英漢語(yǔ)言的對(duì)比(課堂)課件

ContrastiveStudies

ofChinese&EnglishLanguage

1

ContrastiveStudies

ofChinesAsyouknow,ournativelanguageChineseisquitedifferentfromEnglish.Thereisreallyabiggapbetweenthecharacteristicsofthetwolanguages.Inordertolearnthetranslationcoursebetter,wehavetostudythecomparisonbetweenthesourcelanguageandthetargetlanguage.Sinceallthetheories,methods,techniquesconcerningEnglish-Chinesetranslationarebasedonthecomparison,itisveryimportant,sotosay,tomasterthelanguages’peculiarities.2Asyouknow,ournativelanguaLanguageFamilies(語(yǔ)系)EnglishbelongstotheGermanicbranchoftheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily(印歐語(yǔ)系).ChinesebelongstotheSino-Tibetanlanguagefamily(漢藏語(yǔ)系).ItiswellknowthatEnglishhastherichestvocabularyofanyEuropeanlanguage.OnthebasisofAngles’language(Anglo-Saxon),English,ahybrid,wasbuiltbyabsorbingwordsinvariouslanguages.3LanguageFamilies(語(yǔ)系)EnglishLatin:pen,pencil,cup,butter,silkFrench:pork,feast,sir,nobleItalian:piano,solo,studio,opera,umbrellaSpanish:cargo,cigarette,cigarGreek:paper,alphabet,dialogue,comedyChinese:tea,chowmein,kowtow,toufu4Latin:pen,pencil,cup,butteLexicalComparisonofChineseandEnglish(詞彙對(duì)比)Themajorwaysofword-buildinginEnglisharecomposition(合成),conversion(詞性轉(zhuǎn)化),andderivation

(affixation衍生).AndinChinesewehavethesamemajorways.5LexicalComparisonofChineseEnglish:Composition:motherland,blackboard,handwriting,silkworm,easy-going,home-made,do-it-yourselfConversion:paperthewindow,emptythebasket,elbowone’sway,upsanddownsDerivation:ableunable,takemistakehopehopelesshopelessness6English:6Chinese:Composition:並列式：語(yǔ)言，改革，樹立，遙遠(yuǎn)，左右，出入，好歹

偏正式：學(xué)分，本科，紅糖，笑聲，新衣主謂式（主從式）：耳聞，目睹，臉紅，膽小，月明動(dòng)賓式：思甜，攻關(guān)，滅火，開(kāi)車，踢球補(bǔ)充式：提前，救活，改善，說(shuō)明，調(diào)好重疊式：平平安安，高高興興，懶洋洋，亮晶晶，方方面面7Chinese:7Conversion:一棵大樹，十年樹人出售油漆，油漆門窗雞鴨魚肉，魚肉百姓安全第一，不太安全今天真熱，把飯熱一下Derivation:首碼（Prefix）：超—超人，超額，超支，超音速非—非人，非常，非原則，非正式無(wú)—無(wú)視，無(wú)限，無(wú)線電，無(wú)名氏，無(wú)疑漢語(yǔ)中的“非”、“無(wú)”相當(dāng)於英語(yǔ)中的首碼un-,in-,il-和尾碼-less8Conversion:8反—反動(dòng)，反攻，反駁，反問(wèn)，反腐敗可—可親，可愛(ài)，可口，可調(diào)整，可憐兮兮後綴(Suffix):手—助手，舵手，選手，幫手，一把手年—幼年，晚年，青少年，周年，光年子—金子，票子，耗子，妻子，愛(ài)面子頭—外頭，對(duì)頭，拳頭，風(fēng)頭，枕頭，苗頭9反—反動(dòng)，反攻，反駁，反問(wèn)，反腐敗9SemanticComparisonofChineseandEnglish(詞義對(duì)比)

A.Themeaningsoftheword(詞的意義方面)：1、英語(yǔ)中有些詞所表示的意義，在漢語(yǔ)裡可以找到完全對(duì)應(yīng)的詞來(lái)表達(dá)。（semanticcorrespondence）專用名詞、術(shù)語(yǔ)和事物名稱。TheU.S.StateDepartment(美國(guó)國(guó)務(wù)院)；薩斯SARS（SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome）；Aids(AcquiredImmuneDeficiencySyndrome)；直升飛機(jī)；太平洋10SemanticComparisonofChinese2、英語(yǔ)中有些詞與漢語(yǔ)中有些詞在詞義上只有部分對(duì)應(yīng)。(partlysemanticcorrespondence)大象、龍gun，uncle，aunt，bother，morning3、英語(yǔ)中有些詞所表示的意義，目前在漢語(yǔ)裡還找不到最後確定的對(duì)應(yīng)詞來(lái)表達(dá)。（semanticzero）mascon(massconcentration)（表示月球表層下高密度的）物質(zhì)聚積overkill過(guò)度殺傷力，現(xiàn)又指表示宣傳活動(dòng)等方面不必要的過(guò)度行為，plumber特工，又稱“管子工”（美國(guó)調(diào)查政府雇員洩密事件的特工）。文房四寶：thefourtreasuresofthestudy(writingbrush,inkstick,inkstoneandpaper)烏紗帽：anofficialpost112、英語(yǔ)中有些詞與漢語(yǔ)中有些詞在詞義上只有部分對(duì)應(yīng)。(par4、英語(yǔ)中有許多詞一詞多義，其所表示的各個(gè)意義，分別與漢語(yǔ)中幾個(gè)不同的詞或片語(yǔ)對(duì)應(yīng)。1、asoftdrug2、softintelligence3、softmoney4、softdrink5、softfire6、softwater1.毒性較輕的麻醉劑；軟性麻醉毒品2.非百分之百可靠的，不充分的情報(bào)3.紙幣4.軟飲料5.文火6.軟水(不含礦物鹽類而易溶解肥皂的水)124、英語(yǔ)中有許多詞一詞多義，其所表示的各個(gè)意義，分別與漢語(yǔ)中B.Thepossiblecollocationoftheword(詞的搭配能力方面)：英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)在詞的搭配能力方面有很大的差異。英語(yǔ)的搭配能力比漢語(yǔ)強(qiáng)。cut(wheat,finger-nails,cake)（英譯漢時(shí)須考慮譯文中詞的搭配必須符合漢語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣)13B.ThepossiblecollocationofC.Thewordorder(詞序方面)：英、漢語(yǔ)句子中主要成分主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)的詞序基本上是一致的。但是各種定語(yǔ)的位置和各種狀語(yǔ)的次序在英、漢語(yǔ)中則有同有異，變化較多，所以英漢詞序的比較主要指定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)位置異同的比較。Thepressureisalmostasheavyonstudentswhojustwanttograduateandgetajob.對(duì)於那些只想畢業(yè)後找份工作的學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō),壓力也一樣不小。14C.Thewordorder(詞序方面)：14ComparisonofChineseandEnglishonsentencestructure（句式對(duì)比）p.381.HypotacticvsParatactic(形合與意合)/(主從結(jié)構(gòu)與並列結(jié)構(gòu))（前一個(gè)詞指英語(yǔ)，後一個(gè)詞指漢語(yǔ)）Englishhypotactic

ChineseparatacticAsE.A.Nidapointsoutinhis“TranslatingMeaning”,…sofarasEnglishandChineseareconcerned,themostimportantdifferencelinguisticallyisthecontrastbetweenhypotaxisandparataxis.漢語(yǔ)重句子意義，不重句子的外表形式，結(jié)構(gòu)鬆散，有大量的流散型句子（流水句），句式呈散珠式的鋪排，邏輯性不強(qiáng)，只注重句子意義的表達(dá)，常以名詞為核心，可以缺損主語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞、連接詞等，看似無(wú)序，但形散神聚，節(jié)奏感強(qiáng)，很多情況下要靠聽(tīng)者（讀者）通過(guò)語(yǔ)境悟出字裡行間的含義；英語(yǔ)相反，重句子結(jié)構(gòu)與形式，以動(dòng)詞為核心，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)密緊湊，邏輯性強(qiáng)。15ComparisonofChineseandEnglHypotaxis:Thedependentorsubordinateconstructionorrelationshipofclausesarrangedwithconnectives.E.g.:Ishalldespairifyoudon’tcome.(TheAmericanHeritageDictionary,p.649)Parataxis:Thearrangingofclausesoneaftertheotherwithoutconnectivesshowingtherelationbetweenthem.E.g.:Therainfell;theriverflooded;thehouseswerewashedaway.(TheworldBookDictionary,p.1513)16Hypotaxis:Thedependentorsu

1）漢語(yǔ)句子多成分殘缺，語(yǔ)義模糊,靠讀者悟出字裡行間的含義:枯藤老樹昏鴉,小橋流水人家,古道西風(fēng)瘦馬。夕陽(yáng)西下，斷腸人在天涯。

AutumnThoughtsWitheredvines,oldentree,eveningcrows;Tinybridge,flowingbrook,hamlet(小村)homes;Ancientroad,windfromwest,bonyhorse;Thesunissetting,Brokenman,farfromhome,roamandroams.(tr.趙甄陶)171）漢語(yǔ)句子多成分殘缺，語(yǔ)義模糊,靠讀者悟出字裡行間的含

AutumnCrowshoveringoverrugged(不平的)oldtreeswreathed(環(huán)繞)withrottenvine——thedayisaboutdone.Yonder(遠(yuǎn)處)isatinybridgeoverasparklingstream,andonthefarbank,aprettylittlevillage.Butthetravelerhastogoondownthisancientroad,thewestwindmoaning,hisbonyhorsegroaning,Trudging(跋涉)towardsthesinkingsun,fartherandfartherawayfromhome.(tr.翁顯良)18Au2）漢語(yǔ)句子多無(wú)主語(yǔ)(zerosubject)：要吃有吃，要穿有穿。Wehaveenoughtoeatandsufficienttoputon.不知苦中苦，哪知甜中甜？Ihavemadeproposals,butinvain;Ihavemadeattempts,butwithoutsuccess.不知苦中苦，哪知甜中甜？Ifyouhavenevertastedthebitternessofgall,howcanyouknowthesweetnessofhoney?不到長(zhǎng)城非好漢。He

who

has

never

been

to

the

Great

Wall

is

not

a

true

man玩火自焚

。

Whoeverplayswithfirewillperishbyfire.192）漢語(yǔ)句子多無(wú)主語(yǔ)(zerosubject)：193）無(wú)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞：天高雲(yún)淡。Theskyishighandthecloudsarepale.房間乾乾淨(jìng)淨(jìng)。Theroomisneatandtidy.這箱子八十磅。Thisboxweighseightypounds.他上海人。HeisfromShanghai.我兒子二十歲。Mysonis20yearsold.203）無(wú)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞：203）無(wú)賓語(yǔ)：電影很有趣，我一定要去看。Thefilmisinteresting.I’llgoandseeit.蛇在冬天藏起來(lái)。Snakeshidethemselvesinwinter.213）無(wú)賓語(yǔ)：214）無(wú)連接詞：（因?yàn)椋┧焕蠈?shí)，（所以）我們不相信他。Becauseheisnothonest,wecan’ttrusthim.

人不犯我，我不犯人。Wewillnotattackunlessweareattacked.

說(shuō)是說(shuō)了，沒(méi)有結(jié)果。Ihavemadeproposals,buttheyprovedfutile.

抓住了主要矛盾，一切問(wèn)題就可以迎刃而解。Oncetheprincipalcontradictionisgrasped,allproblemscanbereadilysolved.他不來(lái)，我不去。Ifhewon’tcomehere,I’llnotgothere.

聰明一世，糊塗一時(shí)。Smartasarule,butthistimeafool.224）無(wú)連接詞：22有飯大家吃。Leteverybodysharethefoodifthereisany.不到黃河心不死。Untilallisover,ambitionneverdie.燕子去了，有再來(lái)的時(shí)候；楊柳枯了，有再青的時(shí)候；桃花謝了，有再開(kāi)的時(shí)候。(朱自清《匆匆》)Swallowsmayhavegone，butthereisatimeofreturn；willowtreesmayhavediedback，butthereisatimeofregreening；peachblossomsmayhavefallen，buttheywillbloomagain．23有飯大家吃。235）邏輯矛盾的表達(dá)：曬衣服曬太陽(yáng)tosunone’sclothestobaskinthesun吃蘋果吃食堂toeatanappletohaveone’smealsinthecanteen打掃房間打掃衛(wèi)生

tocleanaroomtodosomecleaning恢復(fù)健康恢復(fù)疲勞

torecoverone’shealthtogetrefreshed扶貧

poverty

reduction

/poverty

alleviation

245）邏輯矛盾的表達(dá)：246）多餘的詞語(yǔ)：不必要的浪費(fèi)unnecessarywaste不切實(shí)際的幻想unpracticalillusion,fancy,fantasy毫無(wú)根據(jù)的毀謗slander他所擔(dān)任的工作hiswork用鼻子聞了一下takeasmellat腦子裡想了想thinkover256）多餘的詞語(yǔ)：25“徹底粉碎”completelysmash“smash”本意就是breakcompletely，已經(jīng)包含了“徹底”的意思，加上completely語(yǔ)氣反而弱化。“完全征服"completelyconquer“conquer”不可能是partly。“極為可恥"extremelyshameless，“shameless”已是最高級(jí)?！皞ゴ蟮臍v史性轉(zhuǎn)變"Thisisagreathistoricchange。在英語(yǔ)裡，historic已經(jīng)包含了great的意思。26“徹底粉碎”262.ComplexvsSimplex（複雜句式與簡(jiǎn)單句式）AsEnglishishypotactic,moreoftenthannot,syntacticdevicesareemployedintheformationofsentences.Innormalwritingspeopleusemuchmorecomplexsentencesthansimpleones.TheEnglishcomplexsentencesareoftenlikechainswithclauseslinkingclauses.Ontheotherhand,theChinesesentencesorclausestendtobeshortandsimpleinstructure.Theyareflowingandsimplexwithoneclausefollowingtheotherratherinaline.272.ComplexvsSimplex（複雜句式與簡(jiǎn)單英語(yǔ)多長(zhǎng)句、複雜句，漢語(yǔ)多短句、流水句。英語(yǔ)句子猶如大樹，在主幹上派生出許多枝條來(lái)，所以長(zhǎng)句多，複合句多；漢語(yǔ)句子猶如竹子，一節(jié)節(jié)連起來(lái)，因此，漢語(yǔ)短句多、流水句多。英語(yǔ)是語(yǔ)法句，句式繁雜，但主從有序，邏輯性強(qiáng)；漢語(yǔ)是語(yǔ)義句，句式簡(jiǎn)潔，但結(jié)構(gòu)鬆散，邏輯性差。

翻譯要點(diǎn)：化英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句為漢語(yǔ)的短句。28英語(yǔ)多長(zhǎng)句、複雜句，漢語(yǔ)多短句、流水句。28Themoonissofarfromtheearththatevenifhugetreesweregrowingonthemountainsandelephantswerewalkingabout,wecouldnotseethemthroughthemostpowerfultelescopeswhichhaveyetbeeninvented.(treestructure)月球離地球非常遙遠(yuǎn)，即使那邊山上長(zhǎng)著大樹，有大象在移動(dòng)，我們用當(dāng)今發(fā)明的最高倍率的望遠(yuǎn)鏡，也不能看見(jiàn)它們。(bamboostructure)29Themoonissofarfromtheea一個(gè)英國(guó)人，不會(huì)說(shuō)中國(guó)話，有一次在中國(guó)旅行。AnEnglishmanwhocouldnotspeakChinesewasoncetravelinginChina.我有個(gè)問(wèn)題弄不懂，想請(qǐng)教你，你能回答嗎？CanyouansweraquestionwhichIwanttoaskandwhichispuzzlingme?蒲松齡生活在清朝，貪官污吏肆虐，真正有才華的人得不到重用。PuSonglinglivedinatimewhenmostoftheQingofficialsweresounjustandcorruptthattruetalentswithoutmoneytopayabribecouldneverhopetobegiventheopportunitytodemonstratetheirlearning.30一個(gè)英國(guó)人，不會(huì)說(shuō)中國(guó)話，有一次在中國(guó)旅行。303.

Top-heavy/Lion-headvsEnd-weight/Peacock-tail（頭重與尾重句型）在表達(dá)多層邏輯思維時(shí)，英語(yǔ)往往是判斷或結(jié)論、表態(tài)等在前，事實(shí)或描寫等在後，即重心在前；InanEnglishsentence,theshorterelementsusuallygobeforelongeronesinarrangementorder,andthewholesentencelookslikeapyramid.ThatalsoexplainswhytherearesomanyinvertedsentencesinEnglish.漢語(yǔ)則是由因到果、由假設(shè)到推論、由事實(shí)到結(jié)論，按事情發(fā)生的先後順序進(jìn)行描述,重心在最後。

ThearrangementofaChinesesentenceseemsquitetheopposite,soitlookslikeaninvertedpyramidortriangle.313.Top-heavy/Lion-headvsEndNothinghashappenedsinceweparted。我們別後沒(méi)發(fā)生什麼事情.他因?yàn)椴×?，所以沒(méi)來(lái)上課。Hedidn’tcometoschoolbecausehewasill.Itisatruthuniversallyacknowledgedthatasinglemaninpossessionofagoodfortune,mustbeinwantofawife.一條舉世公認(rèn)的真理，那就是，凡有錢的單身漢，總想娶位太太。凡是有錢的單身漢，總想娶位太太，這是一條舉世公認(rèn)的真理。（更符合漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣）32NothinghashappenedsinceweSoccerisadifficultsport.（1）Aplayermustbeabletorunsteadilywithoutrest.（2）Sometimesaplayermusthittheballwithhisorherhead.（3）Playersmustbewillingtobangintoandbebangedintobyothers.（4）Theymustputupwithachingfeetandsoremuscles.足球運(yùn)動(dòng)員必須能不停地奔跑，有時(shí)得用頭頂球，撞別人或被別人撞，必須忍受雙腳和肌肉疼痛，所以說(shuō)，足球運(yùn)動(dòng)是一項(xiàng)難度大運(yùn)動(dòng)。33Soccerisadifficultsport.（14.StaticvsDynamic(靜態(tài)與動(dòng)態(tài))EnglishtendstouselessverbsthanChinese.InasimpleEnglishsentenceorinanEnglishclause,onlyoneverbisusedasthepredicateofthesentenceorclause.InaChinesesentence,anumberofverbscanbeusedasitspredicateatthesametime,sowemaysaythattheChineseisrather“dynamic”whiletheEnglishis“static”.344.StaticvsDynamic(靜態(tài)與動(dòng)態(tài))34AmasteryofChineseandEnglishisessentialforE-CorC-Etranslation.做英漢/漢英翻譯必須掌握好漢語(yǔ)與英語(yǔ)。Engineeringdesignisadecision-makingprocessusedforthedevelopmentofengineeringforwhichthereisahumanneed.工程設(shè)計(jì)是為發(fā)展人類所需工程而作決定的過(guò)程。再走幾步就到實(shí)驗(yàn)大樓了。Afewstepswillbringyoutothelaboratorybuilding./Walkafewstepsandyouwillreachthelabbuilding.我國(guó)科學(xué)研究發(fā)展的特點(diǎn)是理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際。Thedevelopmentofscientificresearchinourcountryischaracterizedbythecombination/linkoftheorywithpractice.35AmasteryofChineseandEngli5.ImpersonalvsPersonal(InanimatevsAnimate)

（物稱與人稱）英語(yǔ)多用非人稱主語(yǔ)impersonalsubject(又叫無(wú)靈主語(yǔ)inanimatesubject)，漢語(yǔ)多用人稱主語(yǔ)personalsubject（又叫有靈主語(yǔ)animatesubject）。（原因：漢人重人/人倫，西方重物/自然）InanEnglishsentence,thechoiceofitssubjectoftenfallsontheinanimateorthethingthatisnotliving.Forexample,itwouldbepreferabletosay“Thereareeightpeopleinhisfamily.”than“Hehaseightpeopleinhisfamily.”ThisspecialfeatureofEnglishisespeciallyshowninwritingsinformalstylesuchasnewsreportsorscientificessays.Ontheotherhand,weChinesetendtopickupanimatethingsorpersonstofunctionasthesubjectofasentence.

365.ImpersonalvsPersonaThereisatouchofroughpoetryabouthim.他這人還有那麼點(diǎn)詩(shī)意呢。Themorningsungreetedusaswecameoutondeck.登上甲板，我們便看見(jiàn)了一輪旭日。又過(guò)了幾個(gè)月，我看見(jiàn)他們手上戴了戒指Monthslater,ringsappearedglisteringontheirfingers.黃昏到來(lái)，他仍在街上徘徊。Duskfoundhimwanderinginthestreet.他想起了母親，才鼓足幹勁繼續(xù)幹下去。Thethoughtofhismothergavehimthestrengthtogoondoingit.37Thereisatouchofroughpoet我突然產(chǎn)生了一個(gè)可怕的想法。Aterriblethoughtsuddenlystruckme.她獨(dú)處時(shí)感到一種特別的安寧。Astrangepeacecameoverherwhenshewasalone.

2001年中國(guó)成功加入世貿(mào)。Theyear2001sawChina’sentryintoWTO.他（徐霞客）……發(fā)現(xiàn)了許多奇山秀景；他常常選擇不同的時(shí)間和季節(jié)多次重遊各地名山……Therewardforhisworkwasthediscoveryofmanyfantasticallybeautifulscenes.Famousmountainsinvariousplaceswouldfindhimcomingbackforrevisitsduringdifferentseasons.38我突然產(chǎn)生了一個(gè)可怕的想法。38Revision:因?yàn)樘鞖馓?，我們未能成行。a.*Becauseofthepoorweather,wedidnotgo.b.Badweatherpreventedusfromgoing.一個(gè)小學(xué)女生失蹤了，教師們非常擔(dān)憂。a.*Aschoolgirldisappeared,andalltheteacherswereverymuchworriedabouther.b.Thedisappearanceofaschoolgirlworriedalltheteachers.他通曉多種不常用的外國(guó)語(yǔ)，這使我們感到驚訝。a.*Heisfamiliarwithmanyrarelyusedlanguages;wefeelsurprisedaboutthefact.b.Hisfamiliaritywithmanyrarelyusedlanguagessurprisedusall.39Re6.Passive&Active（被動(dòng)與主動(dòng)）PassivesofvariousformsarefrequentlyusedinEnglish.Bycontrast,activeformsareoftenusedinChinese.必須找到新的能源。Newsourcesofenergymustbefound.這個(gè)問(wèn)題正在研究。Theproblemisnowbeingstudied.據(jù)估計(jì)，今年的股市將會(huì)上揚(yáng)。Itisestimatedthatthestockmarketwillbeontherise.一匹馬騎兩個(gè)人。Twopersonsrodeonehorse.飯做好了。Themealhasbeencooked.406.Passive&Active（被動(dòng)與主動(dòng)）407.Substitutive&Repetitive(替代與重複)RepetitionofwordsinEnglishisgenerallymoreorlessabnormalandobjectionableexceptthatitisrhetoricalorsignificant.Toavoidrepetition,Englishoftenemployssubstitution,ellipsis,variation,andsomeotherdevices.英語(yǔ)忌重複，漢語(yǔ)喜重複（漢語(yǔ)通過(guò)重複，形成音韻上的美學(xué)節(jié)奏，英語(yǔ)主張言貴簡(jiǎn)潔Brevityisthesoulofwit）。他喜歡跳舞，我也喜歡跳舞。HelikesdancingandsodoI.(替代)我們的民族將再也不是被人欺負(fù)的民族了。Ourswillnolongerbeanationsubjecttoinsultandhumiliation.(替代)417.Substitutive&Repetitive(我們能夠去掉不不良作風(fēng)，保持優(yōu)良作風(fēng)。Wecangetridofabadstyleandkeepthegood.(省略)我們要相信群眾，依賴群眾。Wemusthavefaithinandrelyonthemasses.(省略)我們的政策，不光要使領(lǐng)導(dǎo)知道，幹部知道，還要使廣大群眾知道。Ourpolicymustbemadeknownnotonlytotheleadersandtothecadresbutalsotothebroadmasses.(省略)Readingmakesafullman;conferenceareadyman;writinganexactman.(省略)讀書使人充實(shí),討論使人機(jī)智,寫作使人準(zhǔn)確.Readingexercisesone'seyes;Speaking,one'stongue;whilewriting,one'smind.

(省略)閱讀訓(xùn)練人的眼睛，說(shuō)話訓(xùn)練人的口齒，寫作訓(xùn)練人的思維。42我們能夠去掉不不良作風(fēng)，保持優(yōu)良作風(fēng)。42John’sboughthimselfanewFord.Hepracticallylivesinthecar.（變換）約翰給自己買了一部新的福特牌汽車，他幾乎就住在這部汽車裡。Anelectrontubeisgenerallyusedforamplification,andvacuumtubeisanothernameforthisdevice.電子管通常用來(lái)放大，而真空管則是電子管的另一名稱。43John’sboughthimselfanewFo8.英語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)多後置，漢語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)多前置1）副詞：那邊那個(gè)男孩樓上的房間theboytheretheroomupstairs回家的路上onthewayhome2）形容詞：重要的事情somethingimportant

anythingnewnothingspecial完全不含水分的混合物mixturecompletelyfreeofwater

ShebelievesthateverythingfashionablecomesfromFrance.她認(rèn)為時(shí)髦的東西都是來(lái)自法國(guó)的。Whydon’twegosomewherequiet?我們幹嗎不去一個(gè)安靜的地方？448.英語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)多後置，漢語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)多前置443）介詞短語(yǔ)：窗子邊的男孩theboynearthewindow

第一組的學(xué)生thepupilsinGroupOnea.SoonotherpeoplewithdifferentformsoftheChristianreligionarrivedinAmerica.b.Tradeamongcountriesallowspeopleineachcountrytousetheirenergiesindoingwhattheydobest.453）介詞短語(yǔ)：454）不定式短語(yǔ)：thebooktoread

theroomtoliveinthemeetingtobeheld5）現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)：thegirlsittingthere

themantalkingtoMaLiMypointisthatthefrequentcomplaintofonegenerationabouttheoneimmediatelyfollowingitisinevitable.我的觀點(diǎn)是：一代人對(duì)緊跟其後的另一代人的頻繁抱怨是不可避免的。464）不定式短語(yǔ)：466)過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)：theboynamedTom

computersmadeinJapan

allpartiesconcerned有關(guān)各方CarpetswoveninIranandwineproducedinFranceareexamplesofthesespecialgoods.7)定語(yǔ)從句：Somesongsremindusofthepeoplewelove.Videoshavechangedthewaysweplayandlistentomusic.Thesecondreasonwhynationstradewithoneanotheristhatitpaystospecialize. 476)過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)：47PragmaticComparisonofChineseandEnglishLanguage(語(yǔ)用對(duì)比）中國(guó)人客氣禮貌、謙虛謹(jǐn)慎、體貼關(guān)心；西方人個(gè)性直率、提倡獨(dú)立、尊重隱私。1.打招呼：一路辛苦了。*Youmustbetired./Youmusthavehadatiringjourney.Didyouhaveagoodtrip?/Didyouenjoyyourtrip?/Howwasthetrip?

48PragmaticComparisonofChines2.致謝及回答：1)謝謝你的幫助。---“別客氣?！?/p>

You’rewelcome.2)麻煩你幫我買得車票。---別客氣。That’sallright.3)我該走了。佔(zhàn)用你那麼多時(shí)間，真實(shí)對(duì)不起---別客氣。Notatall.4)Thankyouforyourhelp.---*

Don’tthankme.It'smyduty．（應(yīng)該說(shuō)：I'mgladtobeofhelp．/It'sapleasure.）492.致謝及回答：493.關(guān)心：1)It’scoldtoday.You’dbetterputonmoreclothes.2)Ihaveacoldtoday.---*Youshoulddrinkhotwaterfromtimetotime.3)一路辛苦了。

---*Youmustbeverytiredontheway.

（Didyouhaveagoodtrip?/Didyouenjoyyourtrip?/Howwasthetrip?

）4)成家了嗎？有女朋友沒(méi)有？503.關(guān)心：504.客套：1)今天飯菜不好，請(qǐng)多包含。來(lái)，先幹上一杯。Thesearethebestdisheswe’reabletoprepare.Pleasemakeyourselfathome.Now,toeveryone,cheers!2)小意思，請(qǐng)笑納。*It’salittletoken.Ihopeyouwilllikeit.3)請(qǐng)慢走。4)“老師，我初出茅廬，不知天高地厚，請(qǐng)老師多多包涵。”*Mr.Wang,I’magreenhand.Pleaseforgiveme.514.客套：515．恭維：1)You‘relookingverysmarttoday.（今天您很漂亮。）----Thankyou．Soareyou．(謝謝，您也很漂亮。)2)Whatabeautifulpen?。ê闷恋匿摴P?。?---ItcamefromIndia．Iwentthereonbusinesslastmonth．3)YourJapaneseisverygood．（您的日語(yǔ)很好。）----Well，mylisteningisn'ttoobad，butIstillhavealotofproblemswithspeaking.4)Youdidagreatjob．（幹得好?。?---Ohwell，ithadtohappensometime.（哦，這種事有時(shí)會(huì)有的。）525．恭維：526．敬詞與謙詞

貴國(guó)yourcountry,貴校yourschool

貴府yourresidence,貴夫人yourwife，貴庚yourage

令尊yourfather,令堂yourmother,令郎yourson,令媛yourdaughter,令兄，令妹

殿下Your/His/HerHighness、閣下Your/His/HerExcellency、足下you

世翁yourfather,千金yourdaughter，

泰山father-in-law，東床

yourson-in-law536．敬詞與謙詞53

高見(jiàn)youropinion,高足yourstudent,

高堂one’sparents,大作youressay

敝校myschool,敝國(guó)mycountry鄙人I,拙作myarticle,拙見(jiàn)myopinion

賤內(nèi)mywife拙荊，糟糠

寒舍=草堂myhome(humblehome)54高見(jiàn)youropinion,高足yourstuden5555ContrastiveStudies

ofChinese&EnglishLanguage

56

ContrastiveStudies

ofChinesAsyouknow,ournativelanguageChineseisquitedifferentfromEnglish.Thereisreallyabiggapbetweenthecharacteristicsofthetwolanguages.Inordertolearnthetranslationcoursebetter,wehavetostudythecomparisonbetweenthesourcelanguageandthetargetlanguage.Sinceallthetheories,methods,techniquesconcerningEnglish-Chinesetranslationarebasedonthecomparison,itisveryimportant,sotosay,tomasterthelanguages’peculiarities.57Asyouknow,ournativelanguaLanguageFamilies(語(yǔ)系)EnglishbelongstotheGermanicbranchoftheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily(印歐語(yǔ)系).ChinesebelongstotheSino-Tibetanlanguagefamily(漢藏語(yǔ)系).ItiswellknowthatEnglishhastherichestvocabularyofanyEuropeanlanguage.OnthebasisofAngles’language(Anglo-Saxon),English,ahybrid,wasbuiltbyabsorbingwordsinvariouslanguages.58LanguageFamilies(語(yǔ)系)EnglishLatin:pen,pencil,cup,butter,silkFrench:pork,feast,sir,nobleItalian:piano,solo,studio,opera,umbrellaSpanish:cargo,cigarette,cigarGreek:paper,alphabet,dialogue,comedyChinese:tea,chowmein,kowtow,toufu59Latin:pen,pencil,cup,butteLexicalComparisonofChineseandEnglish(詞彙對(duì)比)Themajorwaysofword-buildinginEnglisharecomposition(合成),conversion(詞性轉(zhuǎn)化),andderivation

(affixation衍生).AndinChinesewehavethesamemajorways.60LexicalComparisonofChineseEnglish:Composition:motherland,blackboard,handwriting,silkworm,easy-going,home-made,do-it-yourselfConversion:paperthewindow,emptythebasket,elbowone’sway,upsanddownsDerivation:ableunable,takemistakehopehopelesshopelessness61English:6Chinese:Composition:並列式：語(yǔ)言，改革，樹立，遙遠(yuǎn)，左右，出入，好歹

偏正式：學(xué)分，本科，紅糖，笑聲，新衣主謂式（主從式）：耳聞，目睹，臉紅，膽小，月明動(dòng)賓式：思甜，攻關(guān)，滅火，開(kāi)車，踢球補(bǔ)充式：提前，救活，改善，說(shuō)明，調(diào)好重疊式：平平安安，高高興興，懶洋洋，亮晶晶，方方面面62Chinese:7Conversion:一棵大樹，十年樹人出售油漆，油漆門窗雞鴨魚肉，魚肉百姓安全第一，不太安全今天真熱，把飯熱一下Derivation:首碼（Prefix）：超—超人，超額，超支，超音速非—非人，非常，非原則，非正式無(wú)—無(wú)視，無(wú)限，無(wú)線電，無(wú)名氏，無(wú)疑漢語(yǔ)中的“非”、“無(wú)”相當(dāng)於英語(yǔ)中的首碼un-,in-,il-和尾碼-less63Conversion:8反—反動(dòng)，反攻，反駁，反問(wèn)，反腐敗可—可親，可愛(ài)，可口，可調(diào)整，可憐兮兮後綴(Suffix):手—助手，舵手，選手，幫手，一把手年—幼年，晚年，青少年，周年，光年子—金子，票子，耗子，妻子，愛(ài)面子頭—外頭，對(duì)頭，拳頭，風(fēng)頭，枕頭，苗頭64反—反動(dòng)，反攻，反駁，反問(wèn)，反腐敗9SemanticComparisonofChineseandEnglish(詞義對(duì)比)

A.Themeaningsoftheword(詞的意義方面)：1、英語(yǔ)中有些詞所表示的意義，在漢語(yǔ)裡可以找到完全對(duì)應(yīng)的詞來(lái)表達(dá)。（semanticcorrespondence）專用名詞、術(shù)語(yǔ)和事物名稱。TheU.S.StateDepartment(美國(guó)國(guó)務(wù)院)；薩斯SARS（SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome）；Aids(AcquiredImmuneDeficiencySyndrome)；直升飛機(jī)；太平洋65SemanticComparisonofChinese2、英語(yǔ)中有些詞與漢語(yǔ)中有些詞在詞義上只有部分對(duì)應(yīng)。(partlysemanticcorrespondence)大象、龍gun，uncle，aunt，bother，morning3、英語(yǔ)中有些詞所表示的意義，目前在漢語(yǔ)裡還找不到最後確定的對(duì)應(yīng)詞來(lái)表達(dá)。（semanticzero）mascon(massconcentration)（表示月球表層下高密度的）物質(zhì)聚積overkill過(guò)度殺傷力，現(xiàn)又指表示宣傳活動(dòng)等方面不必要的過(guò)度行為，plumber特工，又稱“管子工”（美國(guó)調(diào)查政府雇員洩密事件的特工）。文房四寶：thefourtreasuresofthestudy(writingbrush,inkstick,inkstoneandpaper)烏紗帽：anofficialpost662、英語(yǔ)中有些詞與漢語(yǔ)中有些詞在詞義上只有部分對(duì)應(yīng)。(par4、英語(yǔ)中有許多詞一詞多義，其所表示的各個(gè)意義，分別與漢語(yǔ)中幾個(gè)不同的詞或片語(yǔ)對(duì)應(yīng)。1、asoftdrug2、softintelligence3、softmoney4、softdrink5、softfire6、softwater1.毒性較輕的麻醉劑；軟性麻醉毒品2.非百分之百可靠的，不充分的情報(bào)3.紙幣4.軟飲料5.文火6.軟水(不含礦物鹽類而易溶解肥皂的水)674、英語(yǔ)中有許多詞一詞多義，其所表示的各個(gè)意義，分別與漢語(yǔ)中B.Thepossiblecollocationoftheword(詞的搭配能力方面)：英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)在詞的搭配能力方面有很大的差異。英語(yǔ)的搭配能力比漢語(yǔ)強(qiáng)。cut(wheat,finger-nails,cake)（英譯漢時(shí)須考慮譯文中詞的搭配必須符合漢語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣)68B.ThepossiblecollocationofC.Thewordorder(詞序方面)：英、漢語(yǔ)句子中主要成分主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)的詞序基本上是一致的。但是各種定語(yǔ)的位置和各種狀語(yǔ)的次序在英、漢語(yǔ)中則有同有異，變化較多，所以英漢詞序的比較主要指定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)位置異同的比較。Thepressureisalmostasheavyonstudentswhojustwanttograduateandgetajob.對(duì)於那些只想畢業(yè)後找份工作的學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō),壓力也一樣不小。69C.Thewordorder(詞序方面)：14ComparisonofChineseandEnglishonsentencestructure（句式對(duì)比）p.381.HypotacticvsParatactic(形合與意合)/(主從結(jié)構(gòu)與並列結(jié)構(gòu))（前一個(gè)詞指英語(yǔ)，後一個(gè)詞指漢語(yǔ)）Englishhypotactic

ChineseparatacticAsE.A.Nidapointsoutinhis“TranslatingMeaning”,…sofarasEnglishandChineseareconcerned,themostimportantdifferencelinguisticallyisthecontrastbetweenhypotaxisandparataxis.漢語(yǔ)重句子意義，不重句子的外表形式，結(jié)構(gòu)鬆散，有大量的流散型句子（流水句），句式呈散珠式的鋪排，邏輯性不強(qiáng)，只注重句子意義的表達(dá)，常以名詞為核心，可以缺損主語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞、連接詞等，看似無(wú)序，但形散神聚，節(jié)奏感強(qiáng)，很多情況下要靠聽(tīng)者（讀者）通過(guò)語(yǔ)境悟出字裡行間的含義；英語(yǔ)相反，重句子結(jié)構(gòu)與形式，以動(dòng)詞為核心，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)密緊湊，邏輯性強(qiáng)。70ComparisonofChineseandEnglHypotaxis:Thedependentorsubordinateconstructionorrelationshipofclausesarrangedwithconnectives.E.g.:Ishalldespairifyoudon’tcome.(TheAmericanHeritageDictionary,p.649)Parataxis:Thearrangingofclausesoneaftertheotherwithoutconnectivesshowingtherelationbetweenthem.E.g.:Therainfell;theriverflooded;thehouseswerewashedaway.(TheworldBookDictionary,p.1513)71Hypotaxis:Thedependentorsu

1）漢語(yǔ)句子多成分殘缺，語(yǔ)義模糊,靠讀者悟出字裡行間的含義:枯藤老樹昏鴉,小橋流水人家,古道西風(fēng)瘦馬。夕陽(yáng)西下，斷腸人在天涯。

AutumnThoughtsWitheredvines,oldentree,eveningcrows;Tinybridge,flowingbrook,hamlet(小村)homes;Ancientroad,windfromwest,bonyhorse;Thesunissetting,Brokenman,farfromhome,roamandroams.(tr.趙甄陶)721）漢語(yǔ)句子多成分殘缺，語(yǔ)義模糊,靠讀者悟出字裡行間的含

AutumnCrowshoveringoverrugged(不平的)oldtreeswreathed(環(huán)繞)withrottenvine——thedayisaboutdone.Yonder(遠(yuǎn)處)isatinybridgeoverasparklingstream,andonthefarbank,aprettylittlevillage.Butthetravelerhastogoondownthisancientroad,thewestwindmoaning,hisbonyhorsegroaning,Trudging(跋涉)towardsthesinkingsun,fartherandfartherawayfromhome.(tr.翁顯良)73Au2）漢語(yǔ)句子多無(wú)主語(yǔ)(zerosubject)：要吃有吃，要穿有穿。Wehaveenoughtoeatandsufficienttoputon.不知苦中苦，哪知甜中甜？Ihavemadeproposals,butinvain;Ihavemadeattempts,butwithoutsuccess.不知苦中苦，哪知甜中甜？Ifyouhavenevertastedthebitternessofgall,howcanyouknowthesweetnessofhoney?不到長(zhǎng)城非好漢。He

who

has

never

been

to

the

Great

Wall

is

not

a

true

man玩火自焚

。

Whoeverplayswithfirewillperishbyfire.742）漢語(yǔ)句子多無(wú)主語(yǔ)(zerosubject)：193）無(wú)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞：天高雲(yún)淡。Theskyishighandthecloudsarepale.房間乾乾淨(jìng)淨(jìng)。Theroomisneatandtidy.這箱子八十磅。Thisboxweighseightypounds.他上海人。HeisfromShanghai.我兒子二十歲。Mysonis20yearsold.753）無(wú)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞：203）無(wú)賓語(yǔ)：電影很有趣，我一定要去看。Thefilmisinteresting.I’llgoandseeit.蛇在冬天藏起來(lái)。Snakeshidethemselvesinwinter.763）無(wú)賓語(yǔ)：214）無(wú)連接詞：（因?yàn)椋┧焕蠈?shí)，（所以）我們不相信他。Becauseheisnothonest,wecan’ttrusthim.

人不犯我，我不犯人。Wewillnotattackunlessweareattacked.

說(shuō)是說(shuō)了，沒(méi)有結(jié)果。Ihavemadeproposals,buttheyprovedfutile.

抓住了主要矛盾，一切問(wèn)題就可以迎刃而解。Oncetheprincipalcontradictionisgrasped,allproblemscanbereadilysolved.他不來(lái)，我不去。Ifhewon’tcomehere,I’llnotgothere.

聰明一世，糊塗一時(shí)。Smartasarule,butthistimeafool.774）無(wú)連接詞：22有飯大家吃。Leteverybodysharethefoodifthereisany.不到黃河心不死。Untilallisover,ambitionneverdie.燕子去了，有再來(lái)的時(shí)候；楊柳枯了，有再青的時(shí)候；桃花謝了，有再開(kāi)的時(shí)候。(朱自清《匆匆》)Swallowsmayhavegone，butthereisatimeofreturn；willowtreesmayhavediedback，butthereisatimeofregreening；peachblossomsmayhavefallen，buttheywillbloomagain．78有飯大家吃。235）邏輯矛盾的表達(dá)：曬衣服曬太陽(yáng)tosunone’sclothestobaskinthesun吃蘋果吃食堂toe