感染相關英文詞匯

感染相關英文詞匯小站G+（1肺炎球菌感染）Gram-PositiveBacteria革蘭陽性菌micrococci微球菌LouisPasteur路易斯，巴斯德etiologyofpneumonia肺炎的病因?qū)WEtiologicagent病因?qū)W微生物6.Streptococcus鏈球菌celldivisionoccursalongasingleaxis細胞分裂沿單一軸進行growinchainsorpairs成鏈或成對生長hemolyticproperties溶血特性S.pneumoniae(Streptococcuspneumoniae)肺炎鏈球菌a-hemolyticgroupa溶血組bloodagar血培養(yǎng)皿characteristicallyproducesagreenishcolor特征綠色reductionofironinhemoglobin還原血紅蛋白中的鐵fastidious苛養(yǎng)(菌)mucoid(smooth/shiny)colonies粘液狀克隆(光滑/金屬色)Pneumococciwithoutacapsule無夾膜的肺炎球菌colonieswitharoughsurface克隆表面粗糙19.optochin(ethylhydrocupreinhydrochloride)奧普托欣試驗()bilesoluble在膽汁中溶解apolysaccharidecapsule多糖夾膜serogroups/serotypes血清群/血清型rabbitpolyclonalantisera兔多克隆抗血清theQuellungreactionQuellung反應：在特定抗血清處理下，夾膜腫脹phagocytosis吞噬作用determinantofpneumococcalvirulence毒力的決定因素Unencapsulatedvariants無夾膜的變種28.invasivedisease.侵襲性疾病hostdefensemechanisms宿主防御系統(tǒng)Pneumolysin肺炎球菌溶血素cytolysisofcellsandtissues細胞和組織的溶解cellwallproteins細胞壁蛋白complementpathway補體系統(tǒng)complementdeposition補體沉積preventinglysisan/oropsonophagocytosis防止溶解和補體發(fā)揮調(diào)理作用ThepneumococcalHinhibitor(Hic)肺炎球菌H抑制體37.impedestheformationofC3convertase抑制C3轉(zhuǎn)話體的形成pneumococcalsurfaceproteinC(PspC)肺炎球菌表面蛋白Ccholine-bindingproteinA(CbpA)膽堿結(jié)合蛋白Asurface-anchoredsialidase(neuraminidase)NanA表面錨定唾液酸酶(唾液酸苷酶)sialicacid唾液酸pneumococcalsurfaceadhesinA(PsaA)肺炎球菌表面粘合分子potentialvaccinecandidates潛在的疫苗靶點Moleculartyping分子型pulsed-fieldgelelectrophoresis脈沖凝膠電泳geneticrelatedness基因相關性supersededbysequencingofhousekeepinggenes管家基因測序已取代(電泳)multilocussequencetyping,MLST多位點序列分型pneumococcalMLSTWebsite(/)肺球菌多位點分型查詢whole-genomesequencingwillsoonsupersedeMLST全基因組測序不久將替代MLSTroutinechildhoodadministrationofpneumococcalpolysaccharideproteinconjugatevaccine(PCV)幼年期常規(guī)注射肺球菌多糖蛋白結(jié)合物疫苗seculartrends長期趨勢epidemiologicfeatures流行病學特征serotypedistribution血清學分布54.invasivepneumococcaldisease(IPD,definedasinfectionofanormallysterilesite)侵襲性肺炎球菌病(通常體內(nèi)無菌出現(xiàn)感染)diseaseburden疾病負擔militarybarracks軍營57.intermittentinhabitantsofthehealthyhumannasopharynx正常人鼻咽腔的間斷定植菌respiratorydroplets呼吸道飛沫socioeconomicstatus社會經(jīng)濟狀況majorvectorsofpneumococcaltransmission主要的肺鏈球菌傳播者Cross-sectionalprevalencedata橫斷面發(fā)病率數(shù)據(jù)highratesofcolonization高定植率communitytransmissiondynamics社區(qū)傳播動力學cerebrospinalfluid(CSF)腦脊液aspirationofpneumococci吸入肺球菌apositivebloodculture血培養(yǎng)陽性routinepediatricvaccinationschedule常規(guī)幼兒疫苗接種計劃pneumococcalpneumonia肺炎球菌肺炎bacteremia菌血癥adefinitiveetiologicdiagnosis病原學診斷明確radiographicallyconfirmedpneumonia影像學確診的肺炎clinicallydiagnosedpneumonia臨床確診的肺炎Thecase-fatalityratios(CFRs)病死率underlyingmedicalcondition基礎疾病accesstocare治療情況severityofdiseaseatpresentation起病時病情的嚴重程度hospitalizedpatients住院患者appropriateandtimelymanagementisavailable適當及時的治療thefirst24hofhospitalization住院后24hrapidlyprogressivecascadeofevents快速進展irrespectiveofantibioticadministration與抗菌藥物應用無關temperateclimate溫帶氣候ethnicgroup民族crowdedsettings擁擠的環(huán)境susceptibleindividuals易感人群precedingviralrespiratorydisease(especiallybutnotexclusivelyinfluenza)曾患呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病(尤其但不限于流感)secondarypneumococcalinfections繼發(fā)的肺炎球菌感染seasonalandpandemicinfluenza季節(jié)性、流行性感冒Reducedpneumococcalsusceptibilitytopenicillin肺炎球菌對青霉素敏感性下降prevalenceofpneumococcalisolatesresistanttosingleormultipleclassesofantibiotics分離出的肺炎球菌對一種或多種抗菌藥物耐藥的趨勢明顯minimalinhibitoryconcentrations(MICs)最小抑菌濃度risingabsolutemagnitude絕對值提高penicillinG青霉素Gcefotaxime頭抱噻肟(3nd)ceftriaxone頭抱曲松macrolides大環(huán)內(nèi)酯類difficult-to-treatinfections難治性感染pneumococcalantimicrobialnonsusceptibility肺炎球菌抗菌藥物耐藥問題mucosalsurfaces膜狀表面100.otitismedia中耳炎pneumonia肺炎distantsites:brain遠處播散joint關節(jié)bones骨骼peritonealcavity腹腔pneumococcalmeningitis肺炎球菌性腦膜炎secondarytohematogenousspread繼發(fā)于血流感染flowofmucus粘液的流動avoidlocalimmunefactors逃避免疫因子110.leukocytes白細胞complement補體cilia纖毛(cilium的名詞復數(shù))mucociliaryescalator纖毛的活動mechanicalclearanceofpneumococci機械清除肺炎球菌colonizationepisodes定植的時間persistentcolonization長期定植developmentofcapsule-specificserumIgG(導致)夾膜特異性血清IgG抗體118.Intercurrentviralinfections并發(fā)的病毒感染Localcytokineproduction局部細胞因子的產(chǎn)生upregulateadhesionfactors上調(diào)粘附因子peptidoglycans肽葡聚糖teichoicacids磷壁酸123.interleukinIandIL-6白介素-1和白介素-6tumornecrosisfactor(TNF)腫瘤壞死因子Polymorphonuclearleukocytes多形核白細胞126.innateimmunefactors固有防御因子splenicfunction腎功能coughreflex咳嗽反射C-reactiveprotein(CRP)C反應蛋白phosphorylcholine磷脂膽堿Toll-likereceptor2(TLR2)Toll樣受體2132.lipoteichoicacid脂膜酸cellwallpeptidoglycan細胞壁肽聚糖cysticfibrosis囊腫性纖維化bronchiectasis支氣管擴張sicklecelldisease鐮狀細胞（貧血）病cross-reactiveantigens交叉反應抗原Tcellindependentantigens不依賴T細胞的抗原delayedontogeny（兒童）個體（B細胞防御系統(tǒng)）發(fā)育慢agammaglobulinemia丙種球蛋白缺乏chemicallydistinct（夾膜）化學結(jié)構(gòu)不同serotypespecific血清型特異性抗體pathognomonicpresentationofpneumococcaldisease肺炎球菌疾病的特征表現(xiàn)self-limited自限性疾病142.life-threatening危及生命的differentialdiagnosis鑒別診斷convulsions抽搐tachypnea（＞30breaths/min）呼吸急促definedaccordingtospecificagestrata根據(jù)特殊的年齡分層確定147.lowerchestwallindrawing下胸壁凹陷noninvasiveorinvasiveinfection侵襲性或非侵襲性感染contiguousspread臨近組織器官傳播150.infectionofanormallysterilebodyfluid無菌體液區(qū)感染Pneumonia（invasivewithapositivebloodculture）肺炎（血培養(yǎng)陽性考慮為侵襲性）amildcommunity-acquiredinfection輕度社區(qū)獲得性感染153.intubation插管治療attheoutset起病時aviralupperrespiratoryinfection上呼吸道病毒感染abruptonsetofcoughanddyspnea急性起病的咳嗽和呼吸困難fever發(fā)熱shakingchills寒戰(zhàn)myalgias肌肉疼痛nonpurulent無膿性purulent有膿的心肌梗死162.tingedwithblood痰中帶血177.heartfailurewithatypicalpulmonaryedema163.stabbingpleuriticchestpain胸肋膜刺痛心力衰竭伴不典型肺水腫178.cardiacconditions164.parietalpleura心臟疾病胸膜壁層179.pulmonaryconditions165.tachycardia肺部疾病心動過速180.atelectasis166.dullness肺不張沉悶181.mycoplasmas167.percussion支原體觸診法182.etiologicdiagnosisofpneumococcal168.consolidation實性病變pneumonia肺炎球菌肺炎的病原學診斷169.crackles噼啪聲183.pathologicexaminationoflungtissue肺組織的病理學檢查170.auscultation聽診184.Inlieuof代替171.Pleuralrub胸膜摩擦音185.aninfiltrateonchestradiography胸部影像學表現(xiàn)滲出172.cyanosis蒼白186.lobarorsegmentalconsolidation大葉性或節(jié)段性實變173.nasalflaring鼻翼煽動187.patchy分散不均的174.diaphragmaticpleura胸膈膜188.pleuraleffusion胸腔積液175.upperabdominalpain上腹疼痛189.empyema膿胸176.myocardialinfarction190.roundpneumonia圓形肺炎(/link?url=wuFa5cMxt56xl_Ds5QOeQbwzHhjIch77EO95SchnzWjqCqu1a5WKr51nKTHc1b8Vg2eXXKQmidweX3yeRVMzXxXASmuL5ppLBfB0JxTffQ7)Urinarypneumococcalantigenassays泌尿系統(tǒng)肺炎球菌抗原檢驗cultureofsputum痰培養(yǎng)Parapneumoniceffusions并發(fā)于肺炎的胸腔積液aggressiveandcompletedrainage充分引流pyogeniccondition化膿性疾病skullfracture頭顱骨折gradual-onsetheadache逐漸出現(xiàn)的頭痛stiffneck頸僵photophobia畏光alteredconsciousness意識狀態(tài)變化seizures癲癇bradycardia心動過緩204.increasedintracranialpressure

顱內(nèi)壓升高Kernig’sorBrudzinski’ssignKernig征、Brudzinski征cranialnervepalsies(3rdand6thcranialnerves)顱神經(jīng)麻痹(3、6腦神經(jīng))examinationofCSF腦脊液檢查evidenceofturbidity(visualinspection)濁度(肉眼檢查)elevatedproteinlevel,elevatedwhitebloodcellcount,andreducedglucoseconcentration(quantitativemeasurement)蛋白、白細胞水平升高，葡萄糖水平降低(定量檢查)specificidentificationoftheetiologicagent(culture,Gram’sstaining,antigentesting,orPCR)病原鑒定(培養(yǎng)，革蘭染色，抗原鑒定，PCR)212.inconjunctionwith同時伴隨deafness耳聾hydrocephalus腦水腫215mentalretardation.智力遲鈍diffusebrainswelling彌漫性腦水腫subarachnoidbleeding蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血232.congestion218.cerebrovascularcomplications腦血管并發(fā)癥充血233.persistentnighttimecough219.bacteremia菌血癥持續(xù)夜間咳嗽234.aspirationandcultureofsinusmaterial220.osteomyelitis骨髓炎鼻竇分泌物吸出及培養(yǎng)235.parenteralpenicillinG221.septicarthritis膿毒性關節(jié)炎靜脈給予青霉素G236.thedrugofchoicefordisease222.endocarditis心內(nèi)膜炎首選藥物237.50,000U/kgforminorinfectionsto223.pericarditis300,000U/kgformeningitis心包炎224.peritonitis輕度感染：50,000U/kg腦膜炎：300,000U/kg腹膜炎225.sinusitis238.parentera】lagtamdrugs靜脈給予0內(nèi)酰胺類藥物鼻竇炎226.otitismedia239.ampicillin阿莫西林中耳炎227.tinnitus240.cefuroxime頭孢呋辛耳鳴228.upperrespiratorytractinfection241.penicillin-susceptiblestrains青霉素敏感的菌株上呼吸道感染229.bulgingtympanicmembrane242.offerlittleadvantageoverpenicillin與青霉素相比，沒有特殊優(yōu)勢鼓膜突出230.reducedmovementoninsufflationor243.Macrolidesandcephalosporins大環(huán)內(nèi)酯類和頭孢菌素類tympanography244.alternativesforpenicillin-allergicpatients注氣法或鼓室造影法顯示活動減少青霉素過敏患者的替代藥物231.facialpain245.clindamycin面部疼痛克林霉素tetracycline四環(huán)素trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole甲氧芐啶-磺胺甲氧異惡唑Penicillin-resistantpneumococci耐青霉素的肺炎球菌tetracycline-,fluoroquinolone-andmacrolide-resistantstrains四環(huán)素耐藥，氟喹諾酮類耐藥，大環(huán)內(nèi)酯類耐藥的菌株Multidrug-resistantstrains多重耐藥菌alterationofpenicillin-bindingprotein(PBP)genes青霉素結(jié)合蛋白基因的改變transformationandhorizontaltransferofDNAfromrelatedstreptococcalspecies基因轉(zhuǎn)導以及從鏈球菌傳遞的DNA253.loweraffinityforpenicillins與青霉素的親和力下降254.specificPBP(s)andthenumberofPBPsaltered根據(jù)PBPs改變的類型和數(shù)量255.levelofresistancerangesfromintermediatetohigh耐藥的程度分為中介耐藥和高度耐藥penicillinsusceptibilitybreakpoints青霉素敏感性折點susceptibleW0.06pg/mL;intermediate,0.12-1.0pg/mL;resistant，2.0pg/mL敏感W0.06pg/mL，中介0.12-1.0pg/mL；耐藥，2.0pg/mLwerenotpredictiveoftheresponseof可以預測用藥反應revisedpenicillinGbreakpoints修正的青霉素G折點ClinicalandLaboratoryStandardsInstitute臨床與實驗室標準學會Theuseofantibioticsselectsforresistantpneumococci抗生素的使用造成了耐藥肺炎球菌的出現(xiàn)MICsof，0.12pg/mLindicateresistance(meningitis)MIC大于0.12Hg/mL意味著耐藥(腦膜炎)thebreakpointsareW2pg/mLforsusceptibleorganisms,4pg/mLforintermediateorganisms,and，8pg/mLforresistantorganism(snonmeningitis)敏感菌W2pg/mL中介4pg/mL耐藥，8pg/mL(非腦膜炎感染)theInfectiousDiseasesSocietyofAmerica美國傳染病協(xié)會AmericanThoracicSociety美國胸科學會theBritishThoracicSociety英國胸科學會theEuropeanRespiratorySociety歐洲呼吸協(xié)會vancomycin萬古霉素26