2018年考研英語（二）真題

2018年考研英語二真題UseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]ontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)WhydopeoplereadnegativeInternetcommentsanddootherthingsthatwillobviouslybepainful?Becausehumanshaveaninherentneedto1uncertainty,accordingtoarecentstudyinPsychologicalScience.Thenewresearchrevealsthattheneedtoknowissostrongthatpeoplewill2tosatisfytheircuriosityevenwhenitiscleartheanswerwill3.Inaseriesoffourexperiments,behavioralscientistsattheUniversityofChicagoandtheWisconsinSchoolofBusinesstestedStudent'swillingnessto4themselvestounpleasantstimuliinanefforttosatisfycuriosity.Forone5,eachparticipantwasshownapileofpensthattheresearcherclaimedwerefromapreviousexperiment.Thetwist?Halfofthepenswould6anelectricshockwhenclicked.Twenty-sevenstudentsweretoldwithpenswereelectrified,anothertwenty-sevenweretoldonlythatsomewereelectrified.7leftaloneintheroom.Thestudentswhodidnotknowwhichoneswouldshockthemclickedmorepensandincurredmoreshocksthanthestudentswhoknewwhatwould8subsequentexperimentsreproduced,thiseffectwithotherstimuli9thesoundoffingernailsonachalkboardandphotographsofdisgustinginsects.Thedriveto10isdeeplyrootedinhumans.Muchthesameasthebasicdrivesfor11orshelter,saysChristopherHseeoftheUniversityofChicagoCuriosityisoftenconsideredagoodinstinct-itcan12NewScientificadvances,forinstance—butsometimessuch13canbackfire,theinsightthatcuriositycandriveyoutodo14thingsisaprofoundone.Unhealthycuriosityispossibleto15,however,inafinalexperiment,participantswhowereencouragedto16howtheywouldfeelafterviewinganunpleasantpicturewerelesslikelyto17toseesuchanimage.Theseresultssuggestthatimaginingthe18offollowingthroughonone,scuriosityaheadoftimecanhelpdetennine\9itisworththeendeavor.Thinkingaboutlong-tenn20iskeytoreducingthepossiblenegativeeffectsofcuriosity.Hseesays,“inotherwords,don'treadonlinecomments”.1.[A]protect[B]resolve[C]discuss[D]ignore2.[A]refuse[B]wait[C]regret[D]seek3.[A]hurt[B]last|C]mislead[D]rise4.[A]alert[B]tie[C]treat[D]expose5.[A]message|B|review[C]trial[D]concept6.[A]remove[B]weaken[C]interrupt[D]deliver7.[A]When|B]If[C]Though[D]Unless8.[A]continue[B]happen[C]disappear[D]change9.[A]ratherthan|B]regardlessof[C]suchas[D]owingto10.[A]discover[B]forgive[C]forget[D]disagree11.[A]pay|B|marriage[C]schooling[D]food12.[A]leadto[B]reston[C]learnfrom[D]beginwith13.[A]withdrawal|B|persistence[C]inquiry[D]diligence14.[A]self-reliant[B]self-deceptive[C]self-evident[D]self-destructive15.[A]define[B|resist[C]replace[D]trace16.[A]overlook[B]predict[C]design[D]conceal17.[A]remember|B]promise[C]choose[D]pretend18.[A]relief[B]plan[C]duty[D]outcome19.[A]why[B|whether|C]where[D]how20.[A]consequences[B]investments[C]strategies[D]limitationsReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1ItiscuriousthatStephenKoziatekfeelsalmostasthoughhehastojustifyhiseffortstogivehisstudentsabetterfuture.Mr.Koziatekispartofsomethingpioneering.HeisateacherataNewHampshirehighschoolwherelearningisnotsomethingofbooksandtestsandmechanicalmemorization,butpractical.Whendiditbecomeacceptedwisdomthatstudentsshouldbeabletonamethe13thpresidentoftheUnitedStatesbutbeutterlyoverwhelmedbyabrokenbikechain?AsKoziatekknow,thereislearninginjustabouteverything.Nothingisnecessarilygainedbyforcingstudentstolearngeometryatagraffitieddeskstuckwithgenerationsofdiscardedchewinggum.Theycanalsolearngeometrybyassemblingabicycle.Buthe'salsofoundakindofinsidiousprejudice.Workingwithyourhandsisseenasalmostamarkofinferiority.Schoolinthefamilyofvocationaleducation"havethatstereotype...thatit'sfbrkidswhocan'tmakeitacademically,Mhesays.Ononehand,thatviewpointisalogicalproductofAmerica'sevolution.Manufacturingisnottheeconomicenginethatitoncewas.ThejobsecuritythattheUSeconomyonceofferedtohighschoolgraduateshaslargelyevaporated.Moreeducationisthenewprinciple.Wewantmoreforourkids,andrightfullyso.Buttheheadlongpushintobachelor'sdegreesfbrall-andthesubtledevaluingofanythingless-missesanimportantpoint:That'snottheonlythingtheAmericaneconomyneeds.Yes,abachelor'sdegreeopensmoredoors.Butevennow,54percentofthejobsinthecountryaremiddle-skilljobs,suchasconstructionandhigh-skillmanufacturing.Butonly44percentofworkersareadequatelytrained.Inotherwords,atatimewhentheworkingclasshasturnedthecountryonitspoliticalhead,frustratedthattheopportunitythatoncedefinedAmericaisvanishing,oneobvioussolutionisstaringusintheface.Thereisagapinworking-classjobs,buttheworkerswhoneedthosejobsmostaren'tequippedtodothem.Koziatek^ManchesterSchoolofTechnologyHighSchoolistryingtofillthatgap.Koziatek'sschoolisawake-upcall.Wheneducationbecomesone-size-fits-all,itrisksoverlookinganation'sdiversityofgifts..Abrokenbikechainismentionedtoshowstudents'lackof.[A]practicalability [B]academictraining[C]pioneeringspirit [D]mechanicalmemorization.Thereexiststheprejudicethatvocationaleducationisfbrkidswho.[A]haveastereotypedmind [B]havenocareermotivation[C]arenotacademicallysuccessful [D]arefinanciallydisadvantaged.wecaninferfromParagraph5thathighschoolgraduates.[A]usedtohavebigfinancialconcerns [B]usedtohavemorejobopportunities[C]arereluctanttoworkinmanufacturing [D]areentitledtomoreeducationalprivileges.Theheadlongpushintobachelorsdegreesforall.[A|helpscreatealotofmiddle-skilljobs[B]maynarrowthegapinworking-classjobsisexpectedtoyieldabetter-trainedworkforceindicatestheovervaluingofhighereducation.Theauthor'sattitudetowardKoziatek'sschoolcanbedescribedas.[A]supportive [B]tolerant[C]disappointed [D]cautiousText2Whilefossilfuels-coaLoil,gas-stillgenerateroughly85percentoftheworld'senergysupply,it*sclearerthaneverthatthefuturebelongstorenewablesourcessuchaswindandsolar.Themovetorenewablesispickingupmomentumaroundtheworld：Theynowaccountformorethanhalfofnewpowersourcesgoingonline.Somegrowthstemsfromacommitmentbygovernmentsandfarsightedbusinessestofundcleanerenergysources.Butincreasinglythestoryisabouttheplummetingpricesofrenewables,especiallywindandsolar.Thecostofsolarpanelshasdroppedby80percentandthecostofwindturbinesbyclosetoone-thirdinthepasteightyears.Inmanypartsoftheworldrenewableenergyisalreadyaprincipalenergysource.InScotland,forexample,windturbinesprovideenoughelectricitytopower95percentofhomes.Whiletherestoftheworldtakesthelead,notablyChinaandEurope,theUnitedStatesisalsoseeingaremarkableshift.InMarch,forthefirsttime,windandsolarpoweraccountedformorethan10percentofthepowergeneratedintheUS,reportedtheUSEnergyInformationAdministration.PresidentTrumphasunderlinedfossilfuels-especiallycoal—asthepathtoeconomicgrowth.InarecentspeechinIowa,hedismissedwindpowerasanunreliableenergysource.ButthatmessagedidnotplaywellwithmanyinIowa>wherewindturbinesdotthefieldsandprovide36percentofthestate'selectricitygeneration―andwheretechgiantslikeMicrosoftarebeingattractedbytheavailabilityofcleanenergytopowertheirdatacenters.Thequestion**whathappenswhenthewinddoesn'tbloworthesundoesn'tshine?,,hasprovidedaquickput-downforskeptics.Butaboostinthestoragecapacityofbatteriesismakingtheirabilitytokeeppowerflowingaroundtheclockmorelikely.Theadvanceisdriveninpartbyvehiclemanufacturers,whoareplacingbigbetsonbattery-poweredelectricvehicles.Althoughelectriccarsarestillararityonroadsnow,thismassiveinvestmentcouldchangethepicturerapidlyincomingyears.Whilethere'salongwaytogo,thetrendlinesforrenewablesarespiking.Thepaceofchangeinenergysourcesappearstobespeedingup-perhapsjustintimetohaveameaningfuleffectinslowingclimatechange.WhatWashingtondoes-ordoesn'tdo-topromotealternativeenergymaymeanlessandlessatatimeofaglobalshiftinthought..Theword"plummeting''(Line3,Para.2)isclosestinmeaningto.[A]stabilizing [B]changing[C]falling [D]rising.AccordingtoParagraph3,theuseofrenewableenergyinAmerica.[A]isprogressingnotably [B]isasextensive as inEurope[C]facesmanychallenges [D]hasprovedtobe impractical28.ItcanbelearnedthatinIowa,.[A]windisawidelyusedenergysource[B]windenergyhasreplacedfossilfuels[C|techgiantsareinvestingincleanenergy[D]thereisashortageofcleanenergysupply.WhichofthefollowingistrueaboutcleanenergyaccordingtoParagraphs5&6?[A]Itsapplicationhasboostedbatterystorage.[B|Itiscommonlyusedincarmanufacturing.[C]Itscontinuoussupplyisbecomingareality.[D]Itssustainableexploitationwillremaindifficult..ltcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatrenewableenergy.[A]willbringtheUSclosertoothercountries[B]willaccelerateglobalenvironmentalchange[C]isnotreallyencouragedbytheUSgovernment[D]isnotcompetitiveenoughwithregardtoitscost

Text3Thepowerandambitionofthegiantsofthedigitaleconomyisastonishing-AmazonhasjustannouncedthepurchaseoftheupmarketgrocerychainWholeFoodsfor$13.5bn,buttwoyearsagoFacebookpaidevenmorethanthattoacquiretheWhatsAppmessagingservice,whichdoesn'thaveanyphysicalproductatall.WhatWhatsAppofferedFacebookwasanintricateandfinelydetailedwebofitsusers'friendshipsandsociallives.FacebookpromisedtheEuropeancommissionthenthatitwouldnotlinkphonenumberstoFacebookidentities,butitbrokethepromisealmostassoonasthedealwentthrough.Evenwithoutknowingwhatwasinthemessages,theknowledgeofwhosentthemandtowhomwasenormouslyrevealingandstillcouldbe.Whatpoliticaljournalist,whatpartywhip,wouldnotwanttoknowthemakeupoftheWhatsAppgroupsinwhichTheresaMay'senemiesarecurrentlyplotting?ItmaybethatthevalueofWholeFoodstoAmazonisnotsomuchthe460shopsitowns,buttherecordsofwhichcustomershavepurchasedwhat.Competitionlawappearstobetheonlywaytoaddresstheseimbalancesofpower.Butitisclumsy.Foronething,itisveryslowcomparedtothepaceofchangewithinthedigitaleconomy.Bythetimeaproblemhasbeenaddressedandremedieditmayhavevanishedinthemarketplace,tobereplacedbynewabusesofpower.Butthereisadeeperconceptualproblem,too.Competitionlawaspresentlyinterpreteddealswithfinancialdisadvantagetoconsumersandthisisnotobviouswhentheusersoftheseservicesdon'tpayforthem.Theusersoftheirservicesarenottheircustomers.Thatwouldbethepeoplewhobuyadvertisingfromthem—andFacebookandGoogle,thetwovirtualgiants,dominatedigitaladvertisingtothedisadvantageofallothermediaandentertainmentcompanies.Theproductthey'resellingisdata,andwe,theusers,convertourlivestodataforthebenefitofthedigitalgiants.Justassomeantsfarmthebugscalledaphidsforthehoneydewtheyproducewhentheyfeed,soGooglefarmsusforthedatathatourdigitallivesyield.Antskeeppredatoryinsectsawayfromwheretheiraphidsfeed;Gmailkeepsthespammersoutofourinboxes.Itdoesn'tfeellikeahumanordemocraticrelationship,evenifbothsidesbenefit.AccordingtoParagraph1,FacebookacquiredWhatsAppforits.[BJuserinformation[D]qualityservice[BJuserinformation[D]qualityservice[B]messupcustomerrecords[D|misleadtheEuropeancommission[C]physicalassetsLinkingphonenumberstoFacebookidentitiesmay.[A]worsenpoliticaldisputes[CJposearisktoFacebookusersAccordingtotheauthor,competitionlaw.[A]shouldservethenewmarketpowers[B]mayworsentheeconomicimbalance[C]shouldnotprovidejustonelegalsolution[D]cannotkeeppacewiththechangingmarketCompetitionlawaspresentlyinterpretedcanhardlyprotectFacebookusersbecause.[A]theyarenotdefinedascustomers [B]theyarenotfinanciallyreliable[C]theservicesaregenerallydigital [D]theservicesarepaidforbyadvertisersTheantsanalogyisusedtoillustrate.[A]awin-winbusinessmodelbetweendigitalgiants[B]atypicalcompetitionpatternamongdigitalgiants[C]thebenefitsprovidedfordigitalgiants'customers[D]therelationshipbetweendigitalgiantsandtheirusersText4Tocombatthetrapofputtingapremiumonbeingbusy,CalNewport,authorofDeepwork:RulesforFocusedSuccessinaDistractedWorld,recommendsbuildingahabitof“deepwork”—theabilitytofocuswithoutdistraction.Thereareanumberofapproachestomasteringtheartofdeepwork—beitlengthyretreatsdedicatedtoaspecifictask;developingadailyritual;ortakinga“journalistic“approachtoseizingmomentsofdeepworkwhenyoucanthroughouttheday.Whicheverapproach,thekeyistodetermineyourlengthoffocustimeandsticktoit.Newportalsorecommends“deepscheduling,,tocombatconstantinterruptionsandgetmoredoneinlesstime.fc4Atanygivenpoint,Ishouldhavedeepworkscheduledforroughlythenextmonth.OnceonthecalendarIprotectthistimelikeIwouldadoctor'sappointmentorimportantmeeting”,hewrites.Anotherapproachtogettingmoredoneinlesstimeistorethinkhowyouprioritizeyourday-inparticularhowwecraftourto-dolists.TimHarford,authorofMessy:ThePowerofDisordertoTransformOurLives,pointstoastudyintheearly1980sthatdividedundergraduatesintotwogroups:somewereadvisedtosetoutmonthlygoalsandstudyactivities;othersweretoldtoplanactivitiesandgoalsinmuchmoredetail,daybyday.Whiletheresearchersassumedthatthewell-structureddailyplanswouldbemosteffectivewhenitcametotheexecutionoftasks,theywerewrong:thedetaileddailyplansdemotivatedstudents.Harfordarguesthatinevitabledistractionsoftenrenderthedailyto-dolistineffective,whileleavingroomforimprovisationinsuchalistcanreapthebestresults.Inordertomakethemostofourfocusandenergy,wealsoneedtoembracedowntime,orasNewportsuggests,“belazy：'"Idlenessisnotjustavacation,anindulgenceoravice;itisasindispensabletobebrainasVitaminDistothebody...[idleness]is,paradoxically,necessarytogettinganyworkdone,“heargues.SriniPillay,anassistantprofessorofpsychiatryatHarvardMedicalSchool,believesthiscounter-intuitivelinkbetweendowntimeandproductivitymaybeduetothewayourbrainsoperateWhenourbrainsswitchbetweenbeingfocusedandunfocusedonatask,theytendtobemoreefficient.“Whatpeopledon'trealiseisthatinordertocompletethesetaskstheyneedtouseboththefocusandunfocuscircuitsintheirbrain”,saysPillay.Thekeytomasteringtheartofdeepworkisto.[A]keeptoyourfocustime [B]listyourimmediatetasks[C]makespecificdailyplans [D]seizeeveryminutetoworkThestudyintheearly1980scitedbyHarfordshowsthat.[A]distractionsmayactuallyincreaseefficiency[B|dailyschedulesareindispensabletostudying[C]studentsarehardlymotivatedbymonthlygoals[D|detailedplansmanynotbeasfruitfulasexpectedAccordingtoNewport,idlenessis.[A]adesirablementalstateforbusypeople[B]amajorcontributortophysicalhealth[C]aneffectivewaytosavetimeandenergy[D]anessentialfactorinaccomplishinganyworkPillaybelievesthatourbrains,shiftbetweenbeingfocusedandunfocused.[A]canresultinpsychologicalwell-being[B|canbringaboutgreaterefficiency[C]isaimedatbetterbalanceinwork[D]isdrivenbytaskurgencyThistextismainlyabout.]waystorelievethetensionofbusylife[B]approachestogettingmoredoneinlesstime[C]thekeytoeliminatingdistractions[DJlhecauseofthelackoffocustimePartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubtitlesfromthelistA-Gforeachnumberedparagraph(41-45).Therearetwoextrasubtitleswhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)JustsayitBepresentPayauniquecomplimentName,places,thingsFindthe“metoo"sSkipthesmalltalkAskforanopinionFivewaystomakeconversationwithanyoneConversationsarelinks,whichmeanswhenyouhaveaconversationwithanewpersonalinkgetsformedandeveryconversationyouhaveafterthatmomentwillstrengthenthelink.Youmeetnewpeopleeveryday:thegroceryworker,thecabdriver,newpeopleatworkorthesecurityguardatthedoor.Simplystartingaconversationwiththemwillformalink.Herearefivesimplewaysthatyoucanmakethefirstmoveandstartaconversationwithstrangers. Supposeyouareinaroomwithsomeoneyoudon'tknowandsomethingwithinyousays“Iwanttotalkwiththisperson"—thisissomethingthemostlyhappenswithallofus.Youwantedtosaysomething—thefirstword——butitjustwon'tcomeout.Itfeelslikeitisstucksomewhere,Iknowthefeelingandhereismyadvicejustgetitout.Justthink:thatistheworstthatcouldhappen?Theywon'ttalkwithyou?Well,theyarenottalkingwithyounow!Itrulybelievethatonceyougetthatfirstwordouteverythingelsewilljustflow.Sokeepitsimple:"Hi","Hey”or“Hello”-dothebestyoucantogatheralloftheenthusiasmandenergyyoucan,putonabigsmileandsay"Hi"。 It'saproblemallofusface:youhavelimitedtimewiththepersonthatyouwanttotalkwithandyouwanttomakethistalkmemorable.Honestly,ifwegotstuckintherutof"hi","hello","howareyou?"and"what'sgoingon?”youwillfailtogivetheinitialjolttotheconversationthat'scanmakeitsomemorable.Sodon'tbeafraidtoaskmorepersonalquestions.Trustme,you'llbesurprisedtoseehowmuchpeoplearewillingtoshareifyoujustask. Whenyoumeetapersonforthefirsttime,makeanefforttofindthethingswhichyouandthatpersonhaveincommonsothatyoucanbuildtheconversationfromthatpoint.Whenyoustartconversationfromthereandthenmoveoutwards,you'llfindallofasuddenthattheconversationbecomesaloteasier. Imagineyouarepouringyourheartouttosomeoneandtheyarejustbusyontheirphone,andifyouaskfortheirattentionyougettheresponse"1canmultitask”.Sowhensomeonetriestocommunicatewithyou,justbeinthatcommunicationwholeheartedly.Makeeyecontact,youcanfeeltheconversation. Youallcameintoaconversationwhereyoufirstmettheperson,butaftersometimeyoumayhavemetagainandhaveforgottent