英國歷史簡介市公開課一等獎省名師優(yōu)質(zhì)課賽課一等獎課件

英國歷史介紹1.theoriginsoftheEnglishNation（5000BC--1066AD)2.thefeudalperiodoftheNation(1066--1485)3.transitiontotheModernAge(1485--1688)4.theriseandfalloftheBritishEmpire(1688--1990)5.TwentiethcenturyoftheEnglishNationTheBritainofhistory一.theOriginsoftheEnglishNation1.the

Iberians.(伊比利亞人)

————5000BC-55BC

The

first

known

setters

of

Britain

.Inthisperiod,more

dramatic

monuments

were

the

henges,

the

most

important

of

which

was

Stonehenge

（巨石陣）in

Wiltshire（維爾特郡）.2.The

Celts(凱爾特人）They

originally

have

come

from

eastern

and

central

Europe,

they

came

to

Britain

in

three

main

waves(入侵英國三次高潮）；the

first

wave

was

the

Gaels蓋爾人,

the

second

was

Britons（布立吞人）

and

the

third

was

Belgae（比利其人）.BBC凱爾特英國人歷史(BBCAHistoryofCelticBritain)導演:PaulKing/ArifNurmohamed/DickTaylor/JeffWilkinson主演:NeilOliver/PhilipCrummy/BarryCunliffe類型:紀錄片3.RomanBritain(羅馬人統(tǒng)治時英國）

——55BC-410AD1.Julius

Caesar,

the

great

roman

general,

invaded

Britain

for

the

first

time

in

55BC.

For

nearly

400

years,

Britain

was

under

roman

occupation.2.The

roman

built

two

great

walls

to

keep

the

Picts（皮特人）.Theywerethe

Hadrian’s

wall

哈德良長城(AD122)runningfromcarlisleto

Newcastle(從卡萊爾到紐卡斯爾），and

the

Antonine

wall

安東尼長城linking

the

estuaries

of

the

Forth

and

the

Clyde(鏈接福斯河口和克萊德河口).Julius

Caesar（凱撒大帝）the

Hadrian’s

wall

哈德良長城4.theAngloSaxons(盎格魯撒克遜人）

——446--871In

the

mid-5th

century

a

new

wave

of

invaders,

Jutes,

Saxons,

and

Angles

came

to

Britain,

they

were

three

Teutonic

tribes

三支日爾曼部落.theAngloSaxonswereorganizedintotribes,whichwereconsolidatedintosevenkingdoms(王國時代）.sevenkingdoms(七王國）These

seven

principal

kingdoms

of

Kent,

Essex,

Sussex,

Essex,

East

Anglia,

Mercia

and

Northumbria

have

given

the

name

of

Heptarch.這七個主要王國：肯特、威塞克斯、蘇塞克斯、埃賽克斯、東安各魯，麥西亞和諾森薄利亞合稱七王國。

5.The

Norman

conquest(諾曼征服)——1066TheNormanconquestofEnglandisperhapsthebest-knowneventinEnglishhistory.UnderWilliam,thefeudalsysteminEnglandwascompletelyestablished.諾曼征服或許是英國歷史上最著名事件，至此，英格蘭封建制度被完全建立起來。二.theShapingoftheNation1.RomanRule(羅馬統(tǒng)治）——1066-13811)William

replaced

the

witan（賢人會議）

,

the

council

of

the

Anglo-Saxon

kings,

with

the

Grand

Council

of

his

new

tenants-in-chief.威廉用由他土地承租人組成大議會取代了安各魯撒克遜國王顧問團－賢人會議。

2)

The

Doomsday

Book《末日審判書》completed

in

1086,

was

the

result

of

general

survey

of

England

made

in

1085,

and

stated

the

extent

,

value,

the

population,

state

of

cultivation

and

ownership.《末日審判書》完成于1086年，它統(tǒng)計了1085年進行英國總調(diào)查結(jié)果。此冊陳說了土地范圍、價值、人口、耕種情況和全部權(quán)。William(威廉一世）賢人會議（英語：Witenagemot，簡寫為Witan，古英語：witenagemōt）是盎格魯-撒克遜時期英格蘭一個主要政治機構(gòu)。賢人會議是一個由國王主持召開、會期不定、人數(shù)不等高層會議，與會者主要有被稱為“賢者”或“智者”高級教士和世俗貴族，包含國王近臣、王族寵幸和地方長官等?！赌┤諏徟袝?.theGreatCharter（大憲章）——1215The

Great

charter,

or

Magna

Carta,was

a

statement

of

feudal

and

legal

relationship

between

the

crown

and

the

barons,

a

guarantee

of

the

freedom

of

the

church

and

a

limitation

of

the

power

of

the

king.大憲章陳說是國王與貴族間封建和法律關(guān)系，確保了教會自由和限制了王權(quán)。3.theHundredYear'swithFrance（英法

百年戰(zhàn)爭）——1337--1453When

Edward

Ⅲ

claimed

the

French

Crown

by

the

right

of

his

mother

Isabella,

the

French

refused

to

recognize

the

claim

because

the

Salic

Law

debarred

females

from

the

succession.

In

1337

Edward

declared

a

war

that

was

to

last

a

hundred

years.

愛德華三世經(jīng)過他母親伊莎貝拉關(guān)系宣告繼承法國王位，但法國人民拒絕認可，因為薩利法典要求女子不得繼承王位，于是在1337年，愛德華對法宣戰(zhàn)，戰(zhàn)爭連續(xù)了一百年。英法百年戰(zhàn)爭4.theBlackDeath(黑死?。〣lack

Death

swept

through

England

in

the

summer

of

1348

without

warning.

It

killed

between

one

half

and

one

third

of

the

population

of

England.1348年夏天，黑死病橫掃全英國，沒有任何征兆，它奪去了三分之一到二分之一英國人口。5.the

Peasant

Uprising

of

1381（1381年

農(nóng)民起義）Although

the

Peasant

Uprising

of

1381,

orTyler'sRebellionwas

brutally

suppressed,

it

had

far-reaching

significance

in

English

history.

thesignificace:It

dealt

a

telling

blow

to

villeinage

and

a

new

class

of

yeomen

farmers

emerged,

paving

the

way

for

the

development

of

capitalism.它沉重打擊了封建農(nóng)奴制度，產(chǎn)生了全新自耕農(nóng)階級，為資本主義發(fā)展鋪設(shè)了道路1381農(nóng)民起義三.transitiontotheModernAge1.transitiontotheModernAge

——1455--14851）theWarofRoses(玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭）——1455--14852）theEnglishReformation(宗教改革）

referring

to

the

battles

between

the

great

house

of

Lancaster,

symbolized

by

the

red

rose,

and

that

of

York,

symbolized

by

the

white.玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭這個詞是指兩個家族間戰(zhàn)爭，以紅玫瑰為標志蘭開斯特家族和以白玫瑰為標志約克家族。

theyarethetwobranchesof

theplantagenetfamily(金雀花王朝）1154--1399the

Wars

of

Roses

thereformationThe

reform

began

as

a

struggle

for

a

divorce

and

end

in

freedom

from

the

Papacy.

改革以爭取離婚開始，以脫離教皇而告終theaim:to

get

rid

of

the

English

Church’s

connection

with

the

Pope,

and

make

an

independent

Church

of

England.目標：解除英國教會與教皇聯(lián)絡，成立獨立英格蘭教會。2.ElizabethI(伊麗莎白一世）

——1558--16031）Elizabeth’s

religious

reform

a

compromise

of

views(各種觀點妥協(xié)），she

broke

Mary’s

ties

with

Rome

and

restored

her

father’s

independent

Church

of

England.2)foreignpolicyFor

nearly

30

years

Elizabeth

successfully

played

against

each

other

the

two

great

Catholic

powers,

France

and

Spain.

伊麗莎白一世3.theEnglishRenaissance(文藝復興）

——1350--1650Renaissance

was

the

transitional

period

between

the

Middle

Ages

and

modern

times1）its

first

expression最好表示方式：

the

so-called

Elizabethan

drama.所謂伊麗莎白戲劇2）Its

first

exponents

最好代表人物：Christopher

Marlowe,

Ben

Jonson,

and

William

Shakespeare.克里斯托夫·馬洛；本·瓊生和威廉·莎士比亞3)

literature:primarily

artistic,

rather

than

philosophical

scholarly.主要是藝術(shù)，而非哲學及學術(shù)。文藝復興時文學文藝復興時油畫William

Shakespeare4.theCivilWars(內(nèi)戰(zhàn)）——1642--1646On

August

22,

1642,

the

First

Civil

War

began.

The

king’s

men

were

called

Cavaliers,

and

the

supporters

of

Parliament

were

called

Roundheads.1642.8.22，第一次內(nèi)戰(zhàn)暴發(fā)，支持國王者被成為“騎士派”，支持議會者被成為“圓顱派”。theconsequences:The

English

Civil

War

not

only

overthrew

feudal

system

in

England

but

also

shocked

the

foundation

of

the

feudal

rule

in

Europe.英國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)不但推翻了英國封建制度，而且動搖了歐洲封建統(tǒng)治基礎(chǔ)。5.theRestoration(王政復辟）whenolivercromwelldiedin1658andwassucceededbyhissonRichard,theregimebegantocollapse.The

Parliament

thus

elected

in

1660

resolved

the

crisis

by

asking

the

late

king’s

son

to

return

from

his

long

exile

in

France

as

king

CharlesⅡ.1660年選出議會要求上任國王兒子從長久流亡法國回國做查爾斯二世，從而處理了危機。6.theGloriousRevolution(光榮革命）

——1688English

politicians

rejected

JamesⅡ,

and

appealed

to

a

protestant

king,

William

of

Orange

to

invade

and

take

the

English

throne.

This

take-over

became

known

as

the

Glorious

Revolution.英國政客反對詹姆斯二世。他們呼吁新教國王，奧蘭治親王威廉入侵英國奪取王位。這就是“光榮革命”。William

of

Orange威廉和瑪麗7.the

Gunpowder

plot

of

1605（16

火藥陰謀案）The

most

famous

of

the

Catholic

compiracies

最著名天主教陰謀

November

5,

1605,

a

few

fanatical

Catholics

attempted

to

blow

King

James

and

his

ministers

up

in

the

House

of

Parliament

where

Guy

Fawkes

had

planted

barrels

of

gunpowder

in

the

cellars.幾個狂熱天主教徒企圖在議會大廈炸死國王和大臣，蓋伊?？怂挂言诘亟逊帕苏ㄋ幫啊Ｋ?theriseandfalloftheBritishEmpire1.WhigsandTories(輝格黨和托利黨）TheWhigs：opposedabsolutemonarchyandsupportedtherighttoreligiousfreedomfornonconformists.TheTories：traditionalistswhowantedtopreservethepowersofthemonarchyandthechurchofEngland.2.theIndustrialRevolution(工業(yè)革命）

——1780--1830

TheindustrialrevolutionreferstothemechanizationofindustryandtheconsequentchangeinsocialandeconomicorganizationinBritaininthelate18thandearly19thcenturies.工業(yè)革命指17世紀末，18世紀初英國工業(yè)機械化，以及所以而造成社會結(jié)構(gòu)和經(jīng)濟結(jié)構(gòu)改變。創(chuàng)造時間（年）創(chuàng)造者創(chuàng)造機器1733約翰·凱flyingshuttle(飛梭）1766詹姆士·哈格里夫斯spinningJenny(珍妮紡紗機）1769理查德·阿克賴特waterframe（水力紡織機）1779塞繆爾·克朗普頓mule(走錠紡紗機）1784埃德蒙·卡特萊特powerloom（動力織機）1765詹姆斯·瓦特steamengine（蒸汽機車）1814喬治·史蒂文森theresult:Britainwasby1830the“workshopoftheworld”.英國到1830年止成為“世界工場”。3.theChartistMovement(憲章運動）——1836--1848

thefirstnationwideworkingclassmovementanddrewattentiontoseriousproblems.憲章運動是第一次全國范圍工人運動，引發(fā)了對許多嚴重問題關(guān)注。4.TradeUnionsandtheLaborParty(工會

和工黨）In1900,representativesofthetradeunions,theILP,andanumberofsocialistsocietiessetupthelabourrepresentationforthegeneralwhichchangeditsnametothelabourpartyintimeforthegeneralelectionfor1906.19，工會代表，獨立工黨和許多小型社會主義社團一起成立了工人代表委員會。19大選迫使工人代表委員會及時更名為工黨。5.ColonialExpansion(殖民擴張）1）theGrowthofDominions(自治領(lǐng)興起）2）theConquestofIndia(征服印度）3）theScrambleforAfrica(對非洲掠奪