法律英語(yǔ)課件

LessonFiveConstitution12/10/20221法律英語(yǔ)LessonFiveConstitution12/9/2Nosocietycanmakeaperpetualconstitution,orevenaperpetuallaw.ThomasJefferson,Americapresident

沒(méi)有哪個(gè)社會(huì)可以制訂一部永遠(yuǎn)適用的憲法，甚至一條永遠(yuǎn)適用的法律。

美國(guó)總統(tǒng)杰斐遜T12/10/20222法律英語(yǔ)NosocietycanmakeaperpetuaBackgroundCommonLaw-EquityLawSubstantiveLaw-ProceduralLawPublicLaw-PrivateLaw法律分類Constitution12/10/20223法律英語(yǔ)BackgroundCommonLaw-EquityLaHistoryof

theConstitutionArticlesofConfederationandPerpetualUnion

聯(lián)邦條例

(1777)12/10/20224法律英語(yǔ)Historyof

theConstitutionAHistoryoftheConstitutionTHEUNITEDSTATESCONSTITUTION(1789)12/10/20225法律英語(yǔ)HistoryoftheConstitutionTHEPreambleArticleI-LegislativeDepartmentArticleII-ExecutiveDepartmentArticleIII-JudicialDepartmentArticleIV-States'RelationsArticleV-ModeofAmendmentArticleVI-PriorDebts,NationalSupremacyandOathsofOfficeArticleVII-Ratification12/10/20226法律英語(yǔ)Preamble12/9/20226法律英語(yǔ)PREAMBLEWethePeopleoftheUnitedStates,inOrdertoformamoreperfectUnion,establishJustice,insuredomesticTranquility,provideforthecommondefense,promotethegeneralWelfare,andsecuretheBlessingsofLibertytoourselvesandourPosterity,doordainandestablishthisConstitutionfortheUnitedStatesofAmerica.我們合眾國(guó)人民，為建立更完善的聯(lián)邦，樹立正義，保障國(guó)內(nèi)安寧，提供共同防務(wù)，促進(jìn)公共福利，并使我們自己和后代得享自由的幸福，特為美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó)制定本憲法。12/10/20227法律英語(yǔ)PREAMBLEWethePeopleoftheUHistoryoftheConstitutionAmendments(1-27)THEFIRST10AMENDMENTSTOTHEU.S.CONSTITUTIONBILLOFRIGHTS權(quán)利和自由修正案12/10/20228法律英語(yǔ)HistoryoftheConstitutionAmePartOne:Theconstitutionassupremelaw"supremelawoftheland."

憲法是美國(guó)最高法律。WhenstateconstitutionsorlawspassedbystatelegislaturesorthenationalCongress

conflictwiththefederalConstitution,theyhavenoforce.沒(méi)有效力12/10/20229法律英語(yǔ)PartOne:TheconstitutionasDecisionshandeddownbytheSupremeCourt……h(huán)aveconfirmedandstrengthened“Doctrineofconstitutionalsupremacy”聯(lián)邦最高法院宣布的決定證實(shí)并加強(qiáng)了憲法至上原則。12/10/202210法律英語(yǔ)DecisionshandeddownbytheSFinalauthorityisvestedintheAmericanpeople.最終權(quán)力屬于美國(guó)人民…changethefundamentallawamendingtheConstitution

修改憲法draftinganewone

起草新憲法12/10/202211法律英語(yǔ)FinalauthorityisvestedintTheday-to-daybusinessofgovernmentisdelegatedbythepeopletopublicofficials.人民將日常政治工作委托給公務(wù)員。Elected選舉Appointed委任12/10/202212法律英語(yǔ)Theday-to-daybusinessofgovPublicofficialsPowerislimited.權(quán)力受限制。TheirpublicactionsmustconformtotheConstitutionandtothelawsmadeinaccordwiththeConstitution.他們的公共行為必須符合憲法和依照憲法制定的法律。12/10/202213法律英語(yǔ)PublicofficialsPowerislimitElectedofficialsmuststandforre-electionatperiodicintervals,whentheirrecordsaresubjecttointensivepublicscrutiny.選舉產(chǎn)生的官員要接受定期重新選舉，其政績(jī)要受到公眾全面監(jiān)督。12/10/202214法律英語(yǔ)ElectedofficialsmuststandfAppointedofficialsserveatthepleasureofthepersonorauthoritywhoappointedthem,andmayberemovedwhentheirperformanceisunsatisfactory.委任的官員應(yīng)該讓任命他們的人或機(jī)構(gòu)滿意。如果他們的政績(jī)令人不滿意，他們就會(huì)被撤職。ExceptionJusticesoftheSupremeCourtandotherfederaljudgesLifetimeappointment12/10/202215法律英語(yǔ)AppointedofficialsserveattBallotboxTheAmericanpeopleexpresstheirwillthroughtheballotbox.美國(guó)人通過(guò)投票箱表達(dá)他們的意愿。12/10/202216法律英語(yǔ)BallotboxTheAmericanpeopleTheprocessofimpeachment

彈劾程序removalofapublicofficialfromoffice將一個(gè)政府官員撤職Incaseofextrememisconductormalfeasance——嚴(yán)重失職或?yàn)^職12/10/202217法律英語(yǔ)Theprocessofimpeachment

彈劾憲法第２條第４項(xiàng)：總統(tǒng)、副總統(tǒng)和合眾國(guó)的所有文職官員，凡受叛國(guó)、賄賂或其他重罪輕罪的彈劾并被判定有罪時(shí)，應(yīng)被免職。Treason叛國(guó)罪Bribery受賄罪Misdemeanor輕罪Otherhighcrimes其他重罪12/10/202218法律英語(yǔ)憲法第２條第４項(xiàng)：總統(tǒng)、副總統(tǒng)和合眾國(guó)的所有文職官員，凡受叛ImpeachmentHouseofRepresentativesvoteabillofimpeachment.眾議院投票通過(guò)彈劾議案Senate,withtheChiefJusticeoftheUnitedStatespresidingatthetrail.在參議院，由首席大法官主持審判眾議院是作為起訴人的角色，而參議院充當(dāng)彈劾法庭的角色12/10/202219法律英語(yǔ)ImpeachmentHouseofRepresentImpeachmentDrasticmeasure嚴(yán)厲措施Only13U.S.officialshavebeenimpeached只有13名聯(lián)邦官員受到彈劾JudgesAssociateJusticeoftheSupremeCourtSecretaryofWarSenatorpresident12/10/202220法律英語(yǔ)ImpeachmentDrasticmeasureJ參議院的審理結(jié)果是：９名法官中，４人被宣判有罪而被免職，５人被宣布無(wú)罪；以無(wú)管轄權(quán)為由駁回了眾議院對(duì)參議員的起訴；以一票之差宣告約翰遜總統(tǒng)無(wú)罪；宣告陸軍部長(zhǎng)無(wú)罪。12/10/202221法律英語(yǔ)參議院的審理結(jié)果是：９名法官中，４人被宣判有罪而被免職，５人AndrewJohnson站在南方種植園奴隸主的立場(chǎng)，實(shí)施了一系列重建南方的反動(dòng)措施，遭到控制國(guó)會(huì)的共和黨激進(jìn)派的強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)。AndrewJohnson

(1808–1875)12/10/202222法律英語(yǔ)AndrewJohnson站在南方種植園奴隸主的立場(chǎng)，實(shí)施RichardNixonInlateJulyof1974,theHouseJudiciaryCommitteerecommendedthatNixonbeImpeachedonthreecharges:obstructionofjustice,abuseofpresidentialpowers,andtryingtoimpedetheimpeachmentprocessbydefyingtheirsubpoenas.RichardNixon（1913-1994）Watergatecrisis12/10/202223法律英語(yǔ)RichardNixonInlateJulyof1BillClinton

（1946-）ZippergateandClinton:Impeachment12/10/202224法律英語(yǔ)BillClinton

（1946-）Zippe12/10/202225法律英語(yǔ)12/9/202225法律英語(yǔ)ThreebranchesofthenationalgovernmentLegislative立法機(jī)關(guān)Executive執(zhí)法機(jī)關(guān)Judicial司法機(jī)關(guān)12/10/202226法律英語(yǔ)Threebranchesofthenational12/10/202227法律英語(yǔ)12/9/202227法律英語(yǔ)Part2:TheprinciplesofgovernmentThreemainbranchesofgovernmentareseparatedanddistinctfromoneanother.三個(gè)主要的政府機(jī)構(gòu)相互獨(dú)立和區(qū)別。Thepowersgiventoeacharedelicatelybalancedbythepowersoftheothertwo.給予一個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)的權(quán)力受到另兩個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)的微妙制約。12/10/202228法律英語(yǔ)Part2:TheprinciplesofgoveEachbranchservesasacheckonpotentialexcessesoftheothers.每一個(gè)部門都作為對(duì)其他部門可能濫用職權(quán)的制約。12/10/202229法律英語(yǔ)EachbranchservesasacheckCongressandtheCourtsbalanceeachother.Congressmakeslaws,buttheCourtsinterpretthem.TheSupremeCourtdecidesifalawfitsthemeaningoftheConstitution.Congress-Courts

KeepingtheBalance12/10/202230法律英語(yǔ)CongressandtheCourtsbalancCongress-President

KeepingtheBalanceThePresidenthasspecialwaystocheckCongressandCongresshasspecialwaystocheckthePresident.ThePresidentchecksCongresswhenhevetoesabill.Congresscancheckhimifa2/3majorityvotestooverridehisveto.12/10/202231法律英語(yǔ)Congress-President

Keepingt憲法至上TheConstitution,law……,

andtreatiesenteredintobythePresidentandapprovedbytheSenate,standsaboveallotherlaws,executiveactsandregulations.憲法、按照憲法規(guī)定通過(guò)的法律以及總統(tǒng)簽署、參議院批準(zhǔn)的條約高于其他法律、行政法和條例。12/10/202232法律英語(yǔ)憲法至上TheConstitution,law……,EqualAllmenareequalbeforethelaw.法律面前人人平等。Allmenareequallyentitledtolaw’sprotection.所有人都有權(quán)享有法律的保護(hù)。Allstatesareequal.所有的州都平等。12/10/202233法律英語(yǔ)EqualAllmenareequalbeforeStategovernment，likethefederalgovernment,mustberepublicaninform,withfinalauthorityrestinginthepeople.與聯(lián)邦政府一樣，州政府形式上必須是共和制，最終權(quán)力歸于人民。12/10/202234法律英語(yǔ)Stategovernment，likethefedPart3:ProvisionsofAmendmentChangeswouldbeneededfromtimetotimeiftheConstitutionweretoendureandkeeppacewiththegrowthofthenation.憲法要想保持活力并跟得上國(guó)家發(fā)展的步伐，就必須不斷改變。12/10/202235法律英語(yǔ)Part3:ProvisionsofAmendmenTheprocessofchangesshouldnotbefacile太容易permittingill-conceived

允許設(shè)計(jì)不周到hastilypassedamendments

倉(cāng)促通過(guò)修正案Aminoritycouldnotblockactiondesiredbymostofthepeople12/10/202236法律英語(yǔ)TheprocessofchangesshouldAdualprocesstochangetheConstitutionCongressmayinitiateanamendment

國(guó)會(huì)提起憲法修改動(dòng)議ThelegislaturesofstatesmayaskCongresstocallanationalconventiontodiscussanddraftamendments.

州立法機(jī)關(guān)要求國(guó)會(huì)召開國(guó)民大會(huì)討論并起草修正案Approvedby?ofthestates

?的州認(rèn)可后才能生效12/10/202237法律英語(yǔ)AdualprocesstochangetheCAsidefromthedirectprocessofchangingtheconstitutionitself,Theeffectofitsprovisionsmaybechangedbyjudicialinterpretation除了直接改變憲法本身外，通過(guò)司法解釋，可以改變憲法條款的效果。12/10/202238法律英語(yǔ)AsidefromthedirectprocessThedoctrineofjudicialreview

司法審查原則LandmarkcaseWilliamMarburyJamesMadisonvs.12/10/202239法律英語(yǔ)ThedoctrineofjudicialrevieInMarburyvs.Madison,ChiefJustice

JohnMarshallestablishedtheprincipleofjudicialreviewoftheconstitutionalityofactsofCongress.ChiefJusticeJohnMarshall

(1755-1835)

12/10/202240法律英語(yǔ)InMarburyvs.Madison,Chiefjudicialreview

司法審查權(quán)ThepoweroftheCourttointerpretactsofCongressanddecidetheirconstitutionality.司法審查權(quán)是聯(lián)邦最高法院解釋國(guó)會(huì)行為并確定國(guó)會(huì)行為合憲性的權(quán)力。12/10/202241法律英語(yǔ)judicialreview

司法審查權(quán)Thepowerjudicialreview

司法審查權(quán)ThepoweroftheCourttoexplainthemeaningofvarioussectionsoftheConstitutionastheyapplytochanginglegal,political,economicandsocialconditions.司法審查權(quán)包含最高法院解釋憲法各部分在改變法律、政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)環(huán)境方面作用的權(quán)力。12/10/202242法律英語(yǔ)judicialreview

司法審查權(quán)ThepowerAseriesofCourtdecisionshashadtheeffectofalteringthethrustofconstitutionallaw,withnosubstantivechangeintheConstitutionitself.最高法院裁決……有改變憲法指向的效果，但并沒(méi)有使憲法本身發(fā)生實(shí)質(zhì)性變化。12/10/202243法律英語(yǔ)AseriesofCourtdecisionshaCongressionallegislation,passedtoimplementprovisionsofthebasiclaw,ortoadaptittochangingconditions,alsobroadensandchangesthemeaningoftheconstitution.國(guó)會(huì)為執(zhí)行基本法或使基本法適應(yīng)改變的環(huán)境而制定的法律，也拓寬和改變了憲法的含義。12/10/202244法律英語(yǔ)Congressionallegislation,pasTherulesandregulations

ofmyriadagenciesof

thefederalgovernmentmayhaveasimilareffect.聯(lián)邦政府各機(jī)構(gòu)制定的規(guī)章制度也具有類似的作用（拓寬和改變了憲法的含義）。Acidtest法律和規(guī)章符合

憲法本身的立法

意圖和目的12/10/202245法律英語(yǔ)Therulesandregulationsofm重點(diǎn)專業(yè)詞匯ArticlesofConfederation

BILLOFRIGHTSDoctrineofconstitutionalsupremacyLifetimeappointmentBallotboxImpeachmentmisconductormalfeasance12/10/202246法律英語(yǔ)重點(diǎn)專業(yè)詞匯ArticlesofConfederatioTreasonBriberyMisdemeanorHouseofRepresentativesSenateLegislative，Executive，JudicialAmendmentThedoctrineofjudicialreviewTherulesandregulations

12/10/202247法律英語(yǔ)Treason12/9/202247法律英語(yǔ)Questionsaboutthetext12/10/202248法律英語(yǔ)Questionsaboutthetext12/9/2MapofUSA12/10/202249法律英語(yǔ)MapofUSA12/9/202249法律英語(yǔ)LessonFiveConstitution12/10/202250法律英語(yǔ)LessonFiveConstitution12/9/2Nosocietycanmakeaperpetualconstitution,orevenaperpetuallaw.ThomasJefferson,Americapresident

沒(méi)有哪個(gè)社會(huì)可以制訂一部永遠(yuǎn)適用的憲法，甚至一條永遠(yuǎn)適用的法律。

美國(guó)總統(tǒng)杰斐遜T12/10/202251法律英語(yǔ)NosocietycanmakeaperpetuaBackgroundCommonLaw-EquityLawSubstantiveLaw-ProceduralLawPublicLaw-PrivateLaw法律分類Constitution12/10/202252法律英語(yǔ)BackgroundCommonLaw-EquityLaHistoryof

theConstitutionArticlesofConfederationandPerpetualUnion

聯(lián)邦條例

(1777)12/10/202253法律英語(yǔ)Historyof

theConstitutionAHistoryoftheConstitutionTHEUNITEDSTATESCONSTITUTION(1789)12/10/202254法律英語(yǔ)HistoryoftheConstitutionTHEPreambleArticleI-LegislativeDepartmentArticleII-ExecutiveDepartmentArticleIII-JudicialDepartmentArticleIV-States'RelationsArticleV-ModeofAmendmentArticleVI-PriorDebts,NationalSupremacyandOathsofOfficeArticleVII-Ratification12/10/202255法律英語(yǔ)Preamble12/9/20226法律英語(yǔ)PREAMBLEWethePeopleoftheUnitedStates,inOrdertoformamoreperfectUnion,establishJustice,insuredomesticTranquility,provideforthecommondefense,promotethegeneralWelfare,andsecuretheBlessingsofLibertytoourselvesandourPosterity,doordainandestablishthisConstitutionfortheUnitedStatesofAmerica.我們合眾國(guó)人民，為建立更完善的聯(lián)邦，樹立正義，保障國(guó)內(nèi)安寧，提供共同防務(wù)，促進(jìn)公共福利，并使我們自己和后代得享自由的幸福，特為美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó)制定本憲法。12/10/202256法律英語(yǔ)PREAMBLEWethePeopleoftheUHistoryoftheConstitutionAmendments(1-27)THEFIRST10AMENDMENTSTOTHEU.S.CONSTITUTIONBILLOFRIGHTS權(quán)利和自由修正案12/10/202257法律英語(yǔ)HistoryoftheConstitutionAmePartOne:Theconstitutionassupremelaw"supremelawoftheland."

憲法是美國(guó)最高法律。WhenstateconstitutionsorlawspassedbystatelegislaturesorthenationalCongress

conflictwiththefederalConstitution,theyhavenoforce.沒(méi)有效力12/10/202258法律英語(yǔ)PartOne:TheconstitutionasDecisionshandeddownbytheSupremeCourt……h(huán)aveconfirmedandstrengthened“Doctrineofconstitutionalsupremacy”聯(lián)邦最高法院宣布的決定證實(shí)并加強(qiáng)了憲法至上原則。12/10/202259法律英語(yǔ)DecisionshandeddownbytheSFinalauthorityisvestedintheAmericanpeople.最終權(quán)力屬于美國(guó)人民…changethefundamentallawamendingtheConstitution

修改憲法draftinganewone

起草新憲法12/10/202260法律英語(yǔ)FinalauthorityisvestedintTheday-to-daybusinessofgovernmentisdelegatedbythepeopletopublicofficials.人民將日常政治工作委托給公務(wù)員。Elected選舉Appointed委任12/10/202261法律英語(yǔ)Theday-to-daybusinessofgovPublicofficialsPowerislimited.權(quán)力受限制。TheirpublicactionsmustconformtotheConstitutionandtothelawsmadeinaccordwiththeConstitution.他們的公共行為必須符合憲法和依照憲法制定的法律。12/10/202262法律英語(yǔ)PublicofficialsPowerislimitElectedofficialsmuststandforre-electionatperiodicintervals,whentheirrecordsaresubjecttointensivepublicscrutiny.選舉產(chǎn)生的官員要接受定期重新選舉，其政績(jī)要受到公眾全面監(jiān)督。12/10/202263法律英語(yǔ)ElectedofficialsmuststandfAppointedofficialsserveatthepleasureofthepersonorauthoritywhoappointedthem,andmayberemovedwhentheirperformanceisunsatisfactory.委任的官員應(yīng)該讓任命他們的人或機(jī)構(gòu)滿意。如果他們的政績(jī)令人不滿意，他們就會(huì)被撤職。ExceptionJusticesoftheSupremeCourtandotherfederaljudgesLifetimeappointment12/10/202264法律英語(yǔ)AppointedofficialsserveattBallotboxTheAmericanpeopleexpresstheirwillthroughtheballotbox.美國(guó)人通過(guò)投票箱表達(dá)他們的意愿。12/10/202265法律英語(yǔ)BallotboxTheAmericanpeopleTheprocessofimpeachment

彈劾程序removalofapublicofficialfromoffice將一個(gè)政府官員撤職Incaseofextrememisconductormalfeasance——嚴(yán)重失職或?yàn)^職12/10/202266法律英語(yǔ)Theprocessofimpeachment

彈劾憲法第２條第４項(xiàng)：總統(tǒng)、副總統(tǒng)和合眾國(guó)的所有文職官員，凡受叛國(guó)、賄賂或其他重罪輕罪的彈劾并被判定有罪時(shí)，應(yīng)被免職。Treason叛國(guó)罪Bribery受賄罪Misdemeanor輕罪Otherhighcrimes其他重罪12/10/202267法律英語(yǔ)憲法第２條第４項(xiàng)：總統(tǒng)、副總統(tǒng)和合眾國(guó)的所有文職官員，凡受叛ImpeachmentHouseofRepresentativesvoteabillofimpeachment.眾議院投票通過(guò)彈劾議案Senate,withtheChiefJusticeoftheUnitedStatespresidingatthetrail.在參議院，由首席大法官主持審判眾議院是作為起訴人的角色，而參議院充當(dāng)彈劾法庭的角色12/10/202268法律英語(yǔ)ImpeachmentHouseofRepresentImpeachmentDrasticmeasure嚴(yán)厲措施Only13U.S.officialshavebeenimpeached只有13名聯(lián)邦官員受到彈劾JudgesAssociateJusticeoftheSupremeCourtSecretaryofWarSenatorpresident12/10/202269法律英語(yǔ)ImpeachmentDrasticmeasureJ參議院的審理結(jié)果是：９名法官中，４人被宣判有罪而被免職，５人被宣布無(wú)罪；以無(wú)管轄權(quán)為由駁回了眾議院對(duì)參議員的起訴；以一票之差宣告約翰遜總統(tǒng)無(wú)罪；宣告陸軍部長(zhǎng)無(wú)罪。12/10/202270法律英語(yǔ)參議院的審理結(jié)果是：９名法官中，４人被宣判有罪而被免職，５人AndrewJohnson站在南方種植園奴隸主的立場(chǎng)，實(shí)施了一系列重建南方的反動(dòng)措施，遭到控制國(guó)會(huì)的共和黨激進(jìn)派的強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)。AndrewJohnson

(1808–1875)12/10/202271法律英語(yǔ)AndrewJohnson站在南方種植園奴隸主的立場(chǎng)，實(shí)施RichardNixonInlateJulyof1974,theHouseJudiciaryCommitteerecommendedthatNixonbeImpeachedonthreecharges:obstructionofjustice,abuseofpresidentialpowers,andtryingtoimpedetheimpeachmentprocessbydefyingtheirsubpoenas.RichardNixon（1913-1994）Watergatecrisis12/10/202272法律英語(yǔ)RichardNixonInlateJulyof1BillClinton

（1946-）ZippergateandClinton:Impeachment12/10/202273法律英語(yǔ)BillClinton

（1946-）Zippe12/10/202274法律英語(yǔ)12/9/202225法律英語(yǔ)ThreebranchesofthenationalgovernmentLegislative立法機(jī)關(guān)Executive執(zhí)法機(jī)關(guān)Judicial司法機(jī)關(guān)12/10/202275法律英語(yǔ)Threebranchesofthenational12/10/202276法律英語(yǔ)12/9/202227法律英語(yǔ)Part2:TheprinciplesofgovernmentThreemainbranchesofgovernmentareseparatedanddistinctfromoneanother.三個(gè)主要的政府機(jī)構(gòu)相互獨(dú)立和區(qū)別。Thepowersgiventoeacharedelicatelybalancedbythepowersoftheothertwo.給予一個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)的權(quán)力受到另兩個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)的微妙制約。12/10/202277法律英語(yǔ)Part2:TheprinciplesofgoveEachbranchservesasacheckonpotentialexcessesoftheothers.每一個(gè)部門都作為對(duì)其他部門可能濫用職權(quán)的制約。12/10/202278法律英語(yǔ)EachbranchservesasacheckCongressandtheCourtsbalanceeachother.Congressmakeslaws,buttheCourtsinterpretthem.TheSupremeCourtdecidesifalawfitsthemeaningoftheConstitution.Congress-Courts

KeepingtheBalance12/10/202279法律英語(yǔ)CongressandtheCourtsbalancCongress-President

KeepingtheBalanceThePresidenthasspecialwaystocheckCongressandCongresshasspecialwaystocheckthePresident.ThePresidentchecksCongresswhenhevetoesabill.Congresscancheckhimifa2/3majorityvotestooverridehisveto.12/10/202280法律英語(yǔ)Congress-President

Keepingt憲法至上TheConstitution,law……,

andtreatiesenteredintobythePresidentandapprovedbytheSenate,standsaboveallotherlaws,executiveactsandregulations.憲法、按照憲法規(guī)定通過(guò)的法律以及總統(tǒng)簽署、參議院批準(zhǔn)的條約高于其他法律、行政法和條例。12/10/202281法律英語(yǔ)憲法至上TheConstitution,law……,EqualAllmenareequalbeforethelaw.法律面前人人平等。Allmenareequallyentitledtolaw’sprotection.所有人都有權(quán)享有法律的保護(hù)。Allstatesareequal.所有的州都平等。12/10/202282法律英語(yǔ)EqualAllmenareequalbeforeStategovernment，likethefederalgovernment,mustberepublicaninform,withfinalauthorityrestinginthepeople.與聯(lián)邦政府一樣，州政府形式上必須是共和制，最終權(quán)力歸于人民。12/10/202283法律英語(yǔ)Stategovernment，likethefedPart3:ProvisionsofAmendmentChangeswouldbeneededfromtimetotimeiftheConstitutionweretoendureandkeeppacewiththegrowthofthenation.憲法要想保持活力并跟得上國(guó)家發(fā)展的步伐，就必須不斷改變。12/10/202284法律英語(yǔ)Part3:ProvisionsofAmendmenTheprocessofchangesshouldnotbefacile太容易permittingill-conceived

允許設(shè)計(jì)不周到hastilypassedamendments

倉(cāng)促通過(guò)修正案Aminoritycouldnotblockactiondesiredbymostofthepeople12/10/202285法律英語(yǔ)TheprocessofchangesshouldAdualprocesstochangetheConstitutionCongressmayinitiateanamendment

國(guó)會(huì)提起憲法修改動(dòng)議ThelegislaturesofstatesmayaskCongresstocallanationalconventiontodiscussanddraftamendments.

州立法機(jī)關(guān)要求國(guó)會(huì)召開國(guó)民大會(huì)討論并起草修正案Approvedby?ofthestates

?的州認(rèn)可后才能生效12/10/202286法律英語(yǔ)AdualprocesstochangetheCAsidefromthedirectprocessofchangingtheconstitutionitself,Theeffectofitsprovisionsmaybechangedbyjudicialinterpretation除了直接改變憲法本身外，通過(guò)司法解釋，可以改變憲法條款的效果。12/10/202287法律英語(yǔ)AsidefromthedirectprocessThedoctrineofjudicialreview

司法審查原則LandmarkcaseWilliamMarburyJamesMadisonvs.12/10/202288法律英語(yǔ)ThedoctrineofjudicialrevieIn