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Macroeconomics,6eChapter TheGoodsMarketinanOpen MultipleChoiceWhichofthefollowingrepresentsthedemandfordomesticC+I+C+I+G+C+I+G-C+I+G+X+C+I+G+X— Diff:1WhichofthefollowingrepresentsthedomesticdemandforC+I+C+I+G+C+I+G—C+I+G+X-C+I+G+X+ Diff:1Theexpression,IM,representsthevalueofimportsintermsforeigndomesticforeigndomestic Diff:2Thetyofimportswillincreasewhenthereareductionintherealexchangeanincreaseindomesticanincreaseinforeignallofthenoneoftheabove Diff:Exportswilldecreasewhenthereanincreaseintherealexchangeanincreaseindomesticanincreaseinforeignallofthenoneoftheabove Diff:Whichofthefollowingoccurswhenthegoodsmarketisindomesticoutput(Y)equalsthedemandfordomesticYequalsthedomesticdemandforYequalsthedomesticdemandfordomesticnetexportsequalsdemandfordomesticgoodsequalsthedomesticdemandforgoods. Diff:Inanopeneconomy,anincrease ernmentspendingwillareductionindomesticareductioninareductioninnetallofthenoneoftheabove Diff:Inanopeneconomy,whichofthefollowingwillcauseanincreaseinthesizeoftheareductioninthemarginalpropensitytoareductionforeignanincreaseinthemarginalpropensitytoallofthenoneoftheabove Diff:Supposethereisareductioninforeignoutput(Y*).ThisreductioninY*willcausewhichofthefollowinginthedomesticcountry?areductioninareductioninareductioninnetallofthenoneoftheabove Diff:Whichofthefollowingwillalwayscauseanincreaseinnetareductionindomesticanincreaseintherealexchangeanincreaseinernmentanincreaseinalloftheabove Diff:/宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué) /第19A）C+I+G.B）C+I+G+C）C+I+G-D）C+I+G+X+εIME）C+I+G+X-IM/εA）C+I+G.B）C+I+G+C）C+I+G-IMD）C+I+G+X-E）C+I+G+X在開放經(jīng)濟(jì)中，支出的增加將導(dǎo)假設(shè)外國產(chǎn)量（Y*）Y*的減少會導(dǎo)致國內(nèi)哪個國家？AssumetheMarshall-Lernerconditionholds.Whichofthefollowingwillcauseareductioninnetexports?areductioninernmentareductioninanincreaseinforeignanincreaseintherealexchangealloftheabove Diff:Anincreaseinernmentspendingwillhaveagreaterimpactonnetexportsthemarginalpropensitytosaveistheeconomyisthesensitivityofinvestment eisallofthenoneoftheabove Diff:Whichofthefollowingwilloccurinasmallcountrywithahighmarginalpropensitytochanges ernmentspendingwillcauselargechangesinchanges ernmentspendingwillcauselargechangesinthetradeadepreciationwillcauseonlysmallchangesinthetradethereisnocombinationofpoliciesthatcaneliminatethetradealloftheabove Diff:Whichofthefollowingwouldmakethespendingmultiplierareductioninmarginalpropensitytoasmallinitialtradeareductioninthemarginalpropensitytoarealnoneoftheabove Diff:Forthisquestion,assumetheMarshal-Lernerconditionholds.Whichofthefollowingwouldoccurasaresultofanincreaseintherealexchangerate?animprovementofthetradeareductioninthetyofanincreaseindomesticallofthenoneoftheabove Diff:Supposethereisarealappreciation.ThisrealappreciationismorelikelytocauseareductioninnetexportswhendomesticoutputisrelativelyforeignoutputisrelativelytheMarshall-Lernerconditiondoesnotimportsarenotatallsensitivetopriceexportsandimportsarerelativelysensitivetopricechanges. Diff:Forthisquestion,assumethattheJ-curveeffectexists.Whichofthefollowingwilloccurafterarealappreciation?thetradedeficitwillimprovetemporarilybeforeitthetradedeficitwillworsentemporarilybeforeittherealexchangeratewillfalltemporarilybeforeittherealexchangeratewillrisetemporarilybeforeitnoneoftheabove Diff:TheMarshall-Lernerconditionislesslikelytoholdimportsandexportsareveryprice-thetradedeficitisthemarginalpropensitytoconsumeisverythemarginalpropensitytoconsumeifverynoneoftheabove Diff:Theevidencesuggeststhatinrichcountries,aimmediayimprovesthetradeeventuallyimprovesthetradeimproves,butthenworsensthetradebalance.hasnoeffectonthetradenoneoftheabove Diff:ArealdepreciationwillinitiallycauseareductioninoutputwhenwhichofthefollowingtheMarshall-LernertheJ-Curvenetexportsareinitiallynetexportsareinitiallynetexportsareinitiallypositive Diff:A）減少支出B）支出的變化將導(dǎo)致貿(mào)易平衡的巨大變化rhlrnrA）貿(mào)易逆差在之前會暫時改善。貿(mào)易逆差在改善之前會暫時。C）首先改善，但隨后貿(mào)易平衡。D）凈出口最初是的Supposethattherestoftheworldexperiencesaneconomicboomcausinganincreaseinforeignoutput(Y*).ThisincreaseinY*willNOTcausewhichofthefollowingtooccur?thedomesticcountry'soutputtothedomesticcountry'sconsumptiontothedomesticcountry'soutputtoincreaseanditstradebalancetoworsenasimportsallofthenoneofthe Diff:2Inanopeneconomy,netexportswillbeequaltowhichoftheX—T-ZS- Diff:1Whichofthefollowingwilloccurasaresultofataxprivatesavinginvestmentthetradebalancethetradebalancethebudgetdeficitincreases Diff:Anopeneconomywithalowsavingrate(privateandpublic)mustlowinvestmenthighinvestmentatradesurpluslowinvestmentoratradelowinvestmentoratradesurplus. Diff:Policycoordinationisdifficultbecauseeachpreferstobetheonetoincreasepreferstobetheonetoappreciateitsprefersthatothercountriesincreasetheirpreferstobetheonetoincreaseprefersthatothercountriesincreasetaxes. Diff:Whichofthefollowingconditionsmustbesatisfiedforthedemandfordomesticgoodstobeequaltothedomesticdemandforgoods?X=X=G-T=S=X= Diff:Whichofthefollowingistruewhenacountryisexperiencingatradesurplus(NX>demandfordomesticgoodsisequaltothedomesticdemandfordemandfordomesticgoodsisgreaterthanthedomesticdemandfordemandfordomesticgoodsislessthanthedomesticdemandforabudgetsurplusexists Diff:Whichofthefollowingistruewhenacountyisexperiencingatradedeficit(NX<demandfordomesticgoodsisequaltothedomesticdemandfordemandfordomesticgoodsisgreaterthanthedomesticdemandfordemandfordomesticgoodsislessthanthedomesticdemandforabudgetdeficitexists Diff:Whichofthefollowingistruewhenacountry'stradepositionisbalanced(i.e.,NX=demandfordomesticgoodsisequaltothedomesticdemandfordemandfordomesticgoodsisgreaterthanthedomesticdemandfordemandfordomesticgoodsislessthanthedomesticdemandforneitherabudgetsurplusnordeficitexists(i.e.,G—T=0) Diff:Anincreaseinwhichofthefollowingvariableswillcauseareductioninthedemandfordomesticgoods? therealexchangeconsumer alloftheabove Diff:假設(shè)世界其他地區(qū)經(jīng)歷了經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮，導(dǎo)致外國產(chǎn)出增加（Y*）。Y*的這種增加不隨著進(jìn)口增加，國內(nèi)產(chǎn)量增加，貿(mào)易平衡A）X-IM/εB）T-E）S-我由于增加，會發(fā)生以下哪種情況D）貿(mào)易平衡E）更喜歡其他國家增加。A）X=εIMB）X=0C）G-T=0D）S=IE）XIMε當(dāng)一個國家正在經(jīng)歷貿(mào)易順差（NX0）時，以下哪項是正確的？存在盈余當(dāng)一個縣遇到貿(mào)易逆差（NX0）時，下列哪一項是正確的？D）存在赤29）當(dāng)一個國家的貿(mào)易頭寸平衡時（即NX0），下列哪一項是正確的？D）盈余和赤字都不存在（即G-T=0）AchangeinwhichofthefollowingvariableswillhaveNOdirecteffectonthelevelofdomesticdemand? therealexchangeernmenttheinterestratenoneoftheabove Diff:AchangeinwhichofthefollowingvariableswillhaveNOdirecteffectondomestic ernmenttheinterestratenoneoftheabove Diff:Assumeacountryisclosed.Giventhisinformation,whichofthefollowingmustdemandfordomesticgoodswillbelessthanthedomesticdemandfordemandfordomesticgoodswillbegreaterthanthedomesticdemandforS+T=I+abudgetsurplusS= Diff:2Assumeacountryisopen.Giventhisinformation,whichofthefollowingmustdemandfordomesticgoodswillbeequaltothedomesticdemandfordemandfordomesticgoodswillbegreaterthanthedomesticdemandfordemandfordomesticgoodswillbelessthanthedomesticdemandforS+T=I+noneoftheabove Diff:Anincreaseindomesticdemandwillhavewhichofthefollowingeffectsinanopenasmallereffectonoutputthaninaclosedeconomyandapositiveeffectonthetradeasmallereffectonoutputthaninaclosedeconomyandanegativeeffectonthetradealargereffectonoutputthaninaclosedeconomyandapositiveeffectonthetradealargereffectonoutputthaninaclosedeconomyandanegativeeffectonthetradebalance Diff:AnincreaseinthemarginalpropensitytoimportwilltheZZlineto eflatterandagivenchangein ernmentspending(G)tohavealargereffectondomesticoutput.theZZlineto eflatterandagivenchangein ernmentspending(G)tohaveasmallereffectondomesticoutput.theZZlineto esteeperandagivenchangein ernmentspending(G)tohavealargereffectondomesticoutput.theZZline esteeperandagivenchange ernmentspending(G)tohavesmallereffectondomesticoutput. Diff:AreductioninthemarginalpropensitytoimportwilltheZZlineto eflatterandagivenchangein ernmentspending(G)tohavealargereffectondomesticoutput.theZZlineto eflatterandagivenchangein ernmentspending(G)tohaveasmallereffectondomesticoutput.theZZlineto esteeperandagivenchangein ernmentspending(G)tohavealargereffectondomesticoutput.theZZlineto esteeperandagivenchangein ernmentspending(G)tohaveasmallereffectondomesticoutput. Diff:2Anincreaseinthemarginalpropensitytoimportwillthemultipliertoincreaseandagivenchangein ernmentspending(G)tohavealargereffectondomesticoutput.themultipliertoincreaseandagivenchangein ernmentspending(G)tohaveasmallereffectondomesticoutput.themultipliertodecreaseandagivenchangein ernmentspending(G)tohavealargereffectondomesticoutput.themultipliertodecreaseandagivenchangein ernmentspending(G)tohaveasmallereffectondomesticoutput. Diff:2Areductioninthemarginalpropensitytoimportwillthemultipliertoincreaseandagivenchangein ernmentspending(G)tohavealargereffectondomesticoutput.themultipliertoincreaseandagivenchangein ernmentspending(G)tohaveasmallereffectondomesticoutput.themultipliertodecreaseandagivenchangein ernmentspending(G)tohavealargereffectondomesticoutput.themultipliertodecreaseandagivenchangein ernmentspending(G)tohaveasmallereffectondomesticoutput. Diff:2Inalargecountry,theeffectofagivenchangeinernmentonoutputislargeandtheeffectonthetradebalanceisonoutputislargeandtheeffectonthetradebalanceisonoutputissmallandtheeffectonthetradebalanceisonoutputissmallandtheeffectonthetradebalanceislarge. Diff:2C）S+T=I+存在盈E）S=D）S+T=I+A）對產(chǎn)出的影響小于封濟(jì)，對貿(mào)易平衡產(chǎn)生積極影響B(tài)）對產(chǎn)出的影響小于封濟(jì)，對貿(mào)易平衡產(chǎn)生影響C）對產(chǎn)出的影響大于封濟(jì)，對貿(mào)易平衡產(chǎn)生積極影響D）對產(chǎn)出的影響大于封濟(jì)，對貿(mào)易平衡產(chǎn)生影響A）ZZ線變得更加平坦，支出（G）的變化對國內(nèi)產(chǎn)出產(chǎn)生更大的影響。B）ZZ線變得更加平坦，支出（G）的變化對國內(nèi)產(chǎn)出的影響較小。C）ZZ線變得更加陡峭，支出（G）的變化對國內(nèi)產(chǎn)出產(chǎn)生更大的影響。D）ZZ線變得更加陡峭，支出（G）的變化對國內(nèi)產(chǎn)出的影響較小。A）ZZ線變得更加平坦，支出（G）的變化對國內(nèi)產(chǎn)出產(chǎn)生更大的影響。B）ZZ線變得更加平坦，支出（G）的變化對國內(nèi)產(chǎn)出的影響較小。C）ZZ線變得更加陡峭，支出（G）的變化對國內(nèi)產(chǎn)出產(chǎn)生更大的影響。D）ZZ線變得更加陡峭，支出（G）的變化對國內(nèi)產(chǎn)出的影響較小。A）增加的乘數(shù)和支出的給定變化（G）對國內(nèi)產(chǎn)出產(chǎn)生更大的影響。B）增加的乘數(shù)和支出的給定變化（G）對國內(nèi)產(chǎn)出的影響較小。C）減少的乘數(shù)和支出的給定變化（G）對國內(nèi)產(chǎn)出產(chǎn)生更大的影響。D）乘數(shù)減少和支出的給定變化（G）對國內(nèi)產(chǎn)出的影響較小。A）增加的乘數(shù)和支出的給定變化（G）對國內(nèi)產(chǎn)出產(chǎn)生更大的影響。B）增加的乘數(shù)和支出的給定變化（G）對國內(nèi)產(chǎn)出的影響較小。C）減少的乘數(shù)和支出的給定變化（G）對國內(nèi)產(chǎn)出產(chǎn)生更大的影響。D）乘數(shù)減少和支出的給定變化（G）對國內(nèi)產(chǎn)出的影響較小。在一個大國，支出的特定變化的影響Inasmallcountry,theeffectofagivenchangeinernmentonoutputislargeandtheeffectonthetradebalanceisonoutputislargeandtheeffectonthetradebalanceisonoutputissmallandtheeffectonthetradebalanceisonoutputissmallandtheeffectonthetradebalanceislarge. Diff:Wewillgenerallyobservethatthemoreopenanthelargertheeffectoffiscalpolicyonoutputandthelargertheeffectoffiscalpolicyonthetradeposition.thelargertheeffectoffiscalpolicyonoutputandthesmallertheeffectoffiscalpolicyonthetradeposition.thesmallertheeffectoffiscalpolicyonoutputandthelargertheeffectoffiscalpolicyonthetradeposition.thesmallertheeffectoffiscalpolicyonoutputandthesmallertheeffectoffiscalpolicyonthetradeposition. Diff:2Wewillgenerallyobservethatthelessopenanthelargertheeffectoffiscalpolicyonoutputandthelargertheeffectoffiscalpolicyonthetradeposition.thelargertheeffectoffiscalpolicyonoutputandthesmallertheeffectoffiscalpolicyonthetradeposition.thesmallertheeffectoffiscalpolicyonoutputandthelargertheeffectoffiscalpolicyonthetradeposition.thesmallertheeffectoffiscalpolicyonoutputandthesmallertheeffectoffiscalpolicyonthetradeposition. Diff:2Foranopeneconomy,whichofthefollowingexpressionsrepresentssavingI+T-G+I+T-G-I+G-T+G-T+NX-noneoftheabove Diff:Foranopeneconomy,whichofthefollowingexpressionsrepresentsnetexportsS+G-T-S+G-T+S+T-G+G-T+I—noneoftheabove Diff:Forthisquestion,assumethatequilibriumoutputisdeterminedintheZZ-Ydiagram.Furtherassumethatpolicymakers'goalsare(1)toachievebalancedtrade(i.e.,NX=0);and(2)toachievealevelofoutput,sayYT.Now,supposethattheinitiallevelofequilibriumoutputisequaltoYT(i.e.,Y=YT)andthatatradedeficitexistsatthisinitiallevelofoutput.Whichofthefollowingpolicyactionswouldmostlikelyenablethepolicymakerstoachievetheirtwogoalssimultaneously?areductioninernmentconvincethecountry'stradingpartnerstopursuepoliciesthatwillcauseanincreaseinforeigne(Y*)areductionintherealexchangeareductioninasimultaneousincrease ernmentspendingandreductionintherealexchangenoneoftheabove Diff:Forthisquestion,assumethattheMarshall-LernerconditiondoesNOThold.Anincreaseintherealexchangeratewilltendtocausewhichofthefollowingtooccur?areductioninNXandareductioninareductioninNXandanincreaseinanincreaseinNXandareductioninanincreaseinNXandanincreaseinY Diff:Forthisquestion,assumethattheMarshall-LernerconditiondoesNOThold.Areductionintherealexchangeratewilltendtocausewhichofthefollowingtooccur?areductioninNXandareductioninforeignoutputareductioninNXandanincreaseindomesticoutputanincreaseinNXandareductioninanincreaseinNXandanincreaseinnoneoftheabove Diff:TheJ-curveillustratestheeffectschangesinY*onchangesinYonchangesintherealexchangerateonchangesinYonimports. Diff:SupposepolicymakerswanttoincreaseYandincreaseNX.Whichofthefollowingpolicieswouldmostlikelyachievethis?anincreaseinernmentarealareductionintaxesandanincreaseintherealexchangeanincreaseintherealexchangerate Diff:在一個小國家，支出的特定變化的影響）財政政策對產(chǎn)出的影響越小，財政政策對貿(mào)易地位的影響越小。答案：C通常會觀察到經(jīng)濟(jì)不那么開放）財政政策對產(chǎn)出的影響越大，財政政策對貿(mào)易地位的影響越大。）財政政策對產(chǎn)出的影響越大，財政政策對貿(mào)易地位的影響越小。））財政政策對產(chǎn)出的影響越小，財政政策對貿(mào)易地位的影響越小。答案：BA）I+T-G+NXB）I+T-G-NXC）I+G-T+NXD）G-T+NX-A）S+G-T-I.B）S+G-T+I.C）S+T-G+I.D）G-T+I-S.實現(xiàn)平衡貿(mào)易（即NX=0）;（2）達(dá)到目標(biāo)產(chǎn)出水平，比如YT?，F(xiàn)在，假設(shè)平衡輸出的初始水于YT（即Y=YT），并且在該初始輸出水平存在貿(mào)易逆差。以下哪項政策行動A）減少支出B）說服該國的貿(mào)易伙伴采取將導(dǎo)致外國收入增加的政策（Y*）同時增加支出和降低實際匯A）NX減少和國外產(chǎn)量減少（Y*）A）NX上Y*的變化。SupposepolicymakerswanttoincreaseYandkeepNXconstant.Whichofthefollowingpolicieswouldmostlikelyachievethis?anincreaseinernmentarealanincreaseinernmentspendingandareductionintherealexchangeareductionintherealexchangeencouragethecountry'stradingpartnerstoimplementpoliciesthatwillcauseanincreasein e(Y*) Diff:2SupposepolicymakerswanttoincreaseNXandkeepYconstant.Whichofthefollowingpolicieswouldmostlikelyachievethis?areductioninernmentarealareductioninernmentspendingandareductionintherealexchangeareductionintherealexchangerateandataxcut Diff:Supposetherestoftheworldexperiencesanexpansionthatcausesanincreaseinforeigne(Y*).Fromthedomesticeconomy's,thisincreaseinforeign ewillcausewhichofthefollowingasthedomesticeconomyadjuststotheriseinanincreasein anincreaseinanincreaseinnetallofthebothAandC Diff:2Supposetherestoftheworldexperiencesarecessionthatcausesareductionine(Y*).Fromthedomesticeconomy's,thisreductioninforeign ewillcausewhichofthefollowingasthedomesticeconomyadjuststothedropinY*?areduction eandareductioninareductioninimportsandanincreaseinnettheNXlinetoshiftanambiguouseffectonnetexports Diff:Anincreaseinthebudgetdeficitcanbereflectedanincreaseinprivateareductioninareductioninnetallofthenoneoftheabove Diff:Areductioninprivatesaving(S)canbereflectedanincreaseinthebudgetanincreaseinareductioninnetalloftheabove Diff:TheexistenceoftheJ-curvesuggeststhatarealdepreciationwillaninitialincreaseinnetaninitialincreaseineconomicafinalreductioninnetaninitialreductioninthedemandfordomesticgoods. Diff:Thetyofimportswilldecreasewhenthereanincreaseintherealexchangeareductionindomesticareductioninforeignallofthenoneoftheabove Diff:Exportswillincreasewhenthereareductionintherealexchangeareductionindomesticareductioninforeignallofthenoneoftheabove Diff:Inanopeneconomy,areduction ernmentspendingwillanincreaseindomesticanincreaseinanincreaseinnetallofthenoneoftheabove Diff:C）支出增加和實際匯率下E）鼓勵該國的貿(mào)易伙伴實施將導(dǎo)致外國收入增加的政策（Y*）A）減少支出減少支出和降低實際匯假設(shè)世界其他地方經(jīng)歷了擴(kuò)張，導(dǎo)致外國收入增加（Y*）。從國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)的角度來看，隨著國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)適應(yīng)Y*的上升，外國收入的增加會導(dǎo)致以下哪種情況？假設(shè)世界其他地區(qū)經(jīng)歷了經(jīng)濟(jì)，導(dǎo)致外國收入減少（Y*）。從國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)的角度來看，隨著國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)適應(yīng)Y*的下降，這種外國收入的減少將導(dǎo)致以下哪一項？）收入減少和進(jìn)口減少））X線向上移動）對凈出口的模糊影響答案：A在開放經(jīng)濟(jì)中，支出的減少將導(dǎo)Inanopeneconomy,whichofthefollowingwillcauseareductioninthesizeoftheanincreaseinthemarginalpropensitytoanincreaseonforeignareductioninthemarginalpropensitytoallofthenoneoftheabove Diff:Whichofthefollowingwillalwayscauseareductioninnetanincreaseindomesticareductionintherealexchangeareductioninernmentareductioninalloftheabove Diff:AssumetheMarshall-Lernerconditionholds.Whichofthefollowingwillcauseanincreaseinnetexports?anincreaseinernmentanincreaseinareductioninforeignareductionintherealexchangealloftheabove Diff:Whichofthefollowingwilloccurasaresultofataxprivatesavinginvestmentthetradebalancethetradebalancethebudgetdeficitdecreases Diff:Areductioninthebudgetdeficitcanbereflectedareductioninprivateanincreaseinanincreaseinnetallofthenoneoftheabove Diff:Anincreaseinprivatesaving(S)canbereflectedareductioninthebudgetareductioninanincreaseinnetalloftheabove Diff:InNovember2008,theleadersofthe metinanemergencymeetinginWashingtontocoordinatetheirresponsesintermsofbothmacroeconomicandfinancialpolicies.OECD Diff:1減少支出D）貿(mào)易平衡A）減少赤字。 的在舉行緊急會議，在宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)和金融政策方面EssayExplainthedifferencebetween:(1)thedemandfordomesticgoods;and(2)thedomesticdemandforgoods. ThedemandfordomesticgoodsrepresentsthedemandforgoodsproducedINacountry.Thismeasurewilltakeintoaccountthosegoodsproduceddomesticallyandsoldabroad(exports)andthefactthatsomegoodspurchaseddomesticallywereproducedabroad(imports).Thedomesticdemandforgoodsrepresentsthedemandforgoodsbydomesticindividuals,firms, ernment:C+I+G.ThedifferencebetweenthetwoisNX.Explainthedeterminantsofexportsand Exportsareafunctionofforeignoutputandtherealexchangerate.Importsareafunctionofdomesticoutputandtheexchangerate.Explainwhythedemandfordomesticgoodscurve(ZZ)hasadifferentshapethanthedomesticdemandcurve(DD). Themarginalpropensitytoimportexplainsthis.AsYincreases,CandIwillincreasecausinganincreaseinDD.Someofthisincreaseindemandisforforeigngoods.ThismustbesubtractedfromDDtoobtainZZ.So,agivenincreaseinYwillhavealargereffectonDDthanitwillonZZ.UsingtheZZ/YandNXgraphs,illustrategraphicallyandexplainwhateffectanincreaseintaxeswillhaveonoutput,exports,imports,andnetexports.Clearlylabelallcurvesandclearlylabeltheinitialandfinalequilibria. AnincreaseinTwillcauseareductioninCandcauseZZtoshiftdownasdemandfalls.YwillfallcausingareductioninCandS.AsYfalls,importswillfall.Giventhatexportsdonotchange,netexportswillincrease.UsingtheZZ/YandNXgraphs,illustrategraphicallyandexplainwhateffectanincreaseinforeignoutput(Y*)willhaveonoutput,exports,imports,andnetexports.Clearlylabelallcurvesandclearlylabeltheinitialandfinalequilibria. Anincreaseinforeign e,Y*,willcauseanincreaseinexports(theNXcurveshiftsup)andanincreaseindemand.Asdemandrises,YwillincreasecausingariseinCandS.AsYincreases,importswillincreaseaswell.Asshowninthetext,theincreaseinimportswillbelessthantheriseinexports.So,NXwillbehigher.Explainwhythemultiplierinanopeneconomyisdifferentfromthemultiplierinaclosed Inaclosedeconomy,theeffectsofanychangeinYondemandallfallsondomesticgoods.Inanopeneconomy,someoftheincreasedspendingfallsonimports.So,thefinalchangeinYwillbesmallerinanopeneconomybecauseoftheexistenceofthemarginalpropensitytoimport.ExplainwhattheMarshall-Lernercondition TheMarshall-Lernerconditionistheconditionthatmustbesatisfiedforarealdepreciationtocauseanincreaseinnetexports.Thesumofthepercentagechangesinexportsandimportsmustexceedthepercentagechangeintherealexchangerate.Whenarealdepreciationoccurs,threeeffectsoccur:the tyofexportsincreases,thetyofimportsfalls,andtherealcostofimportsrise.The twoeffectsmustoffsetthelasteffectforNXtoAssumingtheMarshall-LernerconditionholdsandusingtheZZ/YandNXgraphs,illustrategraphicallyandexplainwhateffectarealdepreciationwillhaveonoutput,exports,imports,andnetexports.Clearlylabelallcurvesandclearlylabeltheinitialandfinalequilibria. ArealdepreciationwillcauseNXtorise. TheriseinNXwillcauseanincreasein Asdemandrises,YwillincreasecausingariseinCandS. AsYincreases,importswillincreaseaswell. Asshowninthetext,theincreaseinimportswillbelessthantherisein So,NXwillbehigher.Supposeacountryisexperiencingasituationwhereoutputisabovethefullemploymentlevelofoutputandatradedeficit.Furtherassumethatthepolicymakers'goalsaretoachievefullemploymentoutputandbalancedtrade.Giventhisinformation,whattypeofexchangerateand/orfiscalpolicycanbeusedtoachievesimultaneouslythesetwogoals?Explain. YmustfallandNXmustrise.Anappreciationwillnotwork.ItwouldcauseYtofallbutwillNXwilldecreaseevenmore.AfiscalcontractionwouldworkbecauseitwouldreduceYandalsoreduceimportswhichwillcauseNXtorise.19.2解釋以下區(qū)別：（1）國內(nèi)商品需求;（2）并在國外銷售的貨物（出口）以及國內(nèi)的某些貨物是在國外生產(chǎn)的（進(jìn)口）。國內(nèi)對商品的需求代表了國內(nèi)個人，企業(yè)和對商品的需求：C+I+G.兩者之間的差異是答：邊際進(jìn)口傾向解釋了這一點。隨著增加，和I將增加，導(dǎo)致D增加。其中一些需求增加的是外國商品。必須從中減去這個以獲得ZZ。因此，的給定增加對將大于對ZZ的影響。使用ZZ/Y和NX圖表，以圖形方式說明并解釋增加對產(chǎn)出，出口，進(jìn)口和凈出口答案：T的增加將導(dǎo)致C減少并導(dǎo)致ZZY將下降導(dǎo)致C和S減少。使用ZZY和NX圖表，以圖形方式說明并解釋外國產(chǎn)量（Y*）增加對產(chǎn)出，出口，進(jìn)答：外國收入增加Y*（NX曲線向上移動和需求增加。隨著需求的增加，解釋為什么開放經(jīng)濟(jì)中的乘數(shù)與封濟(jì)中的乘數(shù)不同的支出落在進(jìn)口上。因此，由于存在邊際進(jìn)口傾向，開放經(jīng)濟(jì)中Y假設(shè)Marshall-Lerner條件成立并使用ZZ/Y和NX圖表，以圖形方式說明并解釋實際折答：實際貶值會導(dǎo)致NXNX的上升將導(dǎo)致需求增加。隨著需求的增加，Y假設(shè)一個國家正處于產(chǎn)出高于全部就業(yè)水平和貿(mào)易逆差的情況。進(jìn)一步假設(shè)決策者的/或財政政策同時實現(xiàn)這兩個目標(biāo)？說明。答：Y必須下降，NX必須上升。欣賞不會奏效。它會導(dǎo)致Y下降，但NX會下降。財Supposeacountry'soutputisbelowthepolicymakers'desiredlevelofoutputandisexperiencingatradesurplus.Assumethatthepolicymakers'goalsaretoachievethedesiredlevelofoutput(i.e.,fullemploymentoutput)andbalancedtrade.Giventhisinformation,whattypeofexchangerateand/orfiscalpolicycanbeusedtoachievesimultaneouslythesetwogoals? YmustriseandNXmustfall.AdepreciationwouldcauseYtorisebutNXwouldriseevenmore.Inthiscase,afiscalexpansionwouldwork.YwouldrisecausingimportstoincreaseandNXtofall.ExplainwhattheJ-curveisandwhyit TheJ-curveillustratesgraphicallythedynamicadjustmentofNXtoawhentheMarshall-Lernerconditiondoesnotholdinitiallybutdoesholdeventually.IfMLdoesnotholdinitially,adepreciationwillcauseNXtofall.Overtime,thetiesofexportsandimportswilladjustcausingNXtoriseandeventuallyincreaseaboveitsinitiallevel.TracingoutthepathofN