語言學(xué)學(xué)名詞解釋

語言學(xué)學(xué)名詞解釋語言學(xué)學(xué)名詞解釋語言學(xué)學(xué)名詞解釋xxx公司語言學(xué)學(xué)名詞解釋文件編號(hào)：文件日期：修訂次數(shù)：第1.0次更改批準(zhǔn)審核制定方案設(shè)計(jì)，管理制度1)Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificorsystematicstudyof(human)language.wordlanguageprecededbyzeroarticleinEnglishimpliesthatlinguisticsstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,.English,Chinese,FrenchandJapanese,butlanguagesingeneral.wordstudydoesnotmean“l(fā)earn”but“investigate”.wordscientificreferstothewayinwhichlanguageisstudied.Itisascienceinthesensethatitscientificallystudiestherules,systemsandprinciplesofhumanlanguages.Itdealswithawiderangeoflinguisticphenomena,analyzesthem,andmakesgeneralstatementsaboutthem.2)Linguisticsisalwaysguidedbythe3canonsofscience:(ece)exhaustiveness:itstrivesforthorough-goingnessintheexaminationofrelevantmaterials;consistency:thereshouldbenocontradictionbetweendifferentpartsofthetotalstatementeconomy:otherthingsbeingequal,ashorterstatementoranalysisistobepreferredtoonethatislongerormorecomplex.(ece)3)Thesubjectmatteroflinguisticsisallnaturallanguage,livingordead.4)Linguisticshas2mainpurposes:itstudiesthenatureoflanguageandtriestoestablishatheoryoflanguage,anddescribeslanguagesinthelightofthetheoryestablished.Itexaminesalltheformsoflanguageingeneralandseeksascientificunderstandingofthewaysinwhichitisorganizedtofulfilltheneedsitservesandthefunctionsitperformsinhumanlifelinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammaratleastin3basicways:Linguisticsdescribeslanguagesanddoesnotlaydownrulesofcorrectness.Linguistsareinterestedinwhatissaid.Sotheyareoftensaidtobedescriptive.Linguistsregardthespokenlanguageasprimary.Itisbelievedthatspeechcameintobeingfirstforanyhumanlanguageandthewritingsystemcamealongmuchlater.TraditionalgrammarisbasedonLatinandittriestoimposetheLatincategoriesandstructuresonotherlanguages,whilelinguisticsdescribeseachlanguageonitsownmerits.Forastudentoflanguage,someknowledgeoflinguisticsisofbothinterestandimportance.Forateacherofforeignlanguages,hewilldefinitelyagreatdealfromtheknowledgeoflinguistics.Foraresearcher,thereisevenmorescopefordisplayinghisabilities.WhystudylinguisticsLinguisticstakesananalyticalapproachtothestudyoflanguage,andfocusondevelopingskillsindataanalysis,problemsolving,andlogicalthinkingthatcanbeappliedtomanyfields.Itisaninterdisciplinarysubject.Linguisticsisasciencethatisstillinitsinfancybutundergoingrapiddevelopment,anditis“apilotscience”.Whatandhowlinguistsstudylanguagenatureoflanguage(focusonlanguageitself)natureofacquisition(focusonlearners)natureofteaching(focusonteachers)Theprocessoflinguisticstudycanbesummarizedasfollows:.First,certainlinguisticfactsareobserved,andgeneralizationsaremadeaboutthem;.Next,basedonthesegeneralizations,hypothesesaretestedbyfurtherobservations;.Andfinallyalinguistictheoryisconstructedaboutwhatlanguageisandhowitworks.Generallinguistics:Thestudyoflanguageasawhole.Itdealswiththebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudy.Microlinguistics（微觀語言學(xué)）includes6branches,namely,phonetics,phonology,morphology,syntax,semanticsandpragmatics.Itstudieslanguageitself.Macrolinguistics（宏觀語言學(xué)）studieslanguageinuse---practicalusage.macrolinguisticsincludes:Sociolinguisticsstudiestherelationsbetweenlanguageandsociety:howsocialfactorsinfluencethestructureanduseoflanguage.Anothernameforsociolinguisticsisthesociologyoflanguage.Psycholinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageandmind:thementalstructuresandprocesseswhichareinvolvedintheacquisition,comprehensionandproductionoflanguage.Neurolinguisticsorneurologicallinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageprocessingandlanguagerepresentationinthebrain.Stylisticsisthestudyofhowliteraryeffectscanberelatedtolinguisticfeatures.Itusuallyreferstothestudyofwrittenlanguage,includingliterarytexts,butitalsoinvestigatesspokenlanguagesometimes.Discourseanalysis,ortextlinguisticsisthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandthecontextsinwhichlanguageisused.Computationallinguisticsisanapproachtolinguisticswhichemploysmathematicaltechniques,oftenwiththehelpofacomputer.Cognitivelinguisticsisanapproachtotheanalysisofnaturallanguagethatfocusesonlanguageasaninstrumentfororganizing,processing,andconveyinginformation.Apartfromthedifferentbranchesoflinguistics,therearesomedistinctionsoflinguistics,suchas:functionallinguisticsvsformallinguistics;theoreticallinguisticsvsappliedlinguistics.Appliedlinguisticsisprimarilyconcernedwiththeapplicationoflinguistictheories,methodsandfindingstotheelucidationoflanguageproblemswhichhaveariseninotherareasofexperience.Phonetics（語音學(xué)）:Phoneticsisthescientificstudyofspeechsounds.Itstudieshowspeechsoundsarearticulated,transmitted,andreceived.Itisapurescienceandexaminesspeechsoundsingeneral.Phonetics:Thegeneralstudyofthecharacteristicsofspeechsounds.Phonology（音系學(xué)/音位學(xué)）:Thedescriptionofthesystemsandpatternsofspeechsoundsinalanguage.Phonologyisthestudyofhowspeechsoundsfunctioninalanguage.Itstudiesthewaysspeechsoundsareorganized.Itcanbeseenasthefunctionalphoneticsofaparticularlanguage.Morphology（形態(tài)學(xué)，詞法學(xué)）:Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwords.Morphologyisthestudyoftheformationofwords.Itisabranchoflinguisticswhichbreakswordsintomorphemes.Syntax（句法學(xué)）:Thestudyofthoserulesthatgovernthecombinationofwordstoformpermissiblesentences.Syntaxdealswiththecombinationofwordsintophrases,clausesandsentences.Itisthegrammarofsentenceconstruction.Semantics(語義學(xué)）isabranchoflinguisticswhichisconcernedwiththestudyofmeaninginabstraction.Pragmaticscanbedefinedasthestudyoflanguageinuse.Itdealswithhowspeakersuselanguageinwayswhichcannotbepredictedfromlinguisticknowledgealone,andhowhearersarriveattheintendedmeaningofspeakers.Inabroadsense,pragmaticsstudiestheprinciplesobservedbyhumanbeingswhentheycommunicatewithoneanother.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Thisdefinitioniswidelyacceptedbecauseitincludessomeoftheimportantcharacteristicsofhumanlanguage.Languageassystem---Thekeywordinthedefinitionis"system".Languageissystematic.Otherwisewewouldnotbeabletolearnoruseitconsistently.Eachlanguagesystemcontainstwosubsystems:asystemofsoundandasystemofmeaning.Languageisasystem—elementsinitarenotarrangedandcombinedrandomly,butaccordingtosomerulesandprinciples.Languageasarbitrary---Thereisnonaturalrelationshipbetweenthesoundandwhatitmeansinacertainlanguage.Therelationbetweensoundandmeaningisalmostalwaysarbitraryorconventional.Therelationbetweensoundandmeaningisalmostalwaysarbitrary.Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet.Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet.RomeoandJulietTherelationbetweensoundandmeaningisalmostalwaysconventional《荀子·正名》：“名無固宜，約之以命，約定俗成謂之宜，異于約則謂之不宜。名無固實(shí),約之以命實(shí)，約定俗成，謂之實(shí)名。名有固善，徑易而不拂，謂之善名。”《道德經(jīng)》第一章道可道，非常道。名可名，非常名。無名天地之始；有名萬物之母。Languageasvocal---By"vocal"wemeanthattheprimarymediumofalllanguagesissound,nomatterhowwelldevelopedtheirwritingsystemmightbe.Languageassymbol---Languageisjustsymbolforthethingitrefers.Languageisasymbolicsystem.Languageashuman---Languageishuman-specific,itisverydifferentfromanimalcommunicationsystems.Nosystemofanimalcommunicationmakesuseofthedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage.Languageascommunication---Languageisusedforhumancommunication.Itallowspeopletosaythingstoeachotherandexpresstheircommunicativeneeds.Designfeaturerefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitformanyanimalsystemofcommunication.Arbitrariness:thereisnologicalorintrinsicconnectionbetweenaparticularsoundandthemeaningitisassociatedwith.Productivityorcreativity:man’slinguisticabilitywhichenableshimtoproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentencesinournativelanguage,includingthesentenceswhichwereneverheardbefore.Dualityordoublearticulation:thisorganizationoflanguageintotwolevels--alevelofsounds,alevelofmeaning.Displacement:Displacementisapropertyoflanguageenablingpeopletotalkaboutthingsremoteeitherinspaceorintime.CulturaltransmissionLanguageisculturallytransmitted.Itcannotbetransmittedthroughhumanbeingbroughtupinisolationsimplydoesnotacquirelanguage.Whatlanguagethebabyisgoingtospeakisdeterminedbythecultureheisborninto.Interchangeabilityorreciprocity:mancanbothproduceandreceivemessages,andhisrolesasaspeakerandahearercanbeexchangedatease.Specialization:mandoesnothaveatotalphysicalinvolvementintheactofcommunication.Speechisaspecializedactivity.Weuseitinadetachedmanner.Languagefunctionsasaprincipalmeansofcommunication.Italsofunctionsassocialcontrol.Itisnotonlyapsychologicalphenomenon,butalsoasocialfactTheprimaryfunctionoflanguageistotransmitinformationandtoconveycommands,feelingsandemotions.Languageisatoolofcommunication.

“Communication”canbeusedtocovermuchofthefunctionoflanguage.Herearesomeofthemajorcategories:Thefunctionsoflanguage:Phaticfunction/communion（寒暄功能）:Languageisusedtoestablishanatmosphereormaintainsocialcontactbetweenthespeakerandthehearer.Greetings,farewells,andcommentsontheweatherservethisfunction.Directive(指令)function:Languageservesadirectivefunctionwhenitisusedtogetthehearerdosomething.Mostimperativesentenceshavethisfunction."Getout!""Closethewindow,please.","Walkslowly"areafewexamples.Informative(信息)function:Languageservesaninformativefunctionwhenitisusedtotellwhatthespeakerbelieves,togiveinformationaboutfactsortoreasonthingsout.Informativefunctionismetthroughdeclarativesentences.Suchinformativestatementsareeithertrueorfalse.Interrogative(疑問)function:Languageseversaninformativefunctionwhenitisusedtogetinformationfromothers.Allquestionsthatexpectanswershavethisfunction,suchas:"Whenwillthemeetingbegin"Expressive(表達(dá))function:Languageservesanexpressivefunctionwhenitisusedtorevealthefeelingsandattitudesofthespeaker.Ejaculationslike:"Goodheavens!"*toreleaseinnerfeelingsEvocative(情感)function:Theevocativefunctionistheuseoflanguagetoarousecertainfeelingsinthehearer.Itsaimistoamuse,startle,anger,soothe,worryorplease.Performative(施為)function:Languageisusedtodothingsortoperformacts.Mannerofarticulationrefertothemannerinwhichobstructioniscreated,andtheplaceofarticulationreferstotheplacewhereobstructioniscreated.ClassificationofEnglishconsonants:stops(爆破音)，fricatives(擦音),affricates(塞擦音)Liquids（流音），nasals(鼻音)，glides（滑音），bilabial(雙唇音)，labiodental(唇齒音)Dental（齒音），alveolar(齒齦音)，palatal(上顎音)，velar（軟腭音），glottal(喉音)Monophthongscanbeclassifiedaccordingto：TheHighestPartoftheTongue（舌高）TheOpeningoftheMouth（口腔張開度）TheShapeoftheLips（唇形）TheLengthoftheVowel（元音音長(zhǎng)）Mostmodernlinguisticsisdescriptive.Itattemptstodescribewhatpeopleactuallysay.Astraditionalgrammarstriedtolaydownrules,theyareoftencalledprescriptive.Descriptivegrammarsattempttotellwhatisinthelanguage,whileprescriptivegrammarstellpeoplewhatshouldbeinthelanguageWhenwestudylanguageatoneparticulartime,itiscalledsynchroniclinguistics.synchroniclinguisticsfocusesonthestateoflanguageatanypointinhistorywhilediachronicorhistoricallinguisticsfocusesonthedifferencesintwoormorethan2statesoflanguageoverdecadesorcenturies.Tostudylanguagediachronicallyreliesonthesynchronicstudyoflanguage.Synchroniclinguisticsanddiachroniclinguisticsarecorrelatedinthevalidstudyoflanguage.Linguistsregardthespokenlanguageasprimary.Itisbelievedthatspeechcameintobeingfirstforanyhumanlanguageandthewritingsystemcamealongmuchlater.Languageisprimarilyvocal.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.Parolereferstoparticularrealizationsoflangue.Langueisthesocial,conventionalsideoflanguage.Paroleisindividualizedspeech.Langueistheabstractknowledgenecessaryforspeaking,listening,writingandreading.Paroleistheconcretemanifestationoflanguageeitherthroughspeechorwriting.Langueisrelativelystableandsystematic.Paroleismorevariableandmaychangeaccordingtocontextualfactors.Langueisthecode.ParoleisthemessageCompetencereferstotheknowledgethatnativespeakershaveoftheirlanguageasasystemofabstractformalrelations.Performancereferstotheiractuallinguisticbehavior,thatis,theactualuseofthisknowledge.Phonetics(語音學(xué))What’sPhoneticsThescientificstudyofthespeechsoundsthatoccurinallhumanlanguagesiscalledphonetics.Thetaskofphoneticsistoidentifywhatarespeechsoundsinalanguage,andthentostudytheircharacteristics.Thethreemainbranchesofphoneticsi)articulatoryphonetics（發(fā)音語音學(xué)）(ii)auditoryphonetics（聽覺語音學(xué)）(iii)acousticphonetics（聲學(xué)語音學(xué)）Thephonicmediumoflanguageconsistsofindividualspeechsoundsthataremeaningfulinhumancommunication.Phonologyisthedescriptionofthesystemsandpatternsofspeechsoundsinalanguage.Phonologyisthestudyofhowspeechsoundsfunctioninalanguage.Itstudiesthewaysspeechsoundsareorganized.Itcanbeseenasthefunctionalphoneticsofaparticularlanguage.Bothphonologyandphoneticsarestudiesofspeechsounds.Butwhilebotharerelatedtothestudyofsounds,theydifferinapproachandfocus.Phoneticsisofageneralnature;itisconcernedwithallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages:howtheyareproduced,howtheydifferfromeachother,whatphoneticfeaturestheypossess,howtheycanbeclassified,etc.Phone音素:thespeechsoundsweusewhenspeakingalanguage.Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.Notallphonesdistinguishmeaning.Phoneme(音位):thephonologicalunitoflanguagePhoneme(音位)isanabstractunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.Phoneme(音位)isnotasoundthatispronounced,butacollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.Itisabasicunitinphonology.Whenafeaturedistinguishesonephonemefromanotheritisadistinctivefeature(aphonemicfeature).Inadditiontovoicing(濁音化),placeofarticulation(發(fā)音部位)andmannerofarticulation(發(fā)音方式)arealsotheprincipaldistinctivefeaturesofconsonants.Minimalpairsare2wordswhichareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentthatoccursinthesameplaceinthestring..site&sidePitchistheperceivedfrequencyofasoundwave.Conceptualmeaningmeansthatthemeaningofwordsmaybediscussedintermsofwhattheydenoteorreferto.Connotativemeaningisthecommunicativevaluethatawordoracombinationofwordshasbyvirtueofwhatitrefersto,overandaboveitspurelyconceptualcontent.Socialmeaningisthemeaningwhichanexpressionconveysaboutthecontextsorsocialcircumstancesofitsuse.ItchieflyincludesstylisticmeaningofanutteranceReflectivemeaningisthemeaningwhicharisesincasesofmultipleconceptualmeanings,whenonesenseofawordformspartofourresponsetoanothersense.Theassociationsawordgetsbecauseofthemeaningsofwordswhichtendtooccurinitslinguisticcontextarecalledcollocativemea