最新高中英語非謂語動詞學案

高考英語語法學案PAGE1PAGE8專題一謂語動詞一、非謂語動詞的句法功能主語賓語表語定語賓語補足語不定式動名詞現(xiàn)在分詞過去分詞二．非謂語動詞具體用法詳述Ⅰ不定式的用法一般式：todo(不定式:與謂語動詞動作同時或在之后發(fā)生)Theypretendednottoseeus.進行式：tobedoing(與謂語動詞動作同時發(fā)生)Hepretendedtobesleeping.完成式：tohavedone(表示動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞動作之前)Hepretendedtohaveknownitbefore.完成進行式：tohavebeendoing.Wearehappytohavebeenworkingwithyou..否認nottodo一般被動式:tobedone(將來動作)完成被動式：tohavebeendone(強調(diào)動作發(fā)生在主句動作之前)1.不定式作主語不定式作主語表示具體的動作。不定式作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。eg:Tosayisathing,todoisanother.(說是一回事，做是另外一回事。)〔2〕不定式短語較長時，通常放在謂語之后，用it作形式主語。eg:①ItisimportanttolearnEnglishwell.(學好英語是重要的。)2不定式作表語〔1〕不定式作表語放在be和其他系動詞后，說明主語的內(nèi)容。Hisgoalwastoenterthekeyuniversityof(2)不定式作主語時，表語也必須為不定式，結構必須保持一致。eg:Toseeistobelieve.3.不定式作賓語〔1〕todo表示特定，具體，將來的動作。常只用不定式作賓語的動詞有want,wish,hope,long,expect,desire,intend,decide,ask,promise,aim,offer,agree,plan,learn,choose,refuse,fail,manage,pretend等。eg:①Herefusedtohelpme.(他拒絕幫助我.)(2)謂語動詞+賓語+賓語補足語。如果作賓語的不定式較長時，也可用it代替，放在后面。eg;Ifinditdifficulttodothejobwell.(3)“特殊疑問詞﹢不定式todo結構〞具有名詞特征，可作賓語。eg:①Shedidn'tknowwhethertogoornot.②Theyhaven'tdecidedwhenandwheretobuildtheschool.〔3〕不定式可作介but,except,besides“除……之外〞的賓語，介詞前有實義動詞do的任何一種形式，后邊的不定式就無to；否那么必帶to。eg:①Iwanttodonothingbutplaythecomputergames。②Ihavenochoicebuttowait。4不定式作定語不定式作定語表示將來，常放在所修飾的名詞或代詞后?！沧⒁饧拔飭栴}〕eg:①Ihavealotofhouseworktodo.區(qū)別“Ihavealotofhouseworktobedone〞saidthemaid.女仆②.Heisthefirstmantodothejob.(名詞被序數(shù)詞修飾，用不定式做定語)由only，last，next，序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾的名詞后常用不定式作定語。Jimistheonlystudenttoanswerthequestioncorrectlyinhisclass.Youarethelasttoundertakethebloodtest.有些抽象名詞。主要有：reason，right，time，effort，chance，way等。如：thetimetogotoschool，thewaytogettotheclinic，thechancetowinthegame.如果不定式中的動詞是不及物動詞,那么不定式中要有介詞.Ihavesomethingtosay.Hehasalotofhomeworktodo.Heislookingforaroomtolivein.Thereisnothingtoworryabout.5.不定式作狀語不定式作狀語主要是表示目的、原因和結果，可位于句首或句末，但句首時通常用逗號隔開。eg:①Wesetoffearlythatmorningtocatchthefirstbus.〔目的〕②Togetagoodresult,sheworkedveryhard.〔目的〕③Shewasveryhappytogetthefirstprize.(原因)④Heworkedhardonlytofail.(結果)注：⑴不定式常用在soastodo或inordertodo后,與它們一起作狀語，表示目的，但soastodo不可置于句首。eg:Inordertoavoidmistakes,checkyourhomework.⑵不定式表結果時常和only連用，往往表示出乎意料的意想不到的不想得到的結果。區(qū)別分詞eg:Hehurriedtothestation,onlytofindthetrainhadleft.7.不定式作補語不定式作補語表示賓語所所做的動作或者和賓語有表語關系，表示狀態(tài)、特性、身份等。另外，不定式可作使役動詞、感官動詞的補語，表示動作的完成或已經(jīng)結束。賓語與作補語的不定式之間是主動關系。后接動詞不定式作賓補的常見的動詞有：want,wish,expect,prefer,like,hate,ask,beg,request,require,beg,get,advise,persuade,invite,order,remind,permit,allow,send等?！?〕動詞不定式可作感官動詞〔五看二聽一感覺即：see,lookat,watch,observe,notice，hear,listento，feel〕和使讓動詞〔let,make,have等〕后面的賓補時，不定式符號to要省略，但如果句子變被動結構，必須復原to.。eg:①Hemadethemclimbthehill.②Theyweremadetoclimbthehill.不帶TO的用法還有些類似于情態(tài)動詞的詞語〔如ratherthan，hadbetter，wouldrather，mightaswell等〕之后，不定式不帶to.如：Wemightaswellgowithouthim.我們可以不讓他跟去。You‘dbettergonow.你最好現(xiàn)在走。Ⅱ動名詞用法一般式:doing〔動名詞:無時間性或在謂語動作同時發(fā)生〕完成式:havingdone〔強調(diào)動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞動作之前〕一般被動式:beingdone完成被動havingbeendone動名詞具有動詞和名詞的特點，有一般式和完成式，有主動式和被動式，可作主語、賓語、表語和定語.否認形式在其前面加not.〔1〕動名詞作主語動名詞作主語表示抽象動作，指一件的事或經(jīng)驗。Readingismyhobby.(2)動名詞可作表語動名詞可作表語，一般為主語的內(nèi)容.表示一般性或習慣性的動作。在概念上可以和主語劃等號。把主語和表語倒過來，句子的根本含義不變。eg:Hishobbyispainting.注意：不定式和動名詞都有對稱性。eg:①Toseeistobelieve.②Seeingisbelieving.(3)動名詞作賓語doing作賓語表示泛指，一般，經(jīng)常性，習慣性的動作。常只用動名詞作賓語的動詞有：admit,avoid,appreciate,consider,dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,finish,imagine,keep,mind,miss,practise,risk,resist,suggest,advise,allow,等。背誦規(guī)律：一個單詞：MEGA4FEPS一句話：考慮設想，錯過冒險。eg:①Ican’timaginemarryingher.②Shemanagedtoescapebeingpunished.只接動名詞作賓語的動詞詞組有：giveup,belongto,lookforwardto,keepon,insiston,bebusy,getdownto,bedevotedto,havedifficulty/trouble(in),haveagood/wonderfultime(in)等。注意介詞toeg:①I’mlookingforwardtohearingfromyousoon.②Hegaveupsmokingthreeyears.注意：動詞后todo/,doing二者都可跟，意義不同的有：remembertodosth記起要做某事rememberdoingsth記起做過某事forgettodosth忘記要做某事forgetdoingsth忘記做過某事regrettodosth遺憾要做某事regretdoingsth懊悔做過某事goontodosth接著做另外一件事goondoingsth接著做同一件事stoptodosth停下來開始做另外一件某事stopdoingsth停止做正在做的某事trytodosth盡力做某事trydoingsth試著做某事meantodosth打算〔意欲，企圖〕做某事meandoingsth意味著做某事can’thelp(to)dosth不能幫助做某事can’thelpdoingsth情不自禁地做某事beworthdoingsbneed/want/requiretodosthneed/want/requiredoing/tobedone(4))動名詞可作定語動名詞可作定語，表示所修飾事物的功能或用途。eg:Heoftenstudiesinthereadingroom.eg:①Ipreferswimmingtofishing.②Iliketoswimintheriverbecauseit'stoohottoday.Ⅲ現(xiàn)在分詞一般式:doing〔現(xiàn)在分詞:與謂語動詞動作同時或之后發(fā)生〕完成式:havingdone〔作現(xiàn)在分詞時，只作狀語，強調(diào)動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞動作之前〕一般被動式:beingdone〔不作狀語〕完成被動式:havingbeendone〔只作狀語，強調(diào)動作發(fā)生在主句動作之前〕現(xiàn)在分詞具有動詞、形容詞和副詞的特征，在句中作定語、狀語、補語和表語。1作表語現(xiàn)在分詞作表語相當于形容詞，常表示主語所具有的特征，含有主動意味。大多數(shù)使動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞通常可作表語，常見的有：interesting,amusing,boring,tiring,pleasing,exciting,moving,disappointing,surprising,encouraging等。**總結引起感覺的詞的分詞用法—————eg:①Hisstorywasverymoving.②Thespeechisreallyboring.2作定語現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，單個v-ing放在被修飾的名詞前；如果短語作定語，那么放在所修飾詞的后面。v-ing作定語和被修飾詞之間為主動關系，表示動作正在同時進行或經(jīng)常性發(fā)生，也可表示特征。eg:①thefallingleaves＝theleaveswhicharefalling②therisingsun＝thesunwhichisrising③Isawhimgointothehousefacingsouth.3作狀語在句子中，現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，與句中主語形成邏輯上的主謂關系，表示與主句謂語動詞動作同時發(fā)生，或沒有一定的時間性。動詞-ing或其短語作狀語時，可以表示時間、條件、原因、結果、讓步、方式、伴隨等。表示時間關系的動詞-ing短語可由連詞while或when引出。eg:①Hearingthenews,theygotexcited.(時間)②Havingfinishedhishomework,shewasplayingontheplayground.(原因/時間)4作補語現(xiàn)在分詞作補語表示動作正在進行，賓語與作補語的現(xiàn)在分詞之間是主動關系。后面常接現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補的動詞有感官動詞〔五看二聽一感覺see,lookat,watch,observe,notice,hear,listento,feel〕使讓動詞〔have,get〕以及其他類動詞leave,keep,catch,set等。表示動作正在進行。eg:①Isawthemplayinggamesontheplaygroundyesterday.②Don’tleavehimwaitingoutsidetheroom.注：“連詞+doing短語〞一般情況下，分詞作狀語時，只能根據(jù)邏輯關系而不能根據(jù)語法特征來判定它是時間狀語、條件狀語或讓步狀語等。因此，有時會遇到很難判斷其歸屬的情形。但如果在其前加上when,if,once,since等連詞，就會很清楚地說明狀語的性質(zhì)。對于這種結構，也可作另外的解釋，即在連詞與現(xiàn)在分詞之間省略了主語和be動詞。eg:①While(Iwas)tryingtoopenthecan,Icutmyhand.②Thoughnotunderstanding(=hedidn'tunderstand)french,hehewasabletocommunicatewithotherStudents.③Becarefulwhen(youare)crossingtheroad.=Becarefulwhenyoucrosstheroad.Ⅳ過去分詞一般式：done(vt分詞表被動或完成)在句子中，過去分詞與句中主語形成邏輯上的動賓關系，表示完成或沒有一定的時間性。過去分詞既有副詞的特征又有動詞的特征，在句中可作定語、狀語、補語、表語等成分?！?〕作定語過去分詞作定語，表示已經(jīng)完成或特征。它和被修飾詞之間是被動、完成關系，單個過去分詞作定語放在前，過去分詞短語作定語放在后。其中及物動詞的過去分詞表示完成或被動概念，不及物動詞的過去分詞只表示完成概念，沒有被動的意味。eg:①therisensun＝thesunwhichhasrisen②fallenleaves＝leaveswhichhasfallen③Thisisthehousebuiltlastyear.＝Thisisthehousewhichwasbuiltlastyear.區(qū)分：tobedonebeingdonedone作定語的區(qū)別(2)作狀語過去分詞在句中作狀語，說明動作發(fā)生的背景或情況。它和被修飾詞之間是被動關系。它在句中可以作時間、條件、原因、方式、讓步和伴隨狀語。eg:①Tiredout,theystoppedtohavearest.(原因/時間)②Takenaroundthecity,wewereimpressedbythecity’snewlook.③Thoughwarnedofthedanger,hestillwentskatingonthethinice.(3)作補語與賓語是被動關系可以帶過去分詞作賓補的動詞常有有感官動詞〔五看二聽一感覺〕，使役動詞have,get,make等，以及其他類動keep,leave,like,want,wish等。eg:Ihadmylegbrokenlastweek.Ⅴ非謂語動詞的獨立結構非謂語動詞的獨立結構為“名詞或代詞＋非謂語動詞〞或“with＋名詞/代詞＋非謂語動詞〞。在語法上是一個獨立的短語，不是句子〔即：非謂語動詞的邏輯主語與主句主語不一致，須保存之后所構成的結構〕?？煞旁诰涫谆蚓湮?。(一)名詞或代詞＋非謂語動詞〔1〕名詞/代詞＋不定式名詞或代詞通常為動作的執(zhí)行者，與不定式構成邏輯上的主謂關系，可位于句首或句末。eg:Hewillsendme﹩100first,theresttofollowinayear.(2)名詞/代詞＋現(xiàn)在分詞名詞或代詞通常為現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動作的執(zhí)行者，與現(xiàn)在分詞構成邏輯上的主謂關系。eg①:Timepermitting,wewillfinishthework.(表條件)②Springcomingon,thetreesturnsgreen.(表時間)〔3〕名詞/代詞＋過去分詞名詞或代詞通常為過去分詞所表示的動作的承受者。與過去分詞構成邏輯上的動賓關系或系表關系。eg:①Thesignalgiven,thebusstarted.②Theirstrengthexhausted,theysankdownonebyone.〔二〕with＋名詞/代詞＋非謂語動詞〔1〕with＋名詞/代詞＋不定式不定式和賓語之間是被動關系，表示動作尚未發(fā)生。eg:Withnothingtodo,theywentoutforawalk.〔表原因〕(2)with＋名詞/代詞＋現(xiàn)在分詞賓語和動詞-ing之間是主動關系，表示的動作和謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生。eg:Theboysleptwiththelightburning.〔表伴隨〕(3)with＋名詞/代詞＋過去分詞不定式和賓語之間是被動關系，表示動作已經(jīng)完成。eg:Theystayedinsidewiththedoorlocked.〔表伴隨〕3.—Wheredidhego?—Hewenttoanotherstore_____.A.tobuypencils B.forbuyingpencils C.buypencils D.buyingpencils4.—Mybabyhasahearttrouble.—Didthedoctorfinditdifficult_____?A.intreating B.treating C.fortreating D.totreat5.—Didthejudgeaskyoumanyquestions?—Yes,and_____.theyweredifficulttobeanswered B.toanswerthemwastobedifficultC.theyweredifficulttoanswer D.theyhaddifficultyinanswering6.Thelostchilddesirednothingbut_____home.A.go B.togo C.going D.went7.LastsummerItookacourseon_____.A.howtomakedresses B.howdressesbemadeC.howtobemadedresses D.howdressestobemade10.Nowwecouldnotdoanythingbut_____forhimhere.A.waited B.waiting C.towait D.wait11.Idon’tknowherandIdon’t_____.A.want B.wantto C.wantit D.wantso12.Toplayfairisasimportantas_____.A.toplaywell B.playwell C.weplaywell D.playingwell13.It’smostfoolish_____so.A.foryoutosay B.ofyoutosay C.withyousaying D.inyoursaying14.Ihavenopen_____.A.writing B.towrite C.towritewith D.tobewriting15.Thoselettersare_____tothecountrysiderightaway.A.tobesent B.sending C.tohavebeensent D.sent16._____ourwishes,wemusttryourbesttoworkwell.A.Realizing B.Torealize C.Realized D.Havingrealized17.Wouldyouplease_____onthetable?A.don’twrite B.nottowrite C.notwrite D.notwriting18.Tompretended_____somethingwhenhismothercamein.A.writing B.towrite C.tobewriting D.beingwritten19.Weareallafraid_____byrobbers.A.torob B.toberobbed C.ofrobbing D.ofbeingrobbed20.I’msorry_____offthelightwhenIlefttheroom.A.toforgettoturn B.tohaveforgottentoturnC.tohaveforgottenturning D.tobeforgettingturning21.Thechildhadnochoicebut_____.A.tocry B.cry C.crying D.cried22.Don’ttakethemedicine.Itcan’thelp_____ridofyourcold.A.getting B.toget C.togetting D.gets23.—Doyougetsomeone_____yourclothes?—Yes,Ioftenhavethem_____.A.wash/washed B.towash/washed C.washing/wash D.washed/washing24.Theydidnotobserveher_____inandgoupstairs.A.tocome B.coming C.come D.hascome26.Withallherfriendsandmoneygone,shereallydidn’tknow_____.A.howtodo B.whattodo C.whichtodo D.whentodo27.—Doesanybodywantanextratickettogototheplay?—Whomwouldyouratherhave_____withyou,Georgeorme?A.togo B.go C.gone D.going28.—Canyourideahorse?—No,Ineverhadthechance_____.A.forlearningit B.forlearninghow C.howtolearnit D.tolearnhow29.—Ididn’thearyou_____inlastnight.—That’sgood.Wetried_____noisy.A.come/notbeing B.coming/tonotbe C.coming/notbeing D.come/nottobe30.Weadvisedher_____thereatonce.A.shouldget B.gets C.toget D.togetting31.Weagreed_____herebutsofarshehasn’tturnedupyet.A.havingmet B.meeting C.tohavemet D.tomeet32.HewouldsitaloneandlistentoMary_____thepiano.A.toplay B.playing C.played D.play33.Heis_____honestaman_____alie.A.so/totell B.too/totell C.very/totell D.such/thattell34.Irantoofast_____whereIwasgoing.A.tonotice B.formetonotice C.tonoticeforme D.andnotice35.Thatbeggarseems_____anythingyesterday.A.nottohaveeaten B.nottoeat C.didn’teat D.tonothaveeaten36.TolearntospeakEnglishwell,_____.A.muchpracticeisneeded B.oneneedsmuchpracticeC.muchpracticeisneededbyone D.oneisneededmuchpractice37.Wedidn’texpectour