國際能源署-通過清潔電力采購推進脫碳（英）-2022.11-89正式版

AdvancingDecarbonisationThroughCleanElectricityProcurementINTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYTheIEAexaminesthefullspectrumofenergyissuesincludingoil,gasandcoalsupplyanddemand,renewableenergytechnologies,electricitymarkets,energyefficiency,accesstoenergy,demandsidemanagementandmuchmore.Throughitswork,theIEAadvocatespoliciesthatwillenhancethereliability,affordabilityandsustainabilityofenergyinits31membercountries,11associationcountriesandbeyond.Thispublicationandanymapincludedhereinarewithoutprejudicetothestatusoforsovereigntyoveranyterritory,tothedelimitationofinternationalfrontiersandboundariesandtothenameofanyterritory,cityorarea.

IEAmember IEAassociationcountries: countries:Australia ArgentinaAustria BrazilBelgium ChinaCanada EgyptCzechRepublic IndiaDenmark IndonesiaEstonia MoroccoFinland SingaporeFrance SouthAfricaGermany ThailandGreece UkraineHungaryIrelandItalyJapanKoreaLithuaniaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNewZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovakRepublicSpainSwedenSwitzerlandRepublicofTürkiyeUnitedKingdomUnitedStatesTheEuropeanCommissionalsoparticipatesintheworkoftheIEASource:IEA.InternationalEnergyAgencyWebsite:AdvancingDecarbonisationthroughCleanElectricityProcurement AbstractAbstractThenumberofcorporationsannouncingcleanelectricitypledgeshasincreasedsubstantiallyinrecentyears,withmanycompaniessettingspecificgoalstomeetsomeoralloftheirelectricitydemandwithcleansupply.Thesegoalscansupportnewcapacityincleangeneration,helpingtoboostoverallsharesinpowersystems.Increasingly,cleanelectricitygoalscanbespecifiedindifferentways;thiscanhaveimplicationsforthecleantechnologiesprocured,theamountandlocationofprocurement,andtheresultingemissionsreduction.Insomeregions,corporateshavearangeofoptionstochoosefromwhenpurchasingcleanelectricity;inotherregions,legalandregulatorybarriersstillconstrainengagementincorporateprocurement.Thisreportexaminestheoptionsavailableandthewaysinwhichtheycontributetodecarbonisationand,ultimately,netzeroelectricitygoals.UsingtheIEA’sregionalpowersystemmodelsforIndiaandIndonesia,thereportappliesquantitativeanalysistoexaminetheimplicationsofdifferentprocurementstrategiesforemissionsreduction,procurementcostsandtechnologydeployment.Akeyfindingisthatwhencompaniessetmoregranulargoals–suchasmatchingtheirelectricitydemandhourly(ratherthanannuallyashasbeenthedominantpractice)–itcanstimulatedeploymentofthewiderportfolioofflexibletechnologiesneededfornetzerotransitionsinthepowersector.Thereportaimstoguidecorporatesinchoosingimpactfulwaystoprocurecleanelectricity.Italsohighlightstherolesofpolicymakers,regulators,systemoperatorsandnetworkownersandoperatorsinincreasingtheavailabilityandimpactofcorporateprocurementoptions.Thefinalchapterofferstargetedrecommendationsfordifferentstakeholdergroups.PAGE|3

IEA.CCBY4.0.AdvancingDecarbonisationthroughCleanElectricityProcurement Acknowledgements,contributorsandcreditsAcknowledgements,contributorsandcreditsThereportwaspreparedbytheInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA)withsupportfromGoogle,withtheobjectiveofsupportingelectricityconsumersinchoosingimpactfulwaystoprocurecleanelectricity.ThereportwasconductedundertheguidanceofCésarAlejandroHernándezAlva,formerHeadoftheIEARenewablesIntegrationandSecureElectricity(RISE)Unit.KeisukeSadamori,DirectorofEnergyMarketsandSecurityattheIEA,providedexpertcommentsandseniorguidance.ValuableguidancewasalsogivenbyPabloHevia-Koch,ActingHeadoftheRISEUnit.Thereportwasledandco-ordinatedbyZoeHungerford.ThemainauthorswereEnriqueGutierrez,JuliaGuyon,CraigHart,ZoeHungerford(leadmodeller)andLuisLopez.TheauthorswouldliketothanktheteamatGooglefortheirdetailedandconstructivefeedbackduringpresentationsofinterimfindingsandthepeerreview,ledbyDevonSwezeywithvaluableinputfromMarkCaine,HallieCramer,BrianDenvirandSophieRibas.WearealsogratefulfortheexpertguidanceandreviewfromIEAcolleages:HeymiBahar,JonathanCoppel,PaoloFrankl,GeorgeKamiya,LucaLoRe,HugoSalamancaandJacquesWarichet.Wearegratefultotheexternalexpertsfortheirinsightsandreview:NikkyAvila(Facebook);RinaBoehle-Zeller(Vestas);GiacomoBravaccini(FlexiDAO);TomBrown(TechnicalUniversityofBerlin);ChristinaChristopoulos(Amazon);RizkyFauzianto(RockyMountainInstitute);PeterFreed(Facebook);AshwinGambir(Prayas);TatsatomGoncalves(WorldResourcesInstitute);JoopHazenberg(Re-SourcePlatform);MariahKennedy(Microsoft);TarunKhanna(HertieSchool);DeepakKrishnan(WorldResourcesInstitute);RandiKristiansen(UnitedNationsESCAP);RuiLuo(ClimateWorks);TirthankarMandal(WorldResourcesInstitute);GavinMcCormick(WattTime);JakeOster(Amazon);HenryRichardson(WattTime);CeciliaTam(OECD);andFabbyTumiwa(IndonesiaSolarEnergyAssociation).TheauthorswouldliketothankMarilynSmithforskilfullyeditingthemanuscriptandThereseWalsh,AstridDumondandIsabelleNonain-SemelinfromtheIEACommunicationandDigitalOfficefortheirsupportinproducingandpromotingthisreport.Theindividualsandorganisationsthatcontributedtothisstudyarenotresponsibleforanyopinionsorjudgmentsitcontains.AllerrorsandomissionsaresolelytheresponsibilityoftheIEA.PAGE|4

IEA.CCBY4.0.AdvancingDecarbonisationthroughCleanElectricityProcurement TableofcontentsTableofcontentsExecutivesummary 6Corporatecleanelectricitygoals 15Introduction 15Corporatesinnetzerotransitions 16Cleanelectricitygoals 21Procurementapproaches 26Optionsforcorporateprocurement 26Impactofdifferentprocurementoptions 33Procurementforsmallercompanies 39Impactofelectricityindustrystructureandregulatoryframeworksonprocurementoptions 43Regionalvariationsinprocurementoptions 43Recommendations 52Emissionsaccounting 54Powersectormodelling 54Emissionsaccountingmethodology 55Impactsofprocurementonemissions 60Stepstobetteraccountforemissions 63Netzerotransitions 66Impactsofhourlygoals 66Achievingnetzero 74Detailedrecommendations 75Annexes 81Modellingmethodology 81Calculationmethodologies 84Abbreviationsandacronyms 86Glossary 87PAGE|5

IEA.CCBY4.0.AdvancingDecarbonisationthroughCleanElectricityProcurement ExecutivesummaryExecutivesummaryAnincreasingnumberofcompaniesarelookingtoensure–andshow–thattheyaretryingtohelpmitigateclimatechangeandcontributetocleanenergytransitions.Atthesametime,moreandmoreconsumerswanttochooseproductsandservicescompatiblewithsustainabledevelopment.Inthiscontext,almost1000companiesacrossdifferentactivitysectorshavepledgedsomeformofemissionsreductionorclimateneutralitygoals.Toachievethesegoals,manycompanieshavestarteddefiningtargetstoreduceoreliminateemissionsarisingfromtheirelectricityconsumptionbyprocuringelectricityfromcleansources.Numberofcompanieswithnetzerotargets(left)andRenewableEnergy100pledges(right)byyearandbysectorNumberofcompanies

600600NetzerotargetsRE100pledges40040020020000onorbefore20402050after2050onorbefore2040205020302030Services:ICTServices:FinanceServicesManufacturingChemicalsandpharmaceuticalsCementandnon-metallicmineralsConstructionMiningandmetalsFossilfuelsandelectricityIEA.CCBY4.0.Note:RE100=theRenewableEnergy100initiative.Source:IEAAnalysisofNetZeroTracker(accessed28September2022),andRE100(accessed19July2022).Thisreportaimstosupportconsumersofallsizesinchoosingimpactfulwaystoprocurecleanelectricity.Tothisend,itprovidesguidancenotonlytocompaniesbutalsotokeystakeholdergroups–policymakers,regulators,andsystemandnetworkoperators.Ouranalysisshowsthatthewaycleanelectricitygoalsarespecifiedinfluenceshowcleanenergyprocurementimpactspowersystemsandactualemissionsreduction.Atpresent,mostcorporatecleanelectricityprocurementisguidedbyaccountingpracticessetoutintheGreenhouseGasProtocol.Thisguidanceallowscompaniestoapplyanemissionsfactorofzerototheirelectricityconsumptionintheirgreenhousegas(GHG)emissionsaccountingbymatchingtheirdemandwiththepurchaseofcleangenerationonanannualbasis,e.g.undertheRenewableEnergy100(RE100)initiative.PAGE|6

IEA.CCBY4.0.AdvancingDecarbonisationthroughCleanElectricityProcurement ExecutivesummaryEmissionsreductiongoalsbasedonannualelectricitymatchinghaveunderpinnedthelargeriseinprocurementactivityinthelastdecadeandcancontinuetodriveincreasingdeploymentofcleangeneration,particularlysolarandwind,forpowersystemsinearlierphasesofrenewablesintegration.Morerecently,strategiesthatfocusdirectlyonemissionsimpactsandprioritisethemostcost-effectiveemissionsabatementarealsogainingattention.However,goalsbasedonannualmatchingofelectricityoronlytargetingemissionsdonotdeliverallthetechnologiesthatwillbeneededaspowersystemsdecarboniseandreachhigherrenewablesintegrationphases.Thus,companiesseekingtoleadnetzerotransitionsaredevelopingotherstrategies.Onealternativeaimstomatchthecorporatedemandprofileonanhourlybasis(orless)withdemandandgenerationbothlocatedwithinthesamegrid.Thisapproachdeliversmorerobustemissionsreductioninhigh-renewablessystemsanddrivesdeploymentofamorediverseandflexibleportfolioofcleantechnologiesandsolutions.Thetypeofprocurementthatcorporatesundertaketomeettheirgoalsalsoinfluencesemissionsreductionoutcomes.Dependingonthemarket,anumberofoptionsforcleanelectricityprocurementareavailable:On-siteor“behind-the-meter”(BTM)generation,inwhichcorporatesinvestincleanelectricitygenerationtomeettheirowndemand.Energyattributecertificates(EACs),whicharetradeablecreditsthatcanincludeattributessuchastypeandtimeofgeneration.ExamplesincludeRenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)intheUnitedStatesandGuaranteesofOrigin(GOs)inEurope,ortheemerging,moregranular,time-dependentenergyattributecertificates(T-EACs).Powerpurchaseagreements(PPAs),whicharelong-termcontractsbetweenaconsumerandanelectricityproducer.Thecontractscanbephysical(includingactualdeliveryofelectricitytotheconsumer)orfinancial(asapricehedginginstrument).Greenpowerproductsorgreentariffsthroughwhichthecorporateprocurescleanelectricityfromautilityoracleanelectricitysupplier.Thisportfolioofcleanelectricityprocurementoptionsgivescorporatesflexibilitytochooseonethatfitstheirneedsandcapabilities.However,thereisaneedtoconsiderwhethercleanelectricityprocurementdirectlycontributestoincreasedcleangenerationbeyondwhatwouldbeachievedthroughexistingpublicpolicytargetsandmeasures.Thisisreferredtoas“additionality”,andiseasiertodemonstrateforsomeformsofprocurement,suchasBTMgenerationoraPPAforanewplant.PAGE|7

IEA.CCBY4.0.AdvancingDecarbonisationthroughCleanElectricityProcurement ExecutivesummaryTodate,EACschemeshavebeenthedominantoptionforcorporateprocurement.TheuptakeofPPAshasrisensharplyinthelastdecadeascorporatesseektomaximisethevisibilityandadditionalityoftheirprocurementefforts.Globalcorporatepowerpurchaseagreementsvolumesbyregion,2008-2021Annualvolume(GW)

3530252015105020082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021

12010080(GW)volume6040Cumulative200

AsiaPacificEuropeTheAmericasCumulativeIEA.CCBY4.0.Note:On-sitePPAsexcluded.Source:BloombergNewEnergyFinance(2022).PolicyandregulationshouldmaximisetheavailabilityofdiverseprocurementoptionsTheextentofelectricityindustryliberalisationhasanimportantinfluenceonthepossibilitiesforcleanelectricityprocurement.Somepowermarketstructuresallowforagreatdiversityofprocurementoptions;othersaremorerestricted.Greenpowerproducts,forexample,aretechnicallypossiblewithinmostelectricitymarketstructureswhilePPAsbetweengeneratorsandconsumerstypicallyrequireagreaterdegreeofliberalisation.Acrossalltypesofpowermarkets,whetherfullyintegratedorfullyliberalised,policymakerscantakespecificactionstofosterthedevelopmentofcleanenergyprocurement.Introducingalicensingprocessthatgrantsaccesstotheelectricitynetworkandspecifieswhichactorscaninteractwiththeincumbentutilitycanbeimportantfirststeps(asshowninIndia,IndonesiaandSouthAfrica).Inparallel,policymakersandregulatorsneedtoestablishclearandtransparentprocessesforcostcalculationsandallocateresponsibilitiestoensuredevelopersandconsumersareabletoplacetrustinthemarket.Whiletheavailablemechanismstoenablecleanelectricityofferingstocustomerswillvaryfromonepowersystemtothenext,policymakers,regulatorsandutilitiesshouldtakeactiontomaximisetheaccessibilityofcleanelectricityprocurementoptions.Forlargeconsumers,liberalisationofgenerationandallowingconsumersPAGE|8

IEA.CCBY4.0.AdvancingDecarbonisationthroughCleanElectricityProcurement ExecutivesummarytochoosetheirelectricityprovidercanstimulatetheemergenceofcorporatePPAs,EACschemesandgreentariffsthroughretailers.Forsmallconsumers,policymakerscanenableprocurementbyrequiringutilitiestodevelopgreenpowerproductsandlettingconsumerschooseamongcleanenergysuppliers.Policyactionshouldempowerconsumerswithgreaterclimateambitions–withoutreducingtheobligationsofotherparticipantsAsnotedabove,ensuringthatcorporateprocurementmakesarealcontributiontodeployingmorecleangeneration(alsoreferredtoasadditionality)isvital–frombothpolicyandcorporateperspectives.Totrulyacceleratecleanenergytransitions,themostcriticalrequirementisthatvoluntaryprocurementactuallygoesbeyondexistinggovernmentmandatesandinitiatives.Ifthiscriterionismet,allcorporatecleanelectricitygoalsandalltypesofprocurementcancontributetoacceleratingenergytransitions.Thiscanalsoaddrobustnesstocorporateclaimsofdecarbonisation.Forcertificateschemes,thisrequirescarefuldesigntoensurethataccountingandreportingmechanismsarecompatiblewithgovernmentcleanelectricitytargetsandmandates.Thisimpliestheneedforclearguidelinesastowhatshouldbereportedaspartofthecountry’sownpolicy-drivenprocessandwhatisdrivenbyindividualcorporateinitiatives,aswellasmechanismstoavoiddifferenttypesofdoublecounting.Thisapplieswithincleanelectricitytrackingandtotheinteractionbetweencertificatesandcarboncredits.Itiscriticaltoavoid,forexample,doubleissuanceinwhichbothacleanelectricitycertificateandacarboncreditarecreatedforthesameunitofgenerationandsubsequentlyclaimedbytwoseparateactors.RegulatorsneedtoensureclearallocationofsystemcostsAnnualmatchinggoals,whichfocusonelectricityandtendtobesatisfiedbyvariablerenewabletechnologies,createasetofspecificchallenges.Companiesusingthesestrategiesstillrelyonservicesthatothergeneratorsprovide–e.g.supplyingcapacityadequacy,balancingandstability,aswellasuseofthegrid.Thismayimplycostsforotheractorsprovidingthem,suchasgeneratorsandsystemandnetworkoperators,whichmustberecoveredthroughconsumerbillingstructures.Ifsuchcostsarenotallocatedexplicitly,thetotalcostsmayendup,bydefault,beingpassedtoothergridusersinanunfairmanner.Alternatively,thesystemoperatormayhavenomechanismtorecoverthemandfacesolvencyissues.PAGE|9

IEA.CCBY4.0.AdvancingDecarbonisationthroughCleanElectricityProcurement ExecutivesummaryRegulatorsplayamajorroleinensuringaclearallocationofcoststhatsupportsystemoperationsanddecarbonisation,andshouldthereforedevelopclearmechanismstoevaluateandallocatethem.Insystemswhererenewablesdeploymentrequirespolicysupport,regulatorsshoulddesignremunerationmechanismsinawaythatensuresthatallpartiescontributetoreducingtheimpactonoverallsystemcostsandallowsystemoperatorstocoveradditionalcostsefficiently.Akeyconsiderationisthatsuchmechanismsensuresupportforcleanelectricitydeploymentwithoutinadvertentlypassingcoststovulnerableconsumers.Mechanismsshouldalsorecognisethecontributionthatflexibletechnologiesprovidetothesystem.WeillustratethisinanIEAmodellingcasestudyforIndiaandIndonesiain2030inwhichweevaluatesystemimpactsforcorporategenerationbasedondifferentcleanelectricitygoals.Themodellingevaluatessystemcostsandvalueinrelationtoimpactsonfuelcosts,operatingcosts(includingstartupsandramping),andestimatedpeakcontribution.Wefindthatthesystemvalueofannualmatchingportfoliosissubstantiallybelowthecosttoservethecorporateloadwithstandardgridsupply.Incontrast,hourlymatchingportfoliosbringamuchhighervalue,whichmayevenexceedthecostsforservingthecorporateload.SystemcostsandvaluecontributioninIndiaandIndonesia,2030(USD/MWh)605040system3020the100Cost/valuetoBaselinecostAnnualMonthlyHourly(CFE90)Hourly(CFE100)isolatedHourly(CFE100)optimisedBaselinecostAnnualMonthlyHourly(CFE90)Hourly(CFE100)isolatedHourly(CFE100)optimisedIndiaIndonesia

OperatingcostFuelcostPeakcostTotalvalueIEA.CCBY4.0.Notes:CFE=carbon-freeenergy,SDS=SustainableDevelopmentScenario,APS=AnnouncedPledgesScenario.TheCFE100caseisbasedoncorporateportfoliobuilttofullymeetcorporatedemandineveryhour;theCFE90caseusesacorporateportfoliothatdependsonimportsinsomehoursbutachievesaCFEscoreof90basedonthemethodologypublishedbyGoogle.Isolateddispatchreferstoacaseinwhichthecorporateportfolioisoperatedonlytomatchthecorporateloadprofile.Optimiseddispatchseekstoalignoptimisationofthecorporateportfoliowiththatoftheentirepowersystem.HourlystrategiesallowcompanieswithhigherambitiontohelpleadnetzerotransitionsCleanelectricitygoalsbasedonmatchingcleangenerationtocorporatedemandonanannualbasishaveplayedanimportantrolesofar,drivingprocurementofPAGE|10

IEA.CCBY4.0.AdvancingDecarbonisationthroughCleanElectricityProcurement Executivesummarycleanelectricitymainlyfromsolarandwind.Thesegoalscontinuetoprovidevalueacrosstheworldinsystemswherethepriorityisaddingcleanelectricity,particularlyfromvariablerenewables.Achievingnetzeropowersectortransitions,however,willultimatelyrequireabroaderrangeofclean,flexibleelectricitysupplyandserviceoptions.Corporatescantaketheleadinacceleratingdecarbonisationbysettingmoreambitiousgoalsthatcanstimulatedeploymentforthefullportfolioofcleandispatchabletechnologies.IEAmodellingforIndiaandIndonesiashowsthathourlymatchingstrategies(ascomparedtoannual)leadtoamorediversetechnologyportfolio,includingcleandispatchablegenerationandstorage.ProcurementportfoliosandprocurementcostforannualandhourlydemandmatchinginIndiaandIndonesia,2030Installedcapacity(MW/GWhload)

0.10.0AnnualMonthlyHourlyHourlyAnnualMonthlyHourlyHourly(CFE90)(CFE(CFE90)(CFE100)100)India,SDSIndonesia,APS

80(USD/MWh)706050costs4030total20Annualised100

CleandispatchableBatteryWindSolarPVCostsIEA.CCBY4.0.Notes:CFE=carbon-freeenergy,SDS=SustainableDevelopmentScenario,APS=AnnouncedPledgesScenario.TheCFE100caseisbasedoncorporateportfoliobuilttofullymeetcorporatedemandineveryhour;theCFE90caseusesacorporateportfoliothatdependsonimportsinsomehoursbutachievesaCFEscoreof90basedonthemethodologypublishedbyGoogle.CompaniesadoptinghourlystrategiesshouldtakeasystemsperspectivetoensurepowersystemefficiencyHourlymatchingstrategiesimplycorporategenerationcloselymatchingcorporatedemandprofiles.Inprinciple,thisdoesnotconsidertheoveralldemandprofileoftheentiresystem.Suchanapproachcouldleadtoinvestmentdecisionsthatoverlookthefactthatlarge,interconnectedpowersystemsbenefitfromincreasedefficiencybyaggregatingloadandsharinggenerationresources.Toavoidtheriskofinefficientinvestment,allprocurementstrategiesshouldallowforinteractionbetweenthecorporategenerationandthepowersystem,whichincludesexportingsurplusgenerationtotherestofthesystemandutilisingsystemservices.OneoptiontoachievethisforhourlystrategiesistargetinghourlyPAGE|11

IEA.CCBY4.0.AdvancingDecarbonisationthroughCleanElectricityProcurement Executivesummarymatchingatlessthan100%ineachhour.Relativetoannualmatchingstrategies,thisapproachstimulatesamuchmorediverseandflexibleportfolioandprovidesagreatercontributiontosystemservices.Inthiscase,thecorporateremainsdependentonthemainsystemforpeakingrequirementsandsomebalancingservices,whichhelpstoavoidinefficientoverbuildingofthesystem.Tradingoftime-basedcertificates(T-EACs)canalsoallowcorporatestopursuehourlymatchinginamorecost-effectivemanner.Certificatetradingallowscorporatestotradesurpluscleangenerationinspecifichours,whicheffectivelyallowsforaggregationofgenerationtomeetdifferentdemandprofiles.Inthiscase,itisessentialtoassessadditionalityandensurethecertificatesformeeting24/7goalsdonotcomefromexistinggenerationwithoutincreasingflexiblesupply.IEAmodellingforIndiaandIndonesiashowsthat,relativetoanisolateddispatchmatchedtothecompanyloadprofile,optimiseddispatchofhourlymatchingportfoliosreducesbothsystemcostsandemissions.ReductioninCO2emissionsusingsiloedandoptimiseddispatchinIndiaandIndonesia,2030Emissionsreduction(%)

140120100806040200HourlyHourly(CFEHourly(CFEHourlyHourly(CFEHourly(CFE(isolated)100,optimised)90,optimised)(isolated)100,optimised)90,optimised)India,SDSIndonesia,APSIEA.CCBY4.0.Notes:CFE=carbon-freeenergy,SDS=SustainableDevelopmentScenario,APS=AnnouncedPledgesScenario.Isolateddispatchreferstoacaseinwhichthecorporateportfolioisoperatedonlytomatchthecorporateloadprofile.Optimiseddispatchseekstoalignoptimisationofthecorporateportfoliowiththatoftheentirepowersystem.TheCFE100caseisbasedoncorporateportfoliobuilttofullymeetcorporatedemandineveryhour;theCFE90caseusesacorporateportfoliothatdependsonimportsinsomehoursbutachievesaCFEscoreof90basedonthemethodologypublishedbyGoogle.UpdateemissionsaccountingapproachestobetteraligncalculatedandactualemissionsimpactWhilereducingcarbonemissionsisanimportantobjectiveofcleanelectricityprocurementstrategies,existingframeworksfailtofullyconsiderallaspectsthataffectemissions.Inparticular,accountingframeworksbasedonmatchingelectricitydemandandsupplyonanannualbasiscreateariskofdiscrepanciesPAGE|12

IEA.CCBY4.0.AdvancingDecarbonisationthroughCleanElectricityProcurement Executivesummarybetweenattributedandactualemissionsreduction.Whilerelativelyfit-for-purposeinmanypowersystemstoday,aspowersystemsreachhigherphasesofrenewablesintegration,theseapproacheswillincreasinglyfallshort.IEAmodellingforIndiashowsthatcorporateprocurementbasedonannualelectricitymatchingreducescompanyemissionsby96%in2020.However,astheshareofrenewablesintheelectricitymixincreases,thesameapproachdeliversonly89%emissionsreductionby2030intheSustainableDevelopmentScenario.Inacasewiththeshareofvariablerenewablesreaching50%,theemissionsreductionvaluefallstoaround50%,reflectingincreasedcurtailmentofrenewablesintherestofthesystemandthecorporategenerationmostlydisplacinggas(ratherthancoal)duringhoursofsurplus.EmissionsreductionresultingfromcorporatecleangenerationforannualmatchingstrategiesinIndia,2020and2030Emissionsredu