考研考博-英語-三亞航空旅游職業(yè)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解1

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-三亞航空旅游職業(yè)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共100題)1.單選題

Thetheoryof（

）wasdevelopedbyDarwinandisnowunderstoodbynearlyeverybodyintheworld.

問題1選項

A.determination

B.distribution

C.discipline

D.evolution

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。determination“決心”；distribution“分布”；discipline“學(xué)科；紀律”；evolution“演變，進化論”。句意：進化論由達爾文提出，現(xiàn)在幾乎世界上每個人都知道這個理論。選項D符合題意。

2.單選題

Diseaseisafluidconceptinfluencedbysocietalandculturalattitudesthatchangediachronicallyinresponsetonewscientificandmedicaldiscoveries.Historically,doctorsdefinedadiseaseaccordingtoaclusterofsymptoms,andastheirclinicaldescriptionsbecamemoresophisticatedtheystartedtoclassifydiseasesintoseparategroups,sothatfromthismedicaltaxonomycamenewinsightsintodiseaseetiology.Beforethe20thcentury,schizophreniaandsyphiliticinsanityweretreatedasthesamedisease,butbyearly1900itbecameevidentthatpsychoseswithoutassociateddementiarepresentedaseparatediseaseforwhichthetermschizophreniawasthencoined.Thedefinitionofschizophreniacontinuestoevolvefromthepsychiatricdiseaseofthe1960stoanillnesswithasuspectedgeneticetiology,thoughtheexistenceofsuchanetiologyremainsuncertain.Whileanoptimistichuntisstillonforthegenesinvolved,wemustcontinuetodefineschizophreniaintermsofthepresenceorabsenceof“positive”and“negative”symptoms.

Labelingsomeoneasdiseased,however,hasenormousindividual,social,financial,andphysicimplications,forirrespectiveofdiseasesymptoms,thelabelitselfmayleadtosignificantdistress.Individualswithasymptomaticconditions,includinggeneticvariations,maybeperceivedbythemselvesorothersashavingadisease.Itisnotthatlabelingsomeoneasdiseasedisalwayspositive—itdoeshavesevereramifications,affectingdecisionstohavechildrenorresultinginunjusttreatmentbylife,medical,anddisabilityinsurers—butitcanbebeneficial,legitimizingsymptoms,clarifyingissuesofpersonalresponsibility,andimprovingaccessibilitytohealthcare.Nevertheless,deviationsfromnormalthatarenotassociatedwithriskshouldnotbeconsideredsynonymouswithdisease.Twoschools—nominalistandessentialistorreductionist-havedebatedtheclinicalcriteriausedtolabelapatientasdiseased.Nominalistslabelsymptomswithadiseasename,suchasschizophrenia,anddonotofferanexplanationoftheunderlyingetiology,whileessentialistscontendthatforeverydiseasethereisanunderlyingpathologicaletiology,andnowarguethattheessentiallesiondefiningthediseasestateisageneticabnormality.

Ithasbeensuggestedthatdiseasesdefinedaccordingtotheessentialisttraditionmaybepreciselywrong,whereasthosedefinedinthenominalisttraditionalmayberoughlyaccurate.Butinlabelingadiseasestate,wemustconsiderboththephenotype(symptoms)orthegenotype(geneticabnormality),foradverseconsequences,whilethelatterhelpssuggestspecificgeneticorpharmacologictherapies.Thus,bothclinicalcriteriaandgeneticabnormalitiesshouldbeusedtodefineadiseasestate,andthechoiceofadiseasedefinitionwillvaryaccordingtowhatonewishestoachieve,thegeneticcounselingoffamilymembersortheeffectivetreatmentofthepatient.

1.Theauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith（

）.

2.Itcanbeinferredthattheauthorconsidersthewayschizophreniahasbeenclassifiedbydoctorsafter1960stobeanexampleofwhichofthefollowing?

3.Accordingtothepassage,anadherentofthe“nominalistschool'wouldclassifyararenewfeverinwhichofthefollowingways?

4.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthefunctionofthelastparagraphinrelationtothepassageasawhole?

5.Itcanbeinferredthatwhichofthefollowingsituationsislikelytobemostproblematictoanadherentofthe“essentialist”methodofpathologicaltaxonomy?

問題1選項

A.proposingareturntoatraditionaltaxonomicalsystem

B.describingawaytoresolveataxonomicaldilemma

C.assessingthesuccessofanewtaxonomicalmethod

D.predictingachangeinfuturetaxonomy

問題2選項

A.Adiseasewhichresistedtraditionalmethodsofclassification,buthasbeenservedwellbymodernmethodsofclassification.

B.Adiseasewhichhasresistedmodernmethodsofclassification,andcontinuestorequireatraditionalmethodofclassification.

C.Adiseasewhichsatisfiesmodernmethodsofclassificationbest,butwhichscientistsprefertoclassifythroughatraditionalmethod.

D.Adiseasewhichsatisfiestraditionalmethodsofclassificationbest,butwhichscientistsprefertoclassifythroughamodernmethod.

問題3選項

A.Shewouldwaituntilthediseaseappearsinotherpatients,thenclassifyitbyestablishingvariationsintheirsymptoms.

B.Shewoulddeterminewhetherthediseaseisacquiredorgenetic,thenclassifyitaccordingly.

C.Shewouldisolatethebacteriaorvirusorgeneticanomalywhichcausesthedisease,thenclassifyitaccordingly.

D.Shewoulddescribethepatient’ssymptoms,comparethemtopatientswhohavehadsimilarsymptoms,thentreatthepatternasadisease.

問題4選項

A.Itsummarizesthebenefitsthatmayaccruefromaperfectedsystemofpathologicaltaxonomy.

B.Itprovidesadditionalreasonswhypathologicaltaxonomyisadifficultendeavor.

C.Itarguesforasynthesisoftwomethodsofpathologicaltaxonomyalreadyinuse.

D.Itcontinuestohighlightthedifferencesbetweentwomethodsoftaxonomicalpathologicaltaxonomy.

問題5選項

A.Apatientsufferingfromfever,inwhichthevirusthatisapparentlyresponsibleforthesymptomshasnotbeenisolated.

B.Apatientsufferingfromlunginflammationwhich,thoughresemblingotherinflammations,doesnotrespondtoanyknowntreatments.

C.Apatientsufferingfromageneticanomalywhosecausemaybeknownbutwhoseconsequencesremainunidentified.

D.Acaseofapatientwithsymptomsthatmayhavearisenfromtwoknowndiseasesofdifferentsources.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:D

第4題:C

第5題:A

【解析】第1題:主旨大意題。文章第一二段提到在確診疾病的依據(jù)時，有兩個不同的派別：唯名論者（nominalist）和本質(zhì)主義者（essentialist），前者用疾病名稱來標記癥狀（Nominalistslabelsymptomswithadiseasename），后者認為每一種疾病都有病理病因（Whileessentialistscontendthatforeverydiseasethereisanunderlyingpathologicaletiology）；文章在最后一段提出在確診時，臨床癥狀和基因都應(yīng)該考慮（Butinlabelingadiseasestate,wemustconsiderboththephenotype(symptoms)orthegenotype(geneticabnormality)），選項B“提出一種解決疾病分類進退兩難處境的方法”符合題意。

第2題:推理判斷題。文章第一段倒數(shù)第二句話提到“對精神分裂癥的定義從20世紀60年代的精神疾病演變成一種疑似遺傳病因的疾病，盡管這種病因還不確定”（Thedefinitionofschizophreniacontinuestoevolvefromthepsychiatricdiseaseofthe1960stoanillnesswithasuspectedgeneticetiology,thoughtheexistenceofsuchanetiologyremainsuncertain），由此可知選項D“一種滿足傳統(tǒng)分類方法的疾病，但是科學(xué)家更愿意通過現(xiàn)代方法來分類”符合題意。

第3題:推理判斷題。文章第二段提到“唯名論者用疾病名稱來標記各類癥狀，例如精神分裂癥，并且沒有對潛在的病因作任何解釋”（Nominalistslabelsymptomswithadiseasename,suchasschizophrenia,anddonotofferanexplanationoftheunderlyingetiology），選項D“她會描述患者的癥狀，跟那些有同樣癥狀的病人比較，然后將他們定義為患同一種疾病”符合題意。

第4題:推理判斷題。文章最后一段提到“但是在確診一種疾病時，臨床癥狀和基因異常都應(yīng)該被考慮在內(nèi)”（Butinlabelingadiseasestate,wemustconsiderboththephenotype(symptoms)orthegenotype(geneticabnormality)），由此可知選項C“提出綜合兩種正在使用的病理分類方法”符合題意。

第5題:推理判斷題。文章第二段的最后提到“然后本質(zhì)主義者認為每種疾病都有一個病理學(xué)上的病因，而且現(xiàn)在認為決定病情最本質(zhì)的病變是基因異?！保╳hileessentialistscontendthatforeverydiseasethereisanunderlyingpathologicaletiology,andnowarguethattheessentiallesiondefiningthediseasestateisageneticabnormality），選項A“一名明顯是由病毒感染而引起發(fā)燒的病人”符合題意。

3.單選題

Theencouragingfactoristhatthe（

）majorityofpeoplefindtheideaofchangeacceptable.

問題1選項

A.numerous

B.vast

C.most

D.massive

【答案】B

【解析】固定搭配。thevastmajorityof指“絕大部分，絕大多數(shù)”。選項B正確。

4.單選題

ThementalhealthmovementintheUnitedStatesbeganwithaperiodofconsiderableenlightenment.DorotheaDixwasshockedtofindthementallyillinjailsandalmshousesandcrusadedfortheestablishmentofasylumsinwhichpeoplecouldreceivehumanecareinhospital-likeenvironmentsandtreatmentwhichmighthelprestorethemtosanity.Bythemid1800s,20stateshadestablishedasylums,butduringthelate1800sandearly1900s,inthefaceofeconomicdepression,legislatureswereunabletoappropriatesufficientfundsfordecentcare.Asylumsbecameovercrowdedandprison-like.Additionally,patientsweremoreresistanttotreatmentthanthepioneersinthementalhealthfieldhadanticipated,andsecurityandrestraintwereneededtoprotectpatientsandothers.Mentalinstitutionsbecamefrighteninganddepressingplacesinwhichtherightsofpatientswereallbutforgotten.

TheseconditionscontinueduntilafterWorldWarII.Atthattime,newtreatmentswerediscoveredforsomemajormentalillnessestheretoforeconsidereduntreatable(penicillinforsyphilisofthebrainandinsulintreatmentforschizophreniaanddepressions),andasuccessionofbooks,motionpictures,andnewspaperexposescalledattentiontotheplightofthementallyill.ImprovementsweremadeandDr.DavidVail’sHumanePracticesProgramisabeaconfortoday.Butchangeswereslowincominguntiltheearly1960s.Atthattime,theCivilRightsmovementledlawyerstoinvestigateAmerica’sprisons,whichweredisproportionatelypopulatedbyblacks,andtheyinturnfollowedprisonersintotheonlyinstitutionsthatwereworsethantheprisons—thehospitalsforthecriminallyinsane.Theprisonswerefilledwithangryyoungmenwho,encouragedbylegalsupport,werequicktodemandtheirrights.Thehospitalsforthecriminallyinsane,bycontrast,werepopulatedwithpeoplewhowereconsidered“crazy”andwhowereoftenkeptobedientlyintheirplacethroughtheuseofseverebodilyrestraintsandlargedosesofmajortranquilizers.Theyoungcadreofpublicinterestlawyerslikedtheirroleinthementalhospitals.Thelawyersfoundapopulationthatwasbothpassiveandeasytochampion.Thesewere,afterall,peoplewho,unlikecriminals,haddonenothingwrong.Andinmanystates,theywerebeingkeptinhorrendousinstitutions,aninjustice,whichonceexposed,wasboundtoshockthepublicand,particularly,thejudicialconscience.Patients’rightsgroupssuccessfullyencouragedreformbylobbyinginstatelegislatures.

Judicialinterventionhashadsomedefinitepositiveeffect,butthereisgrowingawarenessthatcourtscannotprovidethestandardsandthereviewmechanismsthatassuregoodpatientcare.Thedetailsofprovidingday-to-daycaresimplycannotbemandatedbyacourt,soitistimetotakefromthecourtstheresponsibilityfordeliveryofmentalhealthcareandassuranceofpatientrightsandreturnittothestatementalhealthadministratorstowhomthemandatewasoriginallygiven.Thoughitisadifficulttask,administratorsmustundertaketowriterulesandstandardsandtoprovidethetrainingandsurveillancetoassurethattreatmentisgivenandpatientrightsarerespected.

21.Themainpurposeofthepassageisto______.

22.Theauthor’sattitudetowardpeoplewhoarepatientsinstateinstitutionscanbestbedescribedas______.

23.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat,iftheCivilRightsmovementhadn’tpromptedaninvestigationofprisonconditions,______.

24.Thetoneofthefinalparagraphcanbestbedescribedas______.

25.Accordingtothepassage,mentalhospitalconditionswereradicallychangedbecauseof______.

問題1選項

A.provideanhistoricalperspectiveonproblemsofmentalhealthcare

B.increasepublicawarenessoftheplightofthementallyill

C.shockthereaderwithvividdescriptionsofasylums

D.describetheinventionofnewtreatmentsformentalillness

問題2選項

A.inflexibleandinsensitive

B.detachedandneutral

C.understandingandsympathetic

D.enthusiasticandsupportive

問題3選項

A.stateswouldneverhaveestablishedasylumsforthementallyill

B.newtreatmentsformajormentalillnesswouldhavelikelyremaineduntested

C.theCivilRightsmovementinAmericawouldhavebeenpoliticallyineffective

D.conditionsinmentalhospitalsmighthaveescapedjudicialscrutiny

問題4選項

A.overlyemotional

B.cleverlydeceptive

C.cautiouslyoptimistic

D.fiercelyindependent

問題5選項

A.asgroupsofyoungangrymeninthe1900s

B.activeyounglawyersinthe1960s

C.innocentinsanepatients’protest

D.powerfulcourtinterventions

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】21.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】主旨大意題。題干意思是“這篇文章的主要目的是……”。文章第一段先是用DorotheaDix的事例引出美國心理健康運動啟蒙時期的發(fā)展，然后第二段談到了二戰(zhàn)以后精神疾病新的治療方法的進步，隨后闡述了20世紀60年代以后美國精神衛(wèi)生保健發(fā)展的緩慢，以及精神病人失去了權(quán)利，最后討論到在司法的干預(yù)下，精神衛(wèi)生保健得到了一些積極的效果，但是還需要一些確保病人有良好護理的標準和審查機制。綜上所述，我們可知，整篇文章都是以歷史的角度來闡述美國的精神衛(wèi)生健康，所以A項“提供精神衛(wèi)生保健問題的歷史視角”符合題意。B項“提高公眾對精神病人困境的認識”、C項“用精神病院的生動描述使讀者震驚”和D項“描述精神疾病新療法的發(fā)明”都只是文章的一部分，屬于以偏概全。因此，該題選擇A項正確。

22.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】觀點態(tài)度題。題干意思是“作者對州醫(yī)療機構(gòu)患者的態(tài)度可以用……來描述”。定位第一段最后一句Mentalinstitutionsbecamefrighteninganddepressingplacesinwhichtherightsofpatientswereallbutforgotten.（精神病院變成了令人恐懼和壓抑的地方，病人的權(quán)利幾乎被遺忘），第二段第七句Thehospitalsforthecriminallyinsane,bycontrast,werepopulatedwithpeoplewhowereconsidered“crazy”andwhowereoftenkeptobedientlyintheirplacethroughtheuseofseverebodilyrestraintsandlargedosesofmajortranquilizers.（與此形成對比的是，精神病罪犯醫(yī)院里擠滿了被認為是“瘋子”的人，他們經(jīng)常被嚴格地限制身體，并使用大劑量的鎮(zhèn)定劑，乖乖地待在自己的地方），以及第二段倒數(shù)第二句Andinmanystates,theywerebeingkeptinhorrendousinstitutions（在許多州，他們被關(guān)押在可怕的機構(gòu)中），由frighteninganddepressing，obediently和horrendous這些詞可以看出，作者對州醫(yī)療機構(gòu)的患者是同情的態(tài)度，所以C項“理解和同情”正確。A項“僵硬和麻木”、B項“超然和中立”和D項“熱情和支持”都是曲解原文。因此，該題選擇C項正確。

23.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“從文章中可以推斷，如果民權(quán)運動沒有引發(fā)對監(jiān)獄條件的調(diào)查，……”。定位到第二段第五句Atthattime,theCivilRightsMovementledlawyerstoinvestigateAmerica’sprisons,whichisproportionatelypopulatedbyblacks,andtheyinturnfollowedprisonersintotheonlyinstitutionsthatwereworsethantheprisons—thehospitalsforthecriminallyinsane.（當時，民權(quán)運動帶領(lǐng)律師調(diào)查了美國的監(jiān)獄，那里的黑人比例相當高，他們跟著囚犯進入了唯一比監(jiān)獄更糟糕的機構(gòu)：精神病罪犯醫(yī)院），這里講到了民權(quán)運動帶領(lǐng)律師對美國監(jiān)獄進行調(diào)查，他們進入了比監(jiān)獄還糟糕的精神病罪犯醫(yī)院，接著就講到律師所看到的精神病罪犯的狀況，然后最后一句提到Andinmanystatestheywerebeingkeptinhorrendousinstitutions,aninjusticewhich,onceexposedWesboundtoshockthepublicand,particularly,thejudicialconscience.（在許多州，他們被關(guān)押在可怕的機構(gòu)中，這種不公正一旦暴露出來，勢必會震驚公眾，尤其是司法良知），綜合可推斷，民權(quán)運動沒有引發(fā)對監(jiān)獄的調(diào)查是由于精神病罪犯醫(yī)院的狀況使其逃過了司法審查，D項“精神病院的狀況可能逃脫了司法審查”符合題意。定位到第一段第三句Bythemid-1800s,2stateshadestablishedasylums（到19世紀中期，已經(jīng)有兩個州建立了收容所）可知，A項“各州永遠不會為精神病患者建立收容所”表述與原文不符，屬于曲解原文。B項“主要精神疾病的新治療方法可能還沒有經(jīng)過測試”和C項“美國的民權(quán)運動在政治上是無效的”沒有提到，屬于無中生有。因此，該題選擇D項正確。

24.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】主觀態(tài)度題。題干意思是“最后一段的基調(diào)可以用……來描述”。定位到最后一段首句Judicialinterventionshavehadsomedefinitepositiveeffects,butthereisgrowingawarenessthatcourtscannotprovidethestandardsandthereviewmechanismsthatassuregoodpatientcare.（司法干預(yù)確實產(chǎn)生了一些積極的效果，但人們越來越意識到，法院無法提供確保良好病人護理的標準和審查機制），由positive可知，這一段的態(tài)度是比較樂觀的，后面用了but轉(zhuǎn)折，可推知，最后一段基調(diào)是比較謹慎樂觀的，所以C項“謹慎樂觀”正確。A項“過于情緒化”、B項“巧妙地欺騙”和D項“完全獨立”都不符合，屬于曲解原文。因此，該題選擇C項正確。

25.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】事實細節(jié)題。題干意思是“根據(jù)這篇文章，由于……，精神病院的情況發(fā)生了根本性的變化”。定位第二段中的Atthattime,theCivilRightsmovementledlawyerstoinvestigateAmerica’sprisons,whichweredisproportionatelypopulatedbyblacks,andtheyinturnfollowedprisonersintotheonlyinstitutionsthatwereworsethantheprisons—thehospitalsforthecriminallyinsane.（當時，民權(quán)運動促使律師們調(diào)查了美國監(jiān)獄，那里的黑人人口不成比例，他們跟著囚犯進入了唯一比監(jiān)獄更糟糕的機構(gòu)——精神病犯罪醫(yī)院），以及Theyoungcadreofpublicinterestlawyerslikedtheirroleinthementalhospitals.Thelawyersfoundapopulationthatwasbothpassiveandeasytochampion.Thesewere,afterall,peoplewho,unlikecriminals,haddonenothingwrong.（年輕的公益律師干部喜歡他們在精神病院的角色。律師們發(fā)現(xiàn)這個群體既被動又容易爭取。畢竟，這些人不像罪犯，他們什么都沒做錯。），可知，60年代早期，公民權(quán)利運動促使律師調(diào)查美國的監(jiān)獄，后來又促使他們調(diào)查精神病院；在這些運動中，關(guān)注公眾利益的年輕律師們對精神病院很感興趣，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些令人震驚的現(xiàn)象。由此可知，精神病院狀況的改變是由于積極的年輕律師所起的作用，B項“20世紀60年代活躍的年輕律師”正確。A項“20世紀的一群憤怒的年輕人”是監(jiān)獄的犯人，和精神病院無關(guān)，屬于出處錯位。C項“無辜的精神病患者的抗議”屬于反向干擾，文中只提到監(jiān)獄的年輕人要求自己的權(quán)利，而精神病患者則是被注射鎮(zhèn)定劑，乖乖待在那里。D項“強有力的法庭干預(yù)”屬于曲解原文，最后一段第一段提到的是judicialintervention（司法干預(yù)），并不是courtintervention（法庭干預(yù)）。因此，該題選擇B項正確。

5.單選題

The（）ofthewordisunknown,butitiscertainlynotfromGreek.

問題1選項

A.origin

B.generation

C.descent

D.cause

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項origin“起源、來源”，往往與過去的活動、風(fēng)俗、事件等有關(guān)；B選項generation“產(chǎn)生、發(fā)生”，通常經(jīng)過生產(chǎn)、操作等過程；C選項descent“遺傳，派生，世系”；D選項cause“原因，因由”，一般指某事件、后果等的起因。句意：那個詞的起源雖不為人所知，但肯定不是來自希臘語。因此A選項正確。

6.單選題

Takingalow-doseaspirineverydaywillreduceyourchancesofdyingfromcancer,scientistssaytoday,confirmingtheover-the-counterpillsasthemostextraordinarydrugyetdiscovered.

Dailyaspirinhasalreadybeenshowntocutthechancesofheartattacksandstrokeinpeoplewhoareatrisk.ThestudypublictodayintheLancetmedicaljournalrevealsthatitalsohasapowerfulpreventiveactionagainstarangeofcancersandpossiblymoreofthemthanthereiscurrentlyenoughevidencetoprove.

Whilethedoctorswhocarriedoutthestudysayitisnotforthemtomakerecommendations,theleadauthor,46-year-oldProfPeterRothwellfromOxfordUniversity,sayshehasbeentakingaspirinforthelasttwoyears.Thebeneficialdoseis75mg-aquarterofastandardtablet,whichis300mg.Somepharmaciesselllow-dosetablets,butatahigherprice.

Rothwellandhiscolleagueshavealreadyshownthatdailyaspirincutsdeathratesfromcolorectalcancerbymorethanathird.Forthestudypublishedtoday,theyexaminedallthedatatheycouldfindfromwell-conductedtrialsthathadassessedtheuseofaspirinagainstacontroldrugandhadrecordeddeathsfromcancer.

Ineighttrialsinvolvingmorethan25,000patients,theyfoundtherewere21%fewerdeathsafterfiveyearsamongthosewhotookadailyaspirintablet,comparedwiththosewhodidnot.Theeffectwasmostnoticeableingastrointestinalcancers,wheredeathsdroppedby54%.

Patientsinaspirintrials20yearsagowerestill20%lesslikelytodieofasolidtumorand35%lesslikelytodieofgastrointestinalcancer.

Theyfoundthattheeffectsoftheaspirinseemedtokickinforpancreatic,brain,esophagealandlungcancer(generallynotthesorttriggeredbysmoking)afterpatientshadbeentakingitforfiveyearsormore.Forstomachandcolorectalcancer,theeffectswereseenafter10yearsandforprostatecancerafter15years.After20years,theriskofdeathfromprostatecancerwasreducedby10%,forlungcancerby30%,forcolorectalcancerby40%andforesophagealcancerby60%.

Thescientistsbelievebenefitsmaybeevengreaterthantheycouldestablish.

Theimpactonpancreas,stomachandbraincancerswasdifficulttoquantifyexactlybecauseofsmallernumbersofdeaths,theysay.Therecouldbeaneffectinbreastandovariancancers,butthereisnotenoughtrialdatatoproveit.

Thoseinthetrialstookaspirinforonlyfourtoeightyears.Rothwellbelievesthatifpeopletookaspirinfor20-30years,fromtheageofaround45or50,theymightsubstantiallyreducetheriskofcancer,whichsteadilyincreasesaspeopleage.

Rothwellandcolleaguesbelievetheirfindingsshouldtipthebalanceofrisk/benefitinfavourofdailyaspirindosing.Whilemillionsofpeoplestartedtakingthetabletsafterevidencethatitcuttheirchancesofheartattacksandstroke,therehasbeensomethingofamedicalback-pedaling,becauseaspirincancausestomachbleeding.

1.Over-the-counterpillsrefertodrugsthatcanbeobtained（）.

2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

3.Theeffectofadailyaspirintabletwasmostnoticeablein（）.

4.Howmanyyearsdidthosepatientstakeaspirinsintheeighttrials?

5.Forcolorectalcancer,theeffectsoftheaspirinwereseenafter（）years.

問題1選項

A.withinthetouchofthecustomersontheshelf

B.withoutaprescriptionfromthedoctor

C.bywayofnotpayingtoomuchmoney

D.underthecoverageofmedicalinsurance

問題2選項

A.Dailyaspirincutsdeathratesfromcolorectalcancerbymorethanathird.

B.Aspirinhasaneffectinbreastandovariancancers.

C.Theriskofcancersteadilyincreasesaspeopleage.

D.Dailyaspirinhasalreadybeenshowntocutthechancesofheartattacksandstrokeinpeoplewhoareatrisk.

問題3選項

A.gastrointestinalcancers

B.esophagealcancers

C.lungcancers

D.pancreaticcancers

問題4選項

A.fourtoeightyears

B.threetosevenyears

C.sixtoeightyears

D.fivetoeightyears

問題5選項

A.15

B.5

C.10

D.20

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。文中提到的over-the-counter(OTC)即我們常說的非處方藥，是指為方便公眾用藥，在保證用藥安全的前提下，經(jīng)國家衛(wèi)生行政部門規(guī)定或?qū)彾ê?，不需要醫(yī)師或其他醫(yī)療專業(yè)人員開寫處方即可購買的藥品，一般公眾憑自我判斷，按照藥品標簽及使用說明就可自行使用。A選項“在貨架上的顧客接觸范圍內(nèi)”說法太寬泛；B選項“不需要醫(yī)生的處方”說法正確；C選項“不用付太多錢”說法錯誤；D選項“在醫(yī)療保險范圍內(nèi)”說法錯誤，因此B選項正確。

2.細節(jié)事實。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第四段“dailyaspirincutsdeathratesfromcolorectalcancerbymorethanathird.（每天服用阿司匹林可以將結(jié)直腸癌的死亡率降低三分之一以上）”；第九段“Therecouldbeaneffectinbreastandovariancancers,butthereisnotenoughtrialdatatoproveit.（這可能對乳腺癌和卵巢癌有影響，但沒有足夠的試驗數(shù)據(jù)來證明這一點。）”；第十段“Rothwellbelievesthatifpeopletookaspirinfor20-30years,fromtheageofaround45or50,theymightsubstantiallyreducetheriskofcancer,whichsteadilyincreasesaspeopleage.（羅思韋爾認為，如果人們從45歲或50歲左右開始服用阿司匹林20-30年，他們可能會大幅降低患癌癥的風(fēng)險，而癌癥風(fēng)險會隨著人們年齡的增長而穩(wěn)步增加。）”以及第二段“Dailyaspirinhasalreadybeenshowntocutthechancesofheartattacksandstrokeinpeoplewhoareatrisk.（每天服用阿司匹林已經(jīng)被證明可以降低心臟病和中風(fēng)的風(fēng)險。）”。由此可知A選項“每天服用阿司匹林可以將結(jié)直腸癌的死亡率降低三分之一以上?！保籆選項“隨著人們年齡的增長，患癌癥的風(fēng)險穩(wěn)步增加?！币约癉選項“每天服用阿司匹林已經(jīng)被證明可以降低心臟病和中風(fēng)的風(fēng)險?！闭f法都正確，只有B選項“阿司匹林對乳腺癌和卵巢癌有療效。”說法錯誤，因此該題B選項正確。

3.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第五段“Theeffectwasmostnoticeableingastrointestinalcancers,wheredeathsdroppedby54%.（這種效果在胃腸道癌癥中最為明顯，死亡率下降了54%。）”。由此可知A選項“胃腸道癌癥”正確；B選項“食管癌”；C選項“肺癌”；D選項“胰腺癌”均不符合題意，因此A選項正確。

4.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第七段“Theyfoundthattheeffectsoftheaspirin...afterpatientshadbeentakingitforfiveyearsormore.（他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，在患者服用阿司匹林5年或更長時間后，阿司匹林的效果似乎對……更有效）”，由此可知年限的最低值需大于或等于5年的基礎(chǔ)之上，A選項“4到8年”；B選項“3到7年”；C選項“6到8年”都不符合該基礎(chǔ)，D選項“5到8年”更準確，因此D選項正確。

5.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第七段“Forstomachandcolorectalcancer,theeffectswereseenafter10yearsandforprostatecancerafter15years.（對于胃癌和結(jié)腸直腸癌，效果是在10年后看到的，而對于前列腺癌則是在15年后看到的。）”，由此可知C選項正確。

7.單選題

Ifaman（）himselfandhisfamilyoffoodinordertobuyacat,wecouldconsiderhimmad.

問題1選項

A.deprived

B.robbed

C.rejected

D.denied

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。A選項deprive表示“使喪失，剝奪”，deprivesb.ofsth表示“從某人處剝奪某物”；B選項rob表示“搶劫，掠奪；非法剝奪”，robsbofsth表示“搶劫某人的某物；C選項reject表示“拒絕；排斥；抵制；丟棄”；D選項deny表示“否定，否認；拒絕給予”，denysb.sth表示“拒絕給予某人某物”。根據(jù)句意可知，如果一位男士為了買一只貓使得自己和家人沒有食物可吃，那么我們會認為他發(fā)瘋了。故A項deprive（使喪失，剝奪）最符合句意。因此，本題正確答案為A項。

8.填空題

Whatisdrug?Mostpeopleprobablythinkthereisaperfect

simpleanswertothisquestion.Infact,ifoneconductsaquicksurveyonanystreetcorner,onefindsthat,accordingtovastmajorityofpeople,therearetwogroupsofdrugs:thoseprescribedbydoctorsandthosepeopletakefornon-medical

use.Asmedicineandthemedicalprofessionsaregenerallyself-respectful,therearen’tanyobjectionstotheuseofprescribingdrugs.Whatmostpeopledon’trealizeisthatthoughprescribed

drugsareusuallybeneficial,theycanalsopresentaseriousproblem.Thereweremanypeopleaddictedbytranquillizersbeforedoctorsbegantoprescribethem:nowtherebeing

literallymillionswhodependonthem.Anacceptanceoftheuse

ofdrugsfornon-medicalreasonsislargelyamatterofa

culture.SomeEasternpeoplethinktheuseofalcoholwithhorror,mainlyasaresultofreligiousupbringing.However,thesesamepeoplefreelyusemarijuanawithoutasecondthought,andthis,inturnisn’tacceptedinwesternculture

whichacceptsalcohol.Inmostwesternsocieties,thetea-or-coffee-breakisnowapartoflife,andhugequantitiesofthesedrinksareconsumeddaily.

1.______

2.______

3.______

4.______

5.______

6.______

7.______

8.______

9.______

10.______

【答案】1.【答案】perfect改為perfectly

2.【答案】∧vastmajorityofpeople加上the

3.【答案】andthose∧people加上which

4.【答案】self-respectful改為self-respected

5.【答案】prescribingdrugs改為prescribeddrugs

6.【答案】addictedby改為addictedto

7.【答案】therebeing改為thereare

8.【答案】Anacceptance改為Theacceptance

9.【答案】ofaculture去掉a

10.【答案】andthis改為whilethis

【解析】1.【解題思路】perfect是形容詞，后面的simple也是形容詞，而在英語中，只有副詞才能修飾形容詞，所以應(yīng)該把perfect改為perfectly。

2.【解題思路】此處特指接受街頭調(diào)查的大多數(shù)人，因此要添加定冠詞the。

3.【解題思路】those指代前文中出現(xiàn)的drugs，后面為定語從句。引導(dǎo)詞要在定語從句中作賓語，因此要補充關(guān)系代詞which。

4.【解題思路】self-respectful表示本身對別人表示尊重，self-respected表示本身受到別人尊重。該句表示“當醫(yī)學(xué)和醫(yī)學(xué)職業(yè)本身受到尊重時，人們就不會反對使用處方藥”，所以要把self-respectful改為self-respected。

5.【解題思路】drug是動作prescribe的受動者，所以采用過去分詞形式作定語。短語prescribeddrugs表示處方藥。因此，將prescribingdrugs改為prescribeddrugs。

6.【解題思路】addicted的搭配是beaddictedto，表示“對……上癮，沉溺于”，所以這里要將addictedby改為addictedto。

7.【解題思路】英語中冒號后面的內(nèi)容是對前文內(nèi)容的解釋說明，可以加短語也可以加完整的句子。題目中顯然是句子，而therebeing為非謂語，因此要將therebeing改為thereare。

8.【解題思路】acceptance在這里是特指對因非醫(yī)學(xué)原因使用藥物的接受，因此要用定冠詞the表示特指。所以將Anacceptance改為Theacceptance。

9.【解題思路】culture表示文明或者文化總稱時為不可數(shù)名詞，因此不用加冠詞a，所以應(yīng)該把a去掉。

10.【解題思路】根據(jù)前后句意“然而，這些人不假思索地隨意吸食大麻，這在接受酒精的西方文化中是不被接受的”可知，前后兩句存在對比關(guān)系，因此要用連詞while。所以要將and改為while。

9.單選題

Thereiscurrentlyaboardanewwaveofappreciationforbreadthofknowledge.Curriculaatuniversitiesandcollegesandprogramsinfederalagenciesextolthevirtuesofabroadeducation.Forscientistswhoworkinspecializedjobs,itisapleasuretoescapeinoursparetimetoreadbroadlyinfieldsdistantfromourown.Someofushavemadeinterdisciplinarystudyinouroccupation,whichisnosurprise,becausemuchoftheintellectualactioninoursocietytodayliesattheinterfacesbetweentraditionaldisciplines.Environmentalscienceisagoodexample,becauseitfrequentlyrequiresustobeconversantinseveraldifferentsciencesandevensomeunscientificfields.

Experiencingthisbreadthofknowledgeisstimulating,butsoisdelvingdeeplyintoasubject.Botharewonderfulexperiencesthatarecomplementarypracticalandaestheticways.Theyarelikeviewingthemarveloussculptureofknowledgeintwodifferentways.Lookatthesculpturefromoneperspectiveandyouseethepieceinitsentirety,howitscomponentsconnecttogiveitform,balance,andsymmetry.Fromanotherviewpointyouseeitsdetail,depthandmass.Thereisnoneedtochoosebetweenthesetwoperspectivesinart.Todosowouldsubtractfromthetotalityofthefigure.

Soitiswithscience.Sometimeswegazethroughasubjectandarereluctanttostopfortoomuchdetail.Aschemists,wearefascinatedbycomputerscienceormoleculargenetics,butnotenoughtobecomeanexpert.Orwemaybeinterestedinananalyticaltechniquebutnotenoughtostayatitscuttingedge.Atothertimes,webecomeimmersedinthedetailofasubjectandseeitsbeautyinanentirelydifferentwaythanwhenwebrowse.Itisasifwepenetratethesurfaceofthesculptureandpassthroughthecrystalstructuretothemolecularlevelwhere