考研考博-英語(yǔ)-南京森林警察學(xué)院押題密卷附帶答案詳解篇

書(shū)山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-南京森林警察學(xué)院押題密卷附帶答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買(mǎi)！第壹套一.全考點(diǎn)押題密卷-綜合訓(xùn)練(共50題)1.單選題

Thehistoryoffilmreflectsthe（

）inherentinthemediumitself:filmcombinesstillphotographstorepresentcontinuousmotionand,whileseemingtopresentlifeitself,canalsoofferimpossibleanddreamlikeunrealities.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.trivialities

B.biases

C.constraints

D.paradoxes

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。triviality“淺薄，輕浮，瑣事”；bias“偏見(jiàn)，偏愛(ài)”；constraint“約束，局促”；paradox“悖論，反論，似非而是的論點(diǎn)，自相矛盾的人或事”。句意：電影的歷史反映了這種媒體本身具備的矛盾：電影將靜止的照片結(jié)合在一起區(qū)別表現(xiàn)連續(xù)的動(dòng)作，而當(dāng)呈現(xiàn)生活時(shí)，也經(jīng)常提供一些不可能的和不真實(shí)的東西。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

2.單選題

Thisleadsrecordcompaniestotreatmusiciansascontractedartistswhoarenotpaidafixedsumfortheirlabor-time,butinsteadreceiveroyaltiesin（

）totheirsuccess.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.addition

B.relation

C.percentage

D.proportion

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定搭配。句意：這導(dǎo)致唱片公司把音樂(lè)家當(dāng)成簽約藝術(shù)家，他們無(wú)法獲得固定的工資，但是當(dāng)他們成功后可以獲得一定比例的版稅。inproportionto“與某事物成比例”，因此選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

3.填空題

The（1）overDavosweresaid

（2）

havedarkenedlastweekas1,700privatejetsdeliveredtheworld'selitetoitsannualconvention.Youcanpicture

（3）

moment:ashepherd’schildonanAlpinemountainpointing

（4）

one,thentwo,thenavast

（5）

ofhawk-likeaircraftmaterializingwiththeirconsignmentofpowerbrokers,roaringoverheadasthesheepscatterin

（6）

.

（7）

isawesomesceneofinequality.The

（8）

reportedfigureof1,700jetsisafantasy.FinancialjournalistFelixSalmonhasdonethelegworkandestimatedtheactual

（9）

tobeabout200.So

（10）

wastheinflatedfiguresoeagerlybelieved?

Theanswer

（11）

inthepowerfulholdofprivatejettravel

（12）

thepopularimagination.Itistheultimatesymbolofwealth,more

（13）

thanmansionsorlimousinesorthe

humblehelicopter.Itprovokesresentment;yetitisalsoglamorousandexciting.Private

（14）

excitethenon-privatejet-flyingclasseseven

（15）

offendingthem.Theresultisacombustiblecombinationofmoralismanddesire.

InSwedenoutragerunshigh

（16）

themisuseofcorporatejetsbydirectorsof

（17）

conglomerate,Industrivarden.Familieswereflown

（

18）

tripsabroad;aplanewassenttoStockholm

（19）

anabsent-mindedindustrialistforgothiswallet.Theresultisoneofthebiggest

（20）

scandalsinSwedishhistory.

【答案】1.考查上下文語(yǔ)義。根據(jù)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞were可知前面的主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)形式，及后面的havedarkened（變暗）和privatejets（私人飛機(jī)）可知此處表示達(dá)沃斯上面的天空，填skies。

試題答案：skies

2.考查介詞搭配。besaidto意為“據(jù)說(shuō)”。

試題答案：to

3.考查冠詞。the可以表示特指，themoment表示特指這個(gè)時(shí)候。

試題答案：the

4.考查介詞搭配。pointat意為“指向”，一般表示指向較遠(yuǎn)的事物、方向。

試題答案：at

5.考查上下文語(yǔ)義。一大群像鷹一樣的飛機(jī)，afleetofaircraft意為“一對(duì)飛機(jī)”。

試題答案：fleet

6.考查上下文語(yǔ)義。此處表示羊群被飛機(jī)轟鳴的聲音嚇得散開(kāi)，inpanic意為“驚慌，恐慌”。

試題答案：panic

7.考查therebe句型。therebe句型表示“某處存在某物或某人”。

試題答案：There

8.考查上下文語(yǔ)義。reportedfigure意為“報(bào)道的數(shù)量”，根據(jù)句意此處表示有許多的報(bào)道，figure為單數(shù)形式，故用much來(lái)修飾。

試題答案：much

9.考查上下文語(yǔ)義。根據(jù)前面的estimated（估計(jì)）和后面的數(shù)據(jù)200可知此處表示總數(shù)，totalto意為“總計(jì)”。

試題答案：total

10.考查上下文語(yǔ)義。根據(jù)句末的“？”和下一段句首的theanswer（答案）可知此處疑問(wèn)詞應(yīng)用why（為什么）。

試題答案：Why

11.考查固定搭配。根據(jù)answer及后面所解釋的原因，此處表達(dá)答案在于……liesin意為“在于”。

試題答案：lies

12.考查介詞搭配。此處表示“符合大眾的想象”，on作介詞時(shí)，可意為“靠，憑借”。

試題答案：on

13.考查固定搭配。moresothan意為“與……相比更為……”，此句意為：它是財(cái)富的終極象征，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)了豪宅、豪華轎車(chē)或小型直升機(jī)。

試題答案：so

14.考查上下文語(yǔ)義。文中多次出現(xiàn)privatejet（私人飛機(jī)），此處后面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用的是復(fù)數(shù)形式，因此jet要用其復(fù)數(shù)形式j(luò)ets。

試題答案：jets

15.考查連詞。此處表示“即使當(dāng)在冒犯他們的時(shí)候”，while意為“在……期間”，表示伴隨時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。

試題答案：while

16.考查介詞搭配。表示在某事上，用介詞at。

試題答案：at

17.考查冠詞。此處表示特指，用定冠詞the。

試題答案：the

18.考查介詞搭配。ontrips意為“旅行”。

試題答案：on

19.考查連詞。此處為時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，表示的是時(shí)間點(diǎn)，用連詞when（在……時(shí)候）。

試題答案：when

20.考查上下文語(yǔ)義。根據(jù)前面的corporate（企業(yè)的）和industrialist（工業(yè)家，實(shí)業(yè)家）可知此處表示的是“企業(yè)丑聞”，故填corporate。

試題答案：corporate

4.單選題

Aclassicalseriesofexperimentstodeterminetheeffectsofoverpopulationoncommunitiesofratswasconductedbyapsychologist,JohnCalhoun.Ineachexperiment,anequalnumberofmaleandfemaleadultratswereplacedinanenclosure.Theratpopulationwereallowedtoincrease.Calhounknewfromexperienceapproximatelyhowmanyratscouldliveintheenclosureswithoutexperiencingstressduetoovercrowding.Heallowedthepopulationtoincreasetoapproximatelytwicethisnumber.Thenhestabilizedthepopulationbyremovingoffspringthatwerenotdependentontheirmothers.Attheendoftheexperiments,Calhounwasabletoconcludethatovercrowdingcausesabreakdowninthenormalsocialrelationshipsamongrats,akindofsocialdisease.Theratsintheexperimentsdidnotfollowthesamepatternsofbehaviorasratwouldinacommunitywithoutovercrowding.

Thefemalesintheratpopulationwerethemostseriouslyaffectedbythehighpopulationdensity.Forexample,motherssometimesabandonedtheirpups,andwithouttheirmother’scare,thepupsdied.Theexperimentsverifiedthatinoverpopulatedcommunities,mothersratesdonotbehavenormally.Theirbehaviormaybeconsidereddiseasedpathological.

Thedominantmalesintheratpopulationweretheleastaffectedbyoverpopulation.Eachofthesestrongmalesclaimedanareaoftheenclosureashisown.Therefore,theseindividualsdidnotexperiencetheovercrowdinginthesamewayastheotherratsdid.However,dominantmalesdidbehavepathologicallyattimes.Theirantisocialbehaviorconsistedofattacksonweakermale,female,andimmaturerats.Thisdeviantbehaviorshowedthateventhoughthedominantmalehadenoughlivingspace,theytoowereaffectedbythegeneralovercrowding.

Nondominantmalesintheexperimentalratcommunitiesalsoexhibiteddeviantsocialbehavior.Somewithdrewcompletely,avoidingcontactwithotherrats.Othernondominantmaleswerehyperactive,chasingotherratsandfightingeachother.Thebehavioroftheratpopulationhasparallelsinhumanbehavior.PeopleindenselypopulatedareasexhibitdeviantbehaviorsimilartothatoftheratsinCalhoun'sexperiments.InLargeurbanareas;suchasNewYorkCity,London,andCairo,thereareabandonedchildren.Therearecruel,powerfulindividual,bothmenandwomen.Therearealsopeoplewhowithdrawandpeoplewhobecomehyperactive.Istheprincipalcauseofthesedisordersoverpopulation?Calhoun’sexperimentssuggestthatitmightbe.Inanycase,socialscientistsandcityplannershavebeeninfluencedbytheresultsofthisseriesofexperiments.

1.Calhounstabilizedtheratpopulation（

）.

2.WhichofthefollowinginferencesCANNOTbemadefromtheinformationinParagraphI?

3.Themainideaofthispassageisthat（

）

4.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

5.Theauthorimpliesthatthebehaviorofthedominantmaleratsissometimesparalleltothatof（

）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.whenitwasdoublethenumberthatcouldliveintheenclosurewithoutstress.

B.byremovingyoungrats

C.sothattherewasaconstantnumberofadultratsintheenclosure

D.alloftheabovearecorrect

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Calhoun’sexperimentisstillconsideredimportanttoday.

B.Overpopulationcausespathologicalbehaviorinratpopulations.

C.Stressdoesnotoccurinratcommunitiesunlessthereisovercrowding.

D.Calhounhadexperimentedwithratsbefore.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.althoughratsareaffectedbyovercrowding,peoplearenotdisturbed

B.datafromexperimentsindicatethatovercrowdingmaybeanimportantcauseofsocialpathology

C.thesocialbehaviorofratsisseriouslyaffectedbyovercrowding

D.Calhoun'sexperimentshaveinfluencedmanypeople

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Dominantmaleshadadequatelivingspace.

B.Dominantmaleswerenotasseriouslyaffectedbyovercrowdingastheotherrats.

C.Dominantmalesattackedweakerrats.

D.Thestrongestmalesarealwaysabletoadapttobadconditions.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.cruel,powerfulpeople

B.peoplewhoabandonedtheirchildren

C.hyperactivepeople

D.alloftheabove

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞stabilizedtheratpopulation定位至第一段:...stabilizedthepopulationbyremovingoffspringthatwerenotdependentontheirmothers(拋棄幼崽，讓其失去母親的照顧，以此來(lái)穩(wěn)定種群數(shù)量)，因此B項(xiàng)正確。

2.推斷題。第一段：Calhounwasabletoconcludethatovercrowdingcausesabreakdowninthenormalsocialrelationshipsamongrats,akindofsocialdisease.卡爾霍恩能得出結(jié)論：過(guò)度擁擠導(dǎo)致鼠群中正常的社會(huì)關(guān)系斷裂，這是一種社會(huì)疾病。因此B與C都是正確的。B:種群數(shù)量過(guò)多導(dǎo)致鼠群出現(xiàn)病態(tài)行為。C:在過(guò)度擁擠的情況下，鼠群就會(huì)出現(xiàn)壓力。第一段：...experimentstodeterminetheeffectsofoverpopulationoncommunitiesofratswasconductedbyapsychologists,JohnCalhoun.：心理學(xué)家約翰?卡爾霍恩用老鼠作實(shí)驗(yàn)，研究老鼠種群數(shù)量過(guò)剩對(duì)整個(gè)群體的影響,因此推斷D:卡爾霍恩曾經(jīng)用老鼠作實(shí)驗(yàn)，正確。故選擇A:卡爾霍恩的實(shí)驗(yàn)仍舊重要，無(wú)從推斷。

3.主旨題。B項(xiàng):實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)表明過(guò)度擁擠是導(dǎo)致社會(huì)疾病的一個(gè)重要原因,符合文章主旨。

4.細(xì)節(jié)題。第三段：Thedominantmalesintheratpopulationweretheleastaffectedbyoverpopulation.Eachofthesestrongmalesclaimedanareaoftheenclosureashisown.處于統(tǒng)治地位的雄性老鼠幾乎不會(huì)受到種群數(shù)量過(guò)多的影響。因?yàn)槊恳恢粡?qiáng)壯的雄性老鼠都霸占了屬于它自己的封閉空間。...thedominantmalehadenoughlivingspace：統(tǒng)治地位的雄性老鼠有足夠的生活空間。故A:統(tǒng)治地位的雄性老鼠有合適的生活空間，正確。第三段：...theseindividualsdidnotexperiencetheovercrowdinginthesamewayastheotherratsdid.這些個(gè)體不曾嘗到其他個(gè)體所經(jīng)歷的過(guò)度擁擠。故B:統(tǒng)治地位的雄性老鼠不曾深刻體會(huì)到其他老鼠所嘗到的過(guò)度擁擠的滋味，正確第三段：Theirantisocialbehaviorconsistedofattacksonweakermale：它們的反社會(huì)行為包括攻擊弱勢(shì)雄性老鼠。故C:統(tǒng)治地位的雄性老鼠攻擊弱勢(shì)老鼠，正確。所以選擇D:強(qiáng)壯的雄性老鼠總能適應(yīng)惡劣環(huán)境，文章未提及。

5.推斷題。最后一段指出：Thebehavioroftheratpopulationhasparallelsinhumanbehavior.鼠群的行為與人類(lèi)的行為相似。PeopleindenselypopulatedareasexhibitdeviantbehaviorsimilartothatoftheratsinCalhoun'sexperiments.人口密度大的地區(qū)的人也會(huì)出現(xiàn)反常行為，而這些行為與卡爾霍恩實(shí)驗(yàn)中老鼠的反常行為是相似的。因此推斷A項(xiàng)(殘忍且強(qiáng)有力的人)正確。

5.單選題

OscarWildesaidthatworkistherefugeofpeoplewhohavenothingbettertodo.Ifso,Americansarenowamongtheworld'ssaddestrefugees.FactoryworkersintheUnitedStatesareworkinglongerhoursthanatanytimeinthepasthalf-century.Americaonceledtherichworldincuttingtheaverageworkingweek-from70hoursin1850tolessthan40hoursbythe1950s.Itseemednaturalthataspeoplegrewrichertheywouldtradeextrasearningsformoreleisure.Sincethe1970s,however,thehoursclockedupbyAmericanworkershaverisentoanaverageof42thisyearinmanufacturing.

Severalstudiessuggestthatsomethingsimilarishappeningoutsidemanufacturing:Americansarespendingmoretimeatworkthantheydid20yearsago.Executivesandlawyersboastof80-hourweeks.Onholiday,theyseekoutfaxmachinesandphonesaseagerlyasGermansbagthebestsun-loungers.YetworkingtimeinEuropeandJapancontinuestofall.InGermany'sengineeringindustrytheworkingweekistobetrimmedfrom36to35hoursnextyearMostGermansgetsixweeks’paidannualholiday,eventheJapanesenowtakethreeweeks.Americansstillmakedowithjusttwo.

Germanyrespondstothiscontrastwithitsusualconcernaboutwhetherpeople'saversiontoworkisdamagingitscompetitiveness.YetGermanworkers,liketheJapanese,seemtobeactingsensibly:astheirincomesrise,theycanachieveabetterstandardoflivingwithfewerhoursofwork.ThepuzzleiswhyAmerica,theworld'srichestcountry,seesthingsdifferently.Itisapuzzlewithsinistersocialimplications.Parentsspendlesstimewiththeirchildrenwhomaybeleftaloneathomeforlonger.Isitjustacoincidencethatjuvenilecrimeisontherise?

SomeexplanationsforAmerica’stimeatworkfailtostanduptoscrutiny.Oneblamesweaktradeunionsthatleaveworkersopentoexploitation.Areworkersbeingforcedbycost-cuttingfirmstotoilharderjusttokeeptheirjobs?ArecentstudybytwoAmericaneconomists,RichardFreemanandLindaBell,suggestsnot:whenasked,Americansactuallywanttoworklongerhours.MostGermanworkers,incontrast,wouldratherworkless.

Then,whydoAmericanswanttoworkharder?OnereasonmaybethattherealearningsofmanyAmericanshavebeenstagnantorfallingduringthepasttwodecades.Peopleworklongermerelytomaintaintheirlivingstandards.Yetmanyhigherskilledworkers,whohaveenjoyedbigincreasesintheirrealpay,havebeenworkinghardertoo.Also,onereasonfortheslowgrowthofwageshasbeentherapidgrowthinemployment-whichismoreorlesswheretheargumentbegan.

Taxesmayhavesomethingtodowithit.PeoplewhoworkanextrahourinAmericaareallowedtokeepmoreoftheirmoneythanthosewhodothesameinGermany.FallsinmarginaltaxratesinAmericasincethe1970shavemadeitallthemoreprofitabletoworklonger.

Noneoftheseanswersreallyexplainswhythecentury-longdeclineinworkinghourshasgoneintoreverseinAmericabutnotelsewhere(thoughBritainshowsignsoffollowingAmerica’slead).Perhapsculturaldifferences--thelastrefugeofthedefeatedeconomists---areatplay.Economistsusedtobelievethatonceworkersearnedenoughtoprovidefortheirbasicneedsandallowforafewluxuries,theirincentivetoworkwouldbeeroded,likelionsrelaxingafterakill.Buthumansaremoresusceptibletoadvertisingthanlions.Perhapsclevermarketinghasensuredthat“basicneeds”--forashowerwithbuilt-inTV,forarocket-propelledcar—expandcontinuously.ShoppingisalreadyoneofAmerica’smostpopularpastimes.Butitrequiresmoney—hencemoreworkandlessleisure.Ortrythis,thetelevisionisnotverygood,andbaseballandhockeykeepbeingwipedoutbystrikes.PerhapsWildewasright.MaybeAmericanshavenothingbettertodo.

1.IntheUnitedStates,workinglongerhoursis（

）.

2.Accordingtothethirdparagraph,whichmightbeoneoftheconsequencesofworkinglongerhours?

3.Whichofthefollowingisthecauseofworkinglongerhoursstatedbythewriter?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.confinedtothemanufacturingindustry

B.atraditionalpracticeinsomesectors

C.prevalentinallsectorsofsociety

D.favoredbytheeconomists

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Riseinemployees’workingefficiency

B.Riseinthenumberofyoungoffenders

C.Riseinpeople’slivingstandards

D.Riseincompetitiveness

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Expansionofbasicneeds

B.Culturaldifferences

C.Increaseinrealearnings

D.Advertising

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:A

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)第二段第一句“Severalstudiessuggestthatsomethingsimilarishappeningoutsidemanufacturing:...幾項(xiàng)研究表明，制造業(yè)以外也在發(fā)生類(lèi)似的事情:...”也就是說(shuō)，除了制造業(yè)，美國(guó)其他行業(yè)里工作時(shí)間也很長(zhǎng)，所以選項(xiàng)C正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)第三段最后兩句“Parentsspendlesstimewiththeirchildrenwhomaybeleftaloneathomeforlonger.Isitjustacoincidencethatjuvenilecrimeisontherise?父母花在孩子身上的時(shí)間更少，他們（孩子）可能會(huì)被長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的留在家里。青少年犯罪呈上升趨勢(shì)，這僅僅是個(gè)巧合嗎?”由此可知，長(zhǎng)時(shí)間工作的結(jié)果將會(huì)導(dǎo)致青少年犯罪數(shù)量的增加。選項(xiàng)B符合原文。

3.判斷推理題。根據(jù)最后一段的內(nèi)容“這些答案都不能真正解釋為什么美國(guó)的工作時(shí)間長(zhǎng)達(dá)一個(gè)世紀(jì)的下降趨勢(shì)已經(jīng)逆轉(zhuǎn)，而其他地方卻沒(méi)有(盡管英國(guó)有跡象表明正在步美國(guó)的后塵)。也許文化差異——失敗經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家的最后避難所——正在發(fā)揮作用?！边@里提到文化差異的問(wèn)題，但這并不是美國(guó)人長(zhǎng)時(shí)間工作的原因。下文提到“Economistsusedtobelievethatonceworkersearnedenoughtoprovidefortheirbasicneedsandallowforafewluxuries,...經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家過(guò)去認(rèn)為，一旦工人掙到足夠的錢(qián)來(lái)滿足他們的基本需求和一些奢侈品...”由此可知，真正的原因是為了擴(kuò)大基本需求，所以選項(xiàng)A正確。

6.單選題

ClintondeniedthemoreseriousallegationsthathehadliedunderoathabouttherelationshipandhadentreatedLewinskytodothesame.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.pleaded

B.flattered

C.deceived

D.scared

【答案】A

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.pleaded乞求，懇求B.flattered奉承，討好

C.deceived欺騙，蒙騙D.scared驚嚇，使害怕

【答案】A

【考查點(diǎn)】動(dòng)詞辨析。

【解題思路】entreated的意思為“懇求，乞求”，指的是克林頓懇求萊溫斯基同他一起在兩人的關(guān)系上撒謊，pleaded與之詞義相近，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】B、C、D選項(xiàng)詞義與之不符。

【句意】克林頓否認(rèn)了更嚴(yán)重的指控，即他在宣誓后就兩人的關(guān)系撒了謊，并懇求萊溫斯基也這樣做。

7.單選題

Itis______whodecideswhethertheaccusedisinnocentorguilty.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.thejuryandonlyjury

B.thejuryandonlythejury

C.onlythejuryandjury

D.thejuryandtheonlyjury

【答案】B

【解析】考查詞組辨析。原句是一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句，意思是“陪審團(tuán)，也只有陪審團(tuán)才能決定被起訴的人是否有罪?！贝颂?，“陪審團(tuán)”應(yīng)該是特指的，在結(jié)構(gòu)上應(yīng)為thejury。形容詞only修飾一個(gè)特指的名詞，可以放在定冠詞之前，此處，構(gòu)成onlythejury，意為“只有陪審團(tuán)”；也可以放在定冠詞之后，此處，構(gòu)成theonlyjury，意為“那唯一的陪審團(tuán)”。從結(jié)構(gòu)上講，只有B選項(xiàng)和D選項(xiàng)符合上述要求；從意義上講，B選項(xiàng)（陪審團(tuán)，只有陪審團(tuán)）才符合句義，因?yàn)樵诜缮?，只要組織了陪審團(tuán)，就有資格參與審判，而不論“這個(gè)”還是“那個(gè)”。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

8.單選題

AmongthespeciesofseabirdsthatusethewindsweptcliffsoftheAtlanticcoastofCanadainthesummertomate,layeggs,andreartheiryoungarecommonmurres,Atlanticpuffins,black-leggedkittiwakes,andnortherngannets.Ofallthebirdsonthesecliffs,theblack-leggedkittiwakegullisthebestsuitedfornestingonnarrowledges.Althoughitsnestinghabitsaresimilartothoseofgullsthatnestonflatground,thereareanumberofimportantdifferencesrelatedtothecliff-nestinghabit,

Theadvantageofnestingoncliffsistheimmunityitgivesfromfoxes,whichcannotscalethesheerrocks,andfromravensandotherspeciesofgulls,whichhavedifficultyinlandingonnarrowledgestostealeggs.Thisimmunityhasbeenfollowedbyarelaxationofthedefenses,andkittiwakesdonotreacttopredatorsnearlyasfiercelyasdoground-nestinggulls.AcolonyofBonaparte'sgullsrespondstotheappearanceofapredatoryherringgullbyflyingupasagroupwithaclamorofalarmcalls,followedbyconcertedmobbing,butkittiwakessimplyignoreherringgulfs,sincetheyposelittlethreattonestsoncliffs.Neitherdokittiwakesattempttoconcealtheirnest.Mostgullskeepthenestareaclearofdroppings,andremoveemptyeggshellsafterthechickshavehatched,sothatthelocationofthenestisnotgivenaway.Kittiwakesdefecateovertheedgeofthenest,whichkeepsitclean,butthispractice,aswellastheirtendencytoleavethenestlitteredwitheggshells,makesitslocationveryconspicuous.

Ontheotherhand,nestingonanarrowledgehasitsownpeculiarproblems,andkittiwakebehaviorhasbecomeadaptedtoovercomethem.Thefemalekittiwakesitswhenmating,whereasothergullsstand,sothepairwillnotoverbalanceandfallofftheledge.Thenestisadeepcup,madeofmudorseaweed,toholdtheeggssafely,comparedwiththeshallowscrapeofothergulls,andthechicksareremarkablyimmobileuntilfullygrown.Theydonotrunfromtheirnestswhenapproached,andiftheyshouldcomeneartothecliffedge,theyinstinctivelyturnback.

1.Whataspectofthekittiwakegulldoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

2.Theword“immunity”inparagraph2isclosestinmeaningto（）.

3.Whyisitdifficultforravenstostealthekittiwakes'eggs?

4.Theauthormentionsthateggshellslitterthenestsofkittiwakesinorderto（）.

5.Accordingtothepassage,itcanbeinferredthatwhichofthefollowingbirdsconcealtheirnest?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Itsdefensivebehavior

B.Itinteractionswithothergullspecies

C.Itsnestinghabits

D.Itsphysicaldifferencefromothergullspecies

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.distance

B.transition

C.protection

D.reminder

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Thekittiwakescanseetheravensapproachingthenest.

B.Theravenscannotlandonthenarrowledgeswherekittiwakesnest.

C.Thekittiwakes'eggsaretoobigfortheravenstocarry.

D.Thefemalekittiwakesrarelyleavethenest.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.demonstratethatkittiwakesarenotconcernedaboutpredators

B.provehowbusykittiwakesareincaringfortheiroffspring

C.showasimilaritytoothertypesofgulls

D.illustratekittiwakes’lackofconcernfortheirchick

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Bonaparte’sgulls

B.Atlanticpuffins

C.Kittiwakegulls

D.Northerngannets

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:A

【解析】1.主旨大意題。分析文章內(nèi)容可知，第一段主要講不同于其它海鷗，三趾鷗習(xí)慣在峭壁上筑巢；第二段講三趾鷗在峭壁上筑巢的優(yōu)勢(shì)；最后一段講了三趾鷗如何適應(yīng)在峭壁上筑巢。由此可知，本文敘述的主要內(nèi)容是三趾鷗的筑巢習(xí)慣。因此，本題正確答案為C項(xiàng)。

詞匯題。

2.由原文第二段Theadvantageofnestingoncliffsistheimmunityitgivesfromfoxes,whichcannotscalethesheerrocks,andfromravensandotherspeciesofgulls,whichhavedifficultyinlandingonnarrowledgestostealegg可知，三趾鷗在在懸崖上筑巢的一大好處就是更安全，可以躲避無(wú)法攀登峭壁的狐貍和那些難以在陡峭巖石上立足的烏鴉和其他鷗類(lèi)，防止鳥(niǎo)卵被偷走。因此，本題的正確答案為C項(xiàng)。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由原文第二段Theadvantageofnestingoncliffsistheimmunityitgivesfromfoxes,whichcannotscalethesheerrocks,andfromravensandotherspeciesofgulls,whichhavedifficultyinlandingonnarrowledgestostealeggs.可知，烏鴉無(wú)法偷走三趾鷗鳥(niǎo)卵的原因是它們難以在三趾鷗的巢邊落腳。因此，本題正確答案為B選項(xiàng)。

4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)原文第二段Kittiwakesdefecateovertheedgeofthenest,whichkeepsitclean,butthispractice,aswellastheirtendencytoleavethenestlitteredwitheggshells,makesitslocationveryconspicuous可知，三趾鷗會(huì)在巢邊排便，以保持巢內(nèi)干凈，但這種做法以及它們傾向于在鳥(niǎo)窩里亂丟蛋殼的行為，使得它們巢的位置非常顯眼。這里的描述是為和大多數(shù)海鷗作對(duì)比，說(shuō)明三趾鷗也不會(huì)試著去隱藏它們的巢（Neitherdokittiwakesattempttoconcealtheirnest）。根據(jù)上下文可知三趾鷗之所以這樣做是因?yàn)樗鼈冊(cè)谇捅谏现脖仍诘孛嫔现哺袃?yōu)勢(shì)，無(wú)需在意捕獵者，因此本題正確答案為A項(xiàng)。

5.推理判斷題。原文第二段中指出，三趾鷗對(duì)捕食者的反應(yīng)不像在地面筑巢的海鷗那么強(qiáng)烈。接著舉出了Bonaparte’sgulls的例子，說(shuō)明Bonaparte’sgulls和三趾鷗的筑巢習(xí)慣不同。大多數(shù)的海鷗在平地上筑巢，所以它們?cè)陔r鳥(niǎo)出生后會(huì)把蛋殼拿走，盡量不暴露鳥(niǎo)巢的位置。因此，可推測(cè)Bonaparte’sgulls也是這樣的習(xí)慣，所以才會(huì)暴露自己的位置。由此可知，本題正確答案為A項(xiàng)。

9.單選題

Thedoctorsdon’t（）thatthepatientwilllivemuchlonger.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.monitor

B.manifest

C.articulate

D.anticipate

【答案】D

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)monitor“監(jiān)視”；B選項(xiàng)manifest“表明”；C選項(xiàng)articulate“清晰地表達(dá)”；D選項(xiàng)anticipate“預(yù)計(jì)”。句意：醫(yī)生們預(yù)計(jì)那位病人活不了太久了。本句表示預(yù)計(jì)病人的存活時(shí)間，因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

10.單選題

Researchershavestudiedthepoorasindividuals,asfamiliesandhouseholds,asmembersofpoorcommunities,neighborhoodsandregions,asproductsoflargerpovertycreatingstructures.Theyhavebeenanalyzedasvictimsofcrimeandcriminals,asmembersofminoritycultures,aspassiveconsumersofmasscultureandactiveproducersofa“counterculture”,asparticipantsintheinformaleconomy,asinventionsofsurvivalstrategies,asaneconomicburdenandasareservearmyoflabor—tomentionjustsomeofthepreoccupationsofpovertyresearch.

Theelites,whooccupythesmallupperstratumwithinthecategoryofthenon-poor,andtheirfunctionsintheemergenceandreproductionofpovertyareasinterestingandimportantanobjectforpovertyresearchasthepoorthemselves.Theeliteshaveimagesofthepoorandofpovertywhichshapetheirdecisionsandactions.Sofar,littleisknownaboutthoseimages,exceptastheyaresketchilyportrayedinpopularstereotypes.Theelitesmaywellignoreordenytheexternaleffectsoftheirownactions(andomissions)uponthelivingconditionsofthepoor.Manysocialscientistsmaytakeaverydifferentview.Aspovertyemergedandwasreproduced,legalframeworkswerecreatedtocontaintheproblemsitcausedwithprofound,andlargelyunknown,consequencesforthepoorthemselves.Ingeneral,political,educationalandsocialinstitutionstendtoignoreorevendamagetheinterestsofthepoor.Inconstructingaphysicalinfrastructurefortransport,industry,tradeandtourism,thesettlementsofthepoorareoftenthefirsttosufferortobeleftstandingandexposedtopollution,noiseandcrowding.

Mostimportantaretheeconomicfunctionsofpoverty,as,forlackofotheroptionsthepoorareforcedtoperformactivitiesconsidereddegradingorunclean.Thepooraremorelikelytobuysecond-handgoodsandleftoverfoodstuffs,thusprolongingtheireconomicutility.Theyarelikelytousetheservicesoflow-qualitydoctors,teachersandlawyerswhomthenon-poorshyawayfrom.Povertyandthepoorserveanimportantsymbolicfunction,inremindingcitizensofthelotthatmaybefallthosewhodonotheedthevaluesofthrift,diligenceandcleanliness,andoftheconstantthreatthattherough,theimmoralandtheviolentrepresentfortherestofsociety.

Physically,thepoorandthenon-poorarekeptapart,throughdifferentiallanduseandghettoization.Socially,theyareseparatedthroughdifferentialparticipationinthelabormarket,theconsumptioneconomy,andinpolitical,socialandculturalinstitutions.Conceptually,theyaredividedthroughstereotypingandmediacliché.Thisseparationisevenmorepronouncedbetweentheelitesandthepoor.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,studyingtheelitesalsoshedslightonpovertyresearchbecause____.

2.Whilesocialscientistsaredevotingmuchoftheirefforttopovertyresearch,____.

3.Intheeyesofthesociety,____.

4.Theword“pronounced”inthelastsentenceofthepassageprobablymeans____.

5.Inthepassage,theauthorismainlyconcernedwith____.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.theyarealsomembersofthesamesocietyasthepoor

B.theyplayanimportantroleincreatingandreproducingpoverty

C.solutionofthepovertyproblemisattheirmercy

D.theyknowthelivingconditionsofthepoorbetterthanothergroups

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.notenoughlegalframeworkshavebeencreatedtorelievetheconditionofthepoor

B.theyhavedonelittletoactuallyprovidereliefprogramsforthepoor

C.theyignoretheroleoftheelitesasanobjectforpovertyresearch

D.thepoorpeoplethemselvesdonotmuchappreciatesucheffort

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)