortcomingsoftraditionalprinteditiontextbooksareobvious:Forstartersthey’reheavy,withtheaveragephysicstextbookweighing3.6pounds.They’realsoexpensive,especiallywhenyoufactorintheaveragecollegestudent’slimitedbudget,typicallycostinghundredsofdollarseverysemester.[B]Buttheworstpartisthatprintversionsoftextbooksareconstantlyundergoingrevisions.Manyprofessorsrequirethattheirstudentsuseonlythelatestversionsintheclassroom,essentiallyrenderingoldertextsunusable.Forstudents,itmeansthey’rebasicallystuckwithafourpoundpaper-weightthattheycan’tsellback.[C]Whichiswhydigitaltextbooks,iftheyliveuptotheirpromise,couldhelpeasemanyoftheseshortcomings.Buttillnow,they’vebeensomethinglikeamirage(幻影)inthedistance,morelikeahazy(模糊的)dreamthananactualreality.Imaginethepromise:Carryingallyourtextbooksina1.3poundiPad?Itsoundsalmosttoogoodtobetrue.[D]Butthereareafewpilotschoolsalreadymakingthetransition(過(guò)渡)overtodigitalbooks.UniversitieslikeCornellandBrownhavejumpedonboard.AndonemedicalprogramattheUniversityofCalifornia,Irvine,gavetheirentireclassiPadswithwhichtodownloadtextbooksjustlastyear.[E]Butnotallwereeagertojumpaboard.[F]“PeopleweretiredofusingtheiPadtextbookbesidesusingitforreading,〞saysKalpitShah,whowillbegoingintohissecondyearatIrvine’smedicalprogramthisfall.“Theyweren’tusingitasasourceofcommunicationbecausetheycouldn’treadorwriteinit.SoathirdofthepeopleinmyprogramwereusingtheiPadinclasstotakenotes,theotherthirdwereusinglaptopsandthelastthirdwereusingpaperandpencil.〞[G]Thereasonithasn’tcaughtonyet,hetellsme,isthatthefunctionalityofe-editiontextbooksisincrediblylimited,andsomestudentsjustaren’tmotivatedtolearnnewstudybehavior.[H]ButanewapplicationcalledInklingmightchangeallthat.Thecompanyjustreleasedanupdatedversionlastweek,andit’llbeutilizedinover50undergraduateandgraduateclassroomsthiscomingschoolyear.[I]“Digitaltextbooksarenotgoingtocatchon,〞saysInklingCEOMattMacInnisashe’sgivingmeademo(演示)overcoffee.“WhatImeanbythatisthecurrentperspectiveofthedigitaltextbookisit’sanexactcopyoftheprintbook.There’sCourseSmart,etc.,theseguyswhotakeanimageofthepageandputitonascreen.Ifthat’showwe’redefiningdigitaltextbooks,there’snohopeofthatbecomingamainstreamproduct.〞[J]HecallsInklingaplatformforpublisherstobuildrichmultimediacontentfromthegroundup,withaheavyemphasisonreal-worldfunctionality.Thetraditionaltextbookmerelyservesasaskeleton.[K]AtfirstglanceInklingisanimpressiveexperience.Afterswiping(觸擊)intotheiPadapp(應(yīng)用軟件),whichyoucangetforfreehere,heopensupafewdifferenttypesoftextbooks.[L]Upfirstisachemistrybook.Theboottimeisprettyfast,andhenavigatesthrough(瀏覽)afewchaptersbeforeswipingintoafullyrendered3Dmoleculethatcanbespunaroundtoviewitsvariousbuildingblocks.“Publishersgiveusallofthesourcemedia,artwork,videos,〞hesays.“Wehelpthemthinkthroughhowtoactuallybuildsomethingforthisplatform.〞[M]Nexthepullsupamusiccompositiontextbook,completewithplayabledemos.It’salearningexperiencethatattacksyoufrommultiplesensorydirections.It’sclearwhythiswouldbesomethingamusicmajorwouldlove.[N]ButthemostexcitingpartaboutInkling,tome,isitsnotation(批注)system.Here’showitworks:[O]Whenyoupurchaseausedprintbook,itcomeswithitspreviousowner’shighlightsandnotesinthemargins.Itusestheexperienceofsomeonewhoalreadywentthroughtheclasstohelpimproveyourreading(howmuchyoutrusteachnotationisobviouslyuptoyou).[P]ButwithInkling,youcanhighlightapieceofcontentandmakenotes.Here’swherethingsgetinteresting,though:IfaparticularlyimportantpassageishighlightedbymultipleInklingusers,thatinformationisstoredonthecloudandisavailableforanyonereadingthesametextbooktocomeacross.ThatmeansusershaveaccesstonotesfromnotonlytheirclassmatesandFacebookfriends,butanyonewhopurchasedthebookacrossthecountry.Thebestcommentsarethensorteddemocraticallybyavotingsystem,meaningthatyoursociallearningexperienceissharedwiththebestandbrightestthinkers.[Q]Asabonus,professorscanevenchimein(插話)ondiscussions.They’llbeabletoanswerthequestionsofstudentswhoareintheirclassdirectlyviatheinteractivebook.[R]Ofcourse,Inklingaddressesseveraloftheothershortcomingsintraditionalprintaswell.Textbookversionsareconstantlyupdated,motivatingpublishersbyminimizingproductioncosts(thebigoneslikeMcGraw-Hillarealreadyonboard).Furthermore,studentswillbeabletopurchasesectionsofthetextinsteadofbuyingthewholething,withindividualchapterscostingaslittleas2.99.[S]Thereare,however,challenges.“Ittakeseffortstobuildeachbook,〞MacInnistellsme.Andit’sclearwhy.Eachinteractivetextbookisamedia-heavyexperiencebuiltfromthegroundup,andyoucantellthatittakesarespectableamountofmanpowertoputtogethereachone.[T]FornowtheappisalsoiPad-exclusive,andthoughafewoftheseeducationalinstitutionsaregivingthehardwareawayforfree,forotherstudentswhodon’thavesuchaluxuryit’sanaddedlayerofcost—andanexpensiveoneatthat.[U]Butthismuchisclear.Thetraditionaltextbookmodelisandhasbeenbrokenforquitesometime.WhetherdigitallyinteractiveoneslikeInklingactuallytakeoffornotremainstobeseen,andweprobablywon’thaveadefiniteanswerforthenextfewyears.[V]However,thesolutiontoanyproblembeginswithastepinadirection.Andatleastfornow,thathazymirageinthedistance?Alittlemoretangible(可觸摸的),alittlelessofadream.46.Thecurrentdigitaltextbooksnowaresimplynomorethanprintversionsputonascreen.47.Oneofthechallengestobuildaninteractivedigitaltextbookfromthegroundupisthatagreatdealoflaboreffortsshouldbespent.48.ThemostexcitingpartofInklingisthenotationsystemthroughwhichyoucanshareyourexperiencewiththecleverestminds.49.Thebiggestproblemwithtraditionalprinttextbooksisthattheyarenotreusedonceaneweditioncomesout.50.SomestudentsstillusepaperandpencilbecausetheyfindittroublesometotakenoteswithaniPad.51.Accordingtotheauthor,wearenotsurewhetherdigitaltextbookswillcatchon.52.TheupdatedversionofInklingshouldbeastagewithmoremultimediacontent.53.Oneadditionaladvantageoftheinteractivedigitaltextbookisthatprofessorscanjoininstudentsonlinediscussions.54.Oneproblemforstudentstoreplacetraditionaltextbookswithinteractivedigitalonesisthehighcostofthehardware.55.Digitaltextbookshaven’tfixedalltheshortcomingsofprintbooks.SectionB文章大意：這是一篇討論電子課本能否取代紙質(zhì)課本的議論文。隨著信息技術(shù)的飛速開(kāi)展，電子書(shū)在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)已逐漸推廣，因此，該話題對(duì)于考生而言并不陌生。文章通過(guò)比照電子課本和紙質(zhì)課本各自的優(yōu)劣，最后得出結(jié)論：電子課本未來(lái)能否取代紙質(zhì)課本仍然是一個(gè)未知數(shù)。文章整體脈絡(luò)清晰，觀點(diǎn)鮮明。46.I 47.S 48.P 49.B 50.F 51.U 52.J 53.Q 54.T 55.CB段開(kāi)頭提出theworstpart與49題的biggestproblem直接對(duì)應(yīng)，雖然文中一開(kāi)始就交代了多個(gè)有關(guān)傳統(tǒng)的紙質(zhì)教科書(shū)的問(wèn)題，比方重和昂貴，但最糟糕的局部是紙質(zhì)教科書(shū)經(jīng)常要修訂，而很多教授要求他們的學(xué)生在上課時(shí)只能使用最新版教材。49題題干指出一旦新版出現(xiàn)，老版就不能用了，與B段最為匹配。由C段“Whichiswhydigitaltextbooks,iftheyliveuptotheirpromise,couldhelpeasemanyoftheseshortcomings.Buttillnow,they’vebeensomethinglikeamirage(幻影)inthedistance,morelikeahazy(模糊的)dreamthananactualreality.〞可知，電子課本就像遙遠(yuǎn)的一個(gè)幻影，更像是一個(gè)模糊的夢(mèng)想，而非真正的現(xiàn)實(shí)。由此可知，電子課本沒(méi)能解決紙質(zhì)書(shū)的所有問(wèn)題,這與55題的句意一致。F段提到，學(xué)生們不用iPad作為溝通的來(lái)源，是因?yàn)樗麄儾荒苡秒娮訒?shū)進(jìn)行讀寫(xiě)。課堂上，三分之一的學(xué)生會(huì)用iPad做筆記，另三分之一學(xué)生用筆記本電腦，剩下的三分之一那么用紙和鉛筆。因?yàn)閷W(xué)生覺(jué)得使用iPad上課記筆記很麻煩，而使用傳統(tǒng)的筆和紙，該段與50題的句子信息最匹配。I段中提到“thecurrentperspectiveofthedigitaltextbookisit’sanexactcopyoftheprintbook.There’sCourseSmart,etc.,theseguyswhotakeanimageofthepageandputitonascreen.〞從目前來(lái)看，電子教科書(shū)就是印刷版本的復(fù)制品，像智能課程等，就是把書(shū)籍掃描下來(lái)放在屏幕上，該段與46題表述信息一致。從J段中第一句“HecallsInklingaplatformforpublisherstobuildrichmultimediacontentfromthegroundup,withaheavyemphasisonreal-worldfunctionality.〞可知，MattMaclnnis認(rèn)為，Inkling是為出版商搭建豐富的多媒體資源的一個(gè)平臺(tái)，所以52題答案對(duì)應(yīng)J段。由N段開(kāi)始，作者解釋最讓他快樂(lè)的一個(gè)功能notation的工作原理。接著在第P段提到“Thebestcommentsarethensorteddemocraticallybyavotingsystem,meaningthatyoursociallearningexperienceissharedwiththebestandbrightestthinkers.〞它的批注系統(tǒng)可以讓用戶與最優(yōu)秀的人分享學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)。48題的shareyourexperiencewiththecleverestminds與之同義。Q段首句“Asabonus,professorscanevenchimein(插話)ondiscussions.〞指出作為一項(xiàng)福利，教授們甚至可以在討論中插話，即教授可以參與學(xué)生們的網(wǎng)上討論，這與53題內(nèi)容一致?！癰onus〞為額外的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)，與題中的“additionaladvantage〞對(duì)應(yīng)。S段開(kāi)始就提出“Ittakeseffortstobuildeachbook...ittakesarespectableamountofmanpowertoputtogethereachone〞創(chuàng)立一個(gè)電子互動(dòng)教科書(shū)是有挑戰(zhàn)性的，要花費(fèi)很大的人力去建設(shè)，所以47題對(duì)應(yīng)S段。T段提出“...forotherstudentswhodon’thavesuchaluxuryit’sanaddedlayerofcost—andanexpensiveoneatthat〞意為“對(duì)于其他沒(méi)有這種奢侈品的學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)，這是一種附加的昂貴花費(fèi)〞。因此，電子互動(dòng)教科書(shū)替換傳統(tǒng)教科書(shū)的困難之一在于其硬件的高花費(fèi)。該段與54題對(duì)應(yīng)。U段中提出“WhetherdigitallyinteractiveoneslikeInklingactuallytakeoffornotremainstobeseen〞電子教科書(shū)是否可以流行開(kāi)來(lái)仍然要拭目以待。51題表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)是，我們都還不清楚電子教科書(shū)什么時(shí)候會(huì)流行起來(lái)，與U段意義一致。SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions56to60arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Junkfoodiseverywhere.We’reeatingwaytoomuchofit.Mostofusknowwhatwe’redoingandyetwedoitanyway.Sohere’sasuggestionofferedbytworesearchersattheRandCorporation:Whynottakealessonfromalcoholcontrolpoliciesandapplythemtowherefoodissoldandhowit’sdisplayed?“Manypolicymeasurestocontrolobesity(肥胖癥)assumethatpeopleconsciouslyandrationallychoosewhatandhowmuchtheyeatandthereforefocusonprovidinginformationandmoreaccesstohealthierfoods,〞notethetworesearchers.“Incontrast,〞theresearcherscontinue,“manyregulationsthatdon’tassumepeoplemakerationalchoiceshavebeensuccessfullyappliedtocontrolalcohol,asubstance—likefood—ofwhichimmoderateconsumptionleadstoserioushealthproblems.〞Theresearchreferencesstudiesofpeople’sbehaviorwithfoodandalcoholandresultsofalcoholrestrictions,andthenlistsfiveregulationsthattheresearchersthinkmightbepromisingifappliedtojunkfoods.Amongthem:Densityrestrictions:licensestosellalcoholaren’thandedoutunplannedtoallcomersbutareallotted(分配)basedonthenumberofplacesinanareathatalreadysellalcohol.Thesemakealcohollesseasytogetandreducethenumberofpsychologicalcuestodrink.Similarly,theresearcherssay,beingpresentedwithjunkfoodstimulatesourdesiretoeatit.Sowhynotlimitthedensityoffoodoutlets,particularlyonesthatsellfoodrichinemptycalories?Andwhynotlimitsaleoffoodinplacesthataren’tprimarilyfoodstores?Displayandsalesrestrictions:Californiahasaruleprohibitingalcoholdisplaysnearthecashregistersingasstations,andinmostplacesyoucan’tbuyalcoholatdrive-throughfacilities.Atsupermarkets,foodcompaniespaytohavetheirwaresinplaceswherethey’reeasilyseen.Onecouldremovejunkfoodtothebackofthestoreandbanthemfromtheshelvesatcheckoutlines.Theothermeasuresincluderestrictingportionsizes,taxingandprohibitingspecialpricedealsforjunkfoods,andplacingwarninglabelsontheproducts.56. Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutjunkfood?A)Peopleshouldbeeducatednottoeattoomuch.B)Itiswidelyconsumeddespiteitsillreputation.C)Itstemptationistoostrongforpeopletoresist.D)Itcausesmoreharmthanisgenerallyrealized.57. WhatdotheRandresearchersthinkofmanyofthepolicymeasurestocontrolobesity?A)Theyshouldbeimplementedeffectively.B)Theyprovidemisleadinginformation.C)Theyarebasedonwrongassumptions.D)Theyhelppeoplemakerationalchoices.58. Whydopolicymakersofalcoholcontrolplacedensityrestrictions?A)Fewpeopleareabletoresistalcohol’stemptations.B)Therearealreadytoomanystoressellingalcohol.C)Drinkingstrongalcoholcancausesocialproblems.D)Easyaccessleadstocustomersover-consumption.59. WhatisthepurposeofCalifornia’sruleaboutalcoholdisplayingasstations?A)Toeffectivelylimitthedensityofalcoholoutlets.B)Tohelpdriverstogiveupthehabitofdrinking.C)Topreventpossibletrafficjamsinnearbyareas.D)Togetalcoholoutofdriversimmediatesight.60. WhatisthegeneralguidelinetheRandresearcherssuggestaboutjunkfoodcontrol?A)Guidingpeopletomakerationalchoicesaboutfood.B)Enhancingpeople’sawarenessoftheirownhealth.C)Borrowingideasfromalcoholcontrolmeasures.D)Resortingtoeconomic,legalandpsychologicalmeans.PassageTwo(13-6-1)Junkfoodiseverywhere.We’reeatingwaytoomuchofit.Mostofusknowwhatwe’redoingandyetwedoitanyway.Sohere’sasuggestionofferedbytworesearchersattheRandCorporation:Whynottakealessonfromalcoholcontrolpoliciesandapplythemtowherefoodissoldandhowit’sdisplayed?“Manypolicymeasurestocontrolobesity(肥胖癥)assumethatpeopleconsciouslyandrationallychoosewhatandhowmuchtheyeatandthereforefocusonprovidinginformationandmoreaccesstohealthierfoods,〞notethetworesearchers.“Incontrast,〞theresearcherscontinue,“manyregulationsthatdon’tassumepeoplemakerationalchoiceshavebeensuccessfullyappliedtocontrolalcohol,asubstance—likefood—ofwhichimmoderateconsumptionleadstoserioushealthproblems.〞Theresearchreferencesstudiesofpeople’sbehaviorwithfoodandalcoholandresultsofalcoholrestrictions,andthenlistsfiveregulationsthattheresearchersthinkmightbepromisingifappliedtojunkfoods.Amongthem:Densityrestrictions:licensestosellalcoholaren’thandedoutunplannedtoallcomersbutareallotted(分配)basedonthenumberofplacesinanareathatalreadysellalcohol.Thesemakealcohollesseasytogetandreducethenumberofpsychologicalcuestodrink.Similarly,theresearcherssay,beingpresentedwithjunkfoodstimulatesourdesiretoeatit.Sowhynotlimitthedensityoffoodoutlets,particularlyonesthatsellfoodrichinemptycalories?Andwhynotlimitsaleoffoodinplacesthataren’tprimarilyfoodstores?Displayandsalesrestrictions:Californiahasaruleprohibitingalcoholdisplaysnearthecashregistersingasstations,andinmostplacesyoucan’tbuyalcoholatdrive-throughfacilities.Atsupermarkets,foodcompaniespaytohavetheirwaresinplaceswherethey’reeasilyseen.Onecouldremovejunkfoodtothebackofthestoreandbanthemfromtheshelvesatcheckoutlines.Theothermeasuresincluderestrictingportionsizes,taxingandprohibitingspecialpricedealsforjunkfoods,andplacingwarninglabelsontheproducts.36. Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutjunkfood?A.Peopleshouldbeeducatednottoeattoomuch.B.Itiswidelyconsumeddespiteitsillreputation.C.Itstemptationistoostrongforpeopletoresist.D.Itcausesmoreharmthanisgenerallyrealized.37. WhatdotheRandresearchersthinkofmanyofthepolicymeasurestocontrolobesity?A.Theyshouldbeimplementedeffectively.B.Theyprovidemisleadinginformation.C.Theyarebasedonwrongassumptions.D.Theyhelppeoplemakerationalchoices.38. Whydopolicymakersofalcoholcontrolplacedensityrestrictions?A.Fewpeopleareabletoresistalcohol’stemptations.B.Therearealreadytoomanystoressellingalcohol.C.Drinkingstrongalcoholcancausesocialproblems.D.Easyaccessleadstocustomers’over-consumption.39. WhatisthepurposeofCalifornia’sruleaboutalcoholdisplayingasstations?A.Toeffectivelylimitthedensityofalcoholoutlets.B.Tohelpdriverstogiveupthehabitofdrinking.C.Topreventpossibletrafficjamsinnearbyareas.D.Togetalcoholoutofdrivers’immediatesight.40. WhatisthegeneralguidelinetheRandresearcherssuggestaboutjunkfoodcontrol?A.Guidingpeopletomakerationalchoicesaboutfood.B.Enhancingpeople’sawarenessoftheirownhealth.C.Borrowingideasfromalcoholcontrolmeasures.D.Resortingtoeconomic,legalandpsychologicalmeans.36.B 37.C 38.D 39.D 40.CPassageTwoQuestions61to65arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Kodak’sdecisiontofileforbankruptcy(破產(chǎn))protectionisasad,thoughnotunexpected,turningpointforaleadingAmericancorporationthatpioneeredconsumerphotographyanddominatedthefilmmarketfordecades,but