太陽(yáng)能光熱資料匯總(英文版)課件

HowSolarHeatingSystemWorks???Asolarwaterheatingsystemcomprisessolarcollectors,astoragetank

and

interconnectingpipework.Thesolarcollectorsareusuallymountedonroofofabuildingtocapturesolarradiation.Smalltubesrunthroughthesolarcollectorsandcarryliquid–eitherwaterorheattransferliquidwithlowboilingpoint.Theheatpipeabsorbsheatfromthesolarcollectorsandtransfersheattoincomingwater.HowSolarHeatingSystemWorks1Benefits

ofsolarwaterheating

Hotwaterthroughouttheyear:thesystemworksallyearround,thoughyou'llneedtoheatthewaterfurtherwithaboilerorimmersionheaterduringthewintermonths.Cutyourbills:sunlightisfree,soonceyou'vepaidfortheinitialinstallationyourhotwatercostswillbereduced.

Cutyourcarbonfootprint:solarhotwaterisagreen,renewableheatingsystemandcanreduceyourcarbondioxideemissionsBenefitsofsolarwaterheatin2Ingeneral,solarwaterheatingsystemsfallsinto2types:Activeand

Passive.Common

TypesofSolarWaterHeatingSystemsAnactivesystemusesanelectricpumptocirculatewaterorheattransferfluidfromstoragetanksthroughthecollector.Whereasapassivesystemreliesongravity

andthetendencyforwatertonaturallycirculateasitisheated,allowingwaterorheattransferfluidtomovethroughthesystemwithouttheuseofacirculatingpump.Ingeneral,solarwaterheatin3Activesolarwaterheatingsystems:Activesolarwaterheatingsystemsarecharacterizedaseitherdirect(alsocalled“openloop”)orindirect(alsocalledclosedloop)dependingonwhethertheincomingwaterisheateddirectlyinthecollectorsorindirectlyheatedviaaheatexchanger.Activesolarwaterheatingsys4AutomaticsolarcontrollerTemperaturesensoroncollectorTemperaturesensoronstoragetankSolarcirculationpumpColdwaterinflowHotwaterrun-offTemperaturesensorforadditionalheatingElementsofasolarheatingsystemforhotwater:DirectsolarheatingsystemPumpscirculatehouseholdwaterthroughthecollectorsandintothehome.Theyworkwellinclimateswhereitrarelyfreezes.AutomaticsolarcontrollerEl5ActiveindirectwaterheaterAlsoknownasanactiveclosed-loopsystem,asolarheaterthatcirculatesafluidotherthanwater(suchasdilutedantifreeze)throughacollector.Thecollectedheatistransferredtothehouseholdwatersupplyusingaheatexchanger.Indirectsolarwaterheatersarepopularinclimatespronetofreezingtemperatures.

ActiveindirectwaterheaterAl6Passivesolarwaterheatingsystems:Integralcollector-storagepassivesystem

ThermosyphonsystemPassivesolarwaterheatingsy7

AthermosyphonsystemAthermosyphonsystem,alsoknownasapassivesystem,doesnotrequireapumptocirculatethewaterbutinsteadreliesondensitydifferentialswherethewarmerwaterrisestothehighestpoint.Forthissystemtofunctionthetankmustbemountedabovethecollector,relativetothehorizontal.

AthermosyphonsystemAthermo8ComparisonbetweenActiveandPassiveheatingsystemsAdvantageofActiveoverPassive(Thermosyphon）AdvantageofPassive(Thermosyphon)overActiveGreatercontroloversystemSimpleSystemsetupSuperiorefficiencyMoreCostEffectiveFlexibilityinpositioningofstoragetankOperateswithoutpowerEasiertoovercomefreezingCanbeusedwithbothlowpressure

andhighpressuresystemsComparisonbetweenActiveand9TheMainFactorsthatgovernthechoiceoftypesofsystemtobeinstalledincludetheclimaticcondition,hotwaterdemand,sizeofthesystemandspaceavailabilityforplacingextracomponents,etc.Forexample,lowmaintenancedirectsystemcanbeusedinsmallerfacilitieswithlowhotwaterdemandwhereasactiveindirectsystemisusuallyinstalledinlargerfacilitieswithhigherhotwaterdemand.TheMainFactorsthatgove10

MaintenanceandExpectedLifeThemaintenancerequirementsforsolarwaterheatingsystemvarydependingonthesystemconfiguration.Ingeneral,solarthermalcollectorshavenomovingpartsandthemaintenancerequirementsareverylow.Awell-made,properlymaintainedsystemshouldlast15to20yearsormore.MaintenanceandExpectedLife11IssuestobeconsideredwheninstallingsolarwaterheatingsystemSolarCollectorsOrientationSolarcollectorsneededtobelocatedwhereplentyofsunshinestrikesitssurface.Solarcollectorscanbemountedfromhorizontaltoaninclinedangle.Tomaximizetheamountofannualsolarenergythatsolarcollectorscanreceive,theyshouldbeideallytiltedatlatitude(around37oinJinan)ofthelocationonasouth-facingroof.Itisalsonecessarytoavoidobstructionssuchasbuildingsortrees,etcthatcouldpreventsolarcollectorsfromsolarcollectorsgettingadequateexposuretosolarradiation.Issuestobeconsideredwheni12TypesofSolarCollectors:SolarCollectorsFlat-platesolarcollectorsEvacuatedtubesolarcollectorsTypesofSolarCollectors:Sola13

Flat-plateSolarCollectorsFlat-platecollectorsarethemostcommonsolarcollectorsforuseinsolarwater-heatingsystemsinhomesandinsolarspaceheating.Aflat-platecollectorconsistsbasicallyofaninsulatedmetalboxwithaglassorplasticcover(theglazing)andadark-coloredabsorbingplate.Solarradiationisabsorbedbytheabsorbingplateandtransferredtoafluidthatcirculatesthroughthecollectorintubes.

Sketchofflat-platecollectorFlat-plateSolarCollectorsFl14

DirectflowevacuatedtubecollectorsTheseconsistofagroupofglasstubesinsideeachofwhichisaflatorcurvedaluminumfinattachedtoametal(usuallycopper)orglassabsorberpipe.Thefiniscoveredwithaselectivecoatingthatabsorbssolarradiationwellbutinhibitsheatloss.Theheattransferfluidiswaterandcirculatesthroughthepipes,oneforinletfluidandtheotherforoutletfluid

Directflowevacuatedtubeco15HeatpipeevacuatedtubeCollectors.TheVacuumSolarTube

absorbsthesolarenergyandtransferintotheheatenergy,thenpassittotheheatpipe,whichtransfertheheattotheworkingmedia.Thereisnowaterinthevacuumtube,sothetubewillnotbreakinwater,itissteadyandcredibleandcanbecombinedwiththearchitectureperfectly.Itcanbecombinedwithexistingpipelineandevenoperateintheeventofoccasionaltubebreakages.HeatpipeevacuatedtubeColle16FlatplatecollectorsVS

EvacuatedtubecollectorsCheaperMoreefficientLongerservicelifeNofreezeEasyinstallationBetterperformanceincloudydaysClimatelimitationMorereliableFlatplatecollectorsareGood,EvacuatedtubecollectorsareBetter!!!FlatplatecollectorsVSEvacu17VacuumSolarTube:WhatIsSolarCollectorTubeThevacuumsolarcollectortubeisasimpleandeffectiveenergyconverter,whichabsorbsthesolarenergyandconvertsitintoheatforuseviatheselectiveabsorbingcoating.?VacuumSolarTube:WhatIsSola18

Eachevacuatedtubeconsistsoftwo

glasstubesmadefromextremelystrongborosilicateglass.Theoutertubeistransparentallowinglightraystopassthroughwithminimalreflection.Theinnertubeiscoatedwithaspecialselectivecoatingwhichfeaturesexcellentsolarradiationabsorptionandminimalreflectionproperties.Thetopofthetwotubesarefusedtogetherandtheaircontainedinthespacebetweenthetwolayersofglassispumpedoutwhileexposingthetubetohightemperatures.This"evacuation"ofthegassesformsavacuum,whichisanimportantfactorintheperformanceoftheevacuatedtubes.

Eachevacuatedtubeconsi19

Inordertomaintainthevacuumbetweenthetwoglasslayers,abariumgetterisused.Duringmanufactureoftheevacuatedtubethisgetterisexposedtohightemperaturewhichcausesthebottomoftheevacuatedtubetobecoatedwithapurelayerofbarium.ThisbariumlayeractivelyabsorbsanyCO,CO2,N2,O2,H2Ofromthetube,thushelpingtomaintainingthevacuum.Thesilvercoloredbariumlayerwillturnwhiteifthevacuumiseverlost.

Inordertomaintainthe20BasicSpecificationsofEvacuatedtube

Length(nominal)1500/1800mmOutertubediameter58mmInnertubediameter47mmTubethickness1.6mmMaterialBorosilicateGlass3.3AbsorbingcoatingGradedAl-N/AlAbsorption>92%(AM1.5)Emission<8%(80℃)VacuumP<3.0x10-3PaStagnationtemperature>230℃Heatloss<0.8W/(m2℃)Maximumstrength0.6MPaBasicSpecificationsofEvacua21All-glassevacuatedsolarcollectortubesProduction:

pull-seal（拉封）innertube&outertube

rinsing（清洗）:deionizedwater

drying（烘干）:140℃,30minutes

coating（鍍膜）:onetarget&threetargetsealing（封口）:fuse

annealing（退火）:eliminatestress

evacuating（排氣）:1hour,P<3.0x10-3Pa

firing（烤消）:getter,extraair

packing（包裝）:cartonwithfoam

inspection（質(zhì)檢）All-glassevacuatedsolarcoll22Coating（鍍膜）:Coatingmethod:

磁控濺射鍍膜

One-targetcoating（單靶鍍膜）blue，red,black

Three-targetcoating（三靶鍍膜）blue,black,redCoatingtypes:

Double-target（雙靶鍍膜）Ti-tube,purple

Coatinglayers：absorptionlayer(SS-ALN)reflectionlayer(copper)anti-reflectionlayer(ALN)Coating（鍍膜）:Coatingmethod:磁23IndictorsofevacuatedcollectortubesperformanceAbsorptionrateEmissionrateCoefficientofaverageheatlossVacuumqualityWatertemperatureStagnationtemperatureIndictorsofevacuatedcollect24CommonqualityDefects:Scratches:appearance

Shatteredcoatingfilm:thermalperformanceUnevencoatingcolor:appearanceBlackmirrorsurface:thermalperformanceCommonqualityDefects:Scratc25Heatpipes:

Aheatpipeisatwo-phaseheattransferdevicewithanextremelyhigheffectivethermalconductivity.Theheatpipeisevacuatedandbackfilledwithasmallquantityofaworkingfluidsuchaswater,acetone,nitrogen,methanol,ammonia,orsodium.

Heatpipes:Aheatpipeis26Heatpipes:

Aheatpipeusuallycomprisestwocoppercomponents:theshaftandthecondenser.Priortoevacuation,thecondenserisbrazedtotheshaft.Boilingpoint:30oC(86oF)Freezingpoint:0oC(32oF).Heatpipes:Aheatpipeusuall27HeatPipes

Productioncondenserheatpipepiperinsingweldingvacuumextraction

fluidinjectionpipesealingHeatPipesProductioncondense28ThankyouJuly02,2011ThankyouJuly02,201129HowSolarHeatingSystemWorks???Asolarwaterheatingsystemcomprisessolarcollectors,astoragetank

and

interconnectingpipework.Thesolarcollectorsareusuallymountedonroofofabuildingtocapturesolarradiation.Smalltubesrunthroughthesolarcollectorsandcarryliquid–eitherwaterorheattransferliquidwithlowboilingpoint.Theheatpipeabsorbsheatfromthesolarcollectorsandtransfersheattoincomingwater.HowSolarHeatingSystemWorks30Benefits

ofsolarwaterheating

Hotwaterthroughouttheyear:thesystemworksallyearround,thoughyou'llneedtoheatthewaterfurtherwithaboilerorimmersionheaterduringthewintermonths.Cutyourbills:sunlightisfree,soonceyou'vepaidfortheinitialinstallationyourhotwatercostswillbereduced.

Cutyourcarbonfootprint:solarhotwaterisagreen,renewableheatingsystemandcanreduceyourcarbondioxideemissionsBenefitsofsolarwaterheatin31Ingeneral,solarwaterheatingsystemsfallsinto2types:Activeand

Passive.Common

TypesofSolarWaterHeatingSystemsAnactivesystemusesanelectricpumptocirculatewaterorheattransferfluidfromstoragetanksthroughthecollector.Whereasapassivesystemreliesongravity

andthetendencyforwatertonaturallycirculateasitisheated,allowingwaterorheattransferfluidtomovethroughthesystemwithouttheuseofacirculatingpump.Ingeneral,solarwaterheatin32Activesolarwaterheatingsystems:Activesolarwaterheatingsystemsarecharacterizedaseitherdirect(alsocalled“openloop”)orindirect(alsocalledclosedloop)dependingonwhethertheincomingwaterisheateddirectlyinthecollectorsorindirectlyheatedviaaheatexchanger.Activesolarwaterheatingsys33AutomaticsolarcontrollerTemperaturesensoroncollectorTemperaturesensoronstoragetankSolarcirculationpumpColdwaterinflowHotwaterrun-offTemperaturesensorforadditionalheatingElementsofasolarheatingsystemforhotwater:DirectsolarheatingsystemPumpscirculatehouseholdwaterthroughthecollectorsandintothehome.Theyworkwellinclimateswhereitrarelyfreezes.AutomaticsolarcontrollerEl34ActiveindirectwaterheaterAlsoknownasanactiveclosed-loopsystem,asolarheaterthatcirculatesafluidotherthanwater(suchasdilutedantifreeze)throughacollector.Thecollectedheatistransferredtothehouseholdwatersupplyusingaheatexchanger.Indirectsolarwaterheatersarepopularinclimatespronetofreezingtemperatures.

ActiveindirectwaterheaterAl35Passivesolarwaterheatingsystems:Integralcollector-storagepassivesystem

ThermosyphonsystemPassivesolarwaterheatingsy36

AthermosyphonsystemAthermosyphonsystem,alsoknownasapassivesystem,doesnotrequireapumptocirculatethewaterbutinsteadreliesondensitydifferentialswherethewarmerwaterrisestothehighestpoint.Forthissystemtofunctionthetankmustbemountedabovethecollector,relativetothehorizontal.

AthermosyphonsystemAthermo37ComparisonbetweenActiveandPassiveheatingsystemsAdvantageofActiveoverPassive(Thermosyphon）AdvantageofPassive(Thermosyphon)overActiveGreatercontroloversystemSimpleSystemsetupSuperiorefficiencyMoreCostEffectiveFlexibilityinpositioningofstoragetankOperateswithoutpowerEasiertoovercomefreezingCanbeusedwithbothlowpressure

andhighpressuresystemsComparisonbetweenActiveand38TheMainFactorsthatgovernthechoiceoftypesofsystemtobeinstalledincludetheclimaticcondition,hotwaterdemand,sizeofthesystemandspaceavailabilityforplacingextracomponents,etc.Forexample,lowmaintenancedirectsystemcanbeusedinsmallerfacilitieswithlowhotwaterdemandwhereasactiveindirectsystemisusuallyinstalledinlargerfacilitieswithhigherhotwaterdemand.TheMainFactorsthatgove39

MaintenanceandExpectedLifeThemaintenancerequirementsforsolarwaterheatingsystemvarydependingonthesystemconfiguration.Ingeneral,solarthermalcollectorshavenomovingpartsandthemaintenancerequirementsareverylow.Awell-made,properlymaintainedsystemshouldlast15to20yearsormore.MaintenanceandExpectedLife40IssuestobeconsideredwheninstallingsolarwaterheatingsystemSolarCollectorsOrientationSolarcollectorsneededtobelocatedwhereplentyofsunshinestrikesitssurface.Solarcollectorscanbemountedfromhorizontaltoaninclinedangle.Tomaximizetheamountofannualsolarenergythatsolarcollectorscanreceive,theyshouldbeideallytiltedatlatitude(around37oinJinan)ofthelocationonasouth-facingroof.Itisalsonecessarytoavoidobstructionssuchasbuildingsortrees,etcthatcouldpreventsolarcollectorsfromsolarcollectorsgettingadequateexposuretosolarradiation.Issuestobeconsideredwheni41TypesofSolarCollectors:SolarCollectorsFlat-platesolarcollectorsEvacuatedtubesolarcollectorsTypesofSolarCollectors:Sola42

Flat-plateSolarCollectorsFlat-platecollectorsarethemostcommonsolarcollectorsforuseinsolarwater-heatingsystemsinhomesandinsolarspaceheating.Aflat-platecollectorconsistsbasicallyofaninsulatedmetalboxwithaglassorplasticcover(theglazing)andadark-coloredabsorbingplate.Solarradiationisabsorbedbytheabsorbingplateandtransferredtoafluidthatcirculatesthroughthecollectorintubes.

Sketchofflat-platecollectorFlat-plateSolarCollectorsFl43

DirectflowevacuatedtubecollectorsTheseconsistofagroupofglasstubesinsideeachofwhichisaflatorcurvedaluminumfinattachedtoametal(usuallycopper)orglassabsorberpipe.Thefiniscoveredwithaselectivecoatingthatabsorbssolarradiationwellbutinhibitsheatloss.Theheattransferfluidiswaterandcirculatesthroughthepipes,oneforinletfluidandtheotherforoutletfluid

Directflowevacuatedtubeco44HeatpipeevacuatedtubeCollectors.TheVacuumSolarTube

absorbsthesolarenergyandtransferintotheheatenergy,thenpassittotheheatpipe,whichtransfertheheattotheworkingmedia.Thereisnowaterinthevacuumtube,sothetubewillnotbreakinwater,itissteadyandcredibleandcanbecombinedwiththearchitectureperfectly.Itcanbecombinedwithexistingpipelineandevenoperateintheeventofoccasionaltubebreakages.HeatpipeevacuatedtubeColle45FlatplatecollectorsVS

EvacuatedtubecollectorsCheaperMoreefficientLongerservicelifeNofreezeEasyinstallationBetterperformanceincloudydaysClimatelimitationMorereliableFlatplatecollectorsareGood,EvacuatedtubecollectorsareBetter!!!FlatplatecollectorsVSEvacu46VacuumSolarTube:WhatIsSolarCollectorTubeThevacuumsolarcollectortubeisasimpleandeffectiveenergyconverter,whichabsorbsthesolarenergyandconvertsitintoheatforuseviatheselectiveabsorbingcoating.?VacuumSolarTube:WhatIsSola47

Eachevacuatedtubeconsistsoftwo

glasstubesmadefromextremelystrongborosilicateglass.Theoutertubeistransparentallowinglightraystopassthroughwithminimalreflection.Theinnertubeiscoatedwithaspecialselectivecoatingwhichfeaturesexcellentsolarradiationabsorptionandminimalreflectionproperties.Thetopofthetwotubesarefusedtogetherandtheaircontainedinthespacebetweenthetwolayersofglassispumpedoutwhileexposingthetubetohightemperatures.This"evacuation"ofthegassesformsavacuum,whichisanimportantfactorintheperformanceoftheevacuatedtubes.

Eachevacuatedtubeconsi48

Inordertomaintainthevacuumbetweenthetwoglasslayers,abariumgetterisused.Duringmanufactureoftheevacuatedtubethisgetterisexposedtohightemperaturewhichcausesthebottomoftheevacuatedtubetobecoatedwithapurelayerofbarium.ThisbariumlayeractivelyabsorbsanyCO,CO2,N2,O2,H2Ofromthetube,thushelpingtomaintainingthevacuum.Thesilvercoloredbariumlayerwillturnwhiteifthevacuumiseverlost.

Inordertomaintainthe49BasicSpecificationsofEvacuatedtube

Length(nominal)1500/1800mmOutertubediameter58mmInnertubediameter47mmTubethickness1.6mmMaterialBorosilicateGlass3.3Absorbingcoatin