英國文學(xué)選讀教案以及考研復(fù)習(xí)要點(diǎn)

Introductionofthecourse(1ThiscourseiscalledSelectedReadingsinEnglishLiterature,acompulsorycourseforyou.Itwillbefinishedinabout2weeks.(2Inthiscourse,youwillhavetoreadsomeoriginalworkstakenfromEnglishclassics.Itmaybealittlebitdifficultforyou.However,it'salsoachanceforyoutoknowsomegreattreasuryinworldliteratureandI'llhelpyouunderstandthem.(3Comparingwiththeliteraryhistorycourses,thiscoursemainlyfocusesonoriginalproductions.Thecoursebookisaniceonewithclassicalworksanddetailednotes.(4Forthefinaltest,20%willbedecidedbyyourattendance,and80%bythetestpaper.(5Averyimportantsuggestion:previewtheproductionsbeforetheclass;otherwiseit'llbeverydifficultforyoutocatchmeintheclass.Lecture1TheOldandMedievalEnglishLiteratureSincehistoricaltimes,Englandhasbeenconqueredthreetimes.ItwasconqueredbytheRomans,theAnglo-Saxons,andtheNormans.EnglandwasnotmuchaffectedbytheRomanConquest,butshefeltthefullweightoftheothertwoconquests.TheAnglo-SaxonsbroughttoEnglandtheGermaniclanguageandculture,whiletheNormansbroughtafreshwaveofMediterraneancivilization,whichincludesGreekculture,Romanlaw,andtheChristianreligion.ItistheculturalinfluencesofthesetwoconqueststhatprovidedthesourcefortheriseandgrowthofEnglishliterature.TheperiodofoldEnglishliteratureextendsfromabout450to1066,theyearoftheNormanconquestofEngland.TheAnglo-SaxonlanguagebecamethebasisofmodernEnglish,andaspecificpoetictradition,whichisbothboldandstrong,mournfulandelegiacinspirit.(粗獷、豪邁、悲情、哀婉Generallyspeaking,theoldEnglishliteraturethathassurvivedcanbedividedintotwogroups:thereligiousgroupandthesecularone.Thepoetryofthereligiousgroupismainlyonbiblicalthemes.GenesisA,GenesisBandExodus(《創(chuàng)世紀(jì)》、《出埃及紀(jì)》arepoemsbasedontheOldTestament;whereastheDreamoftheRood《十字架之夢》comesfromtheNewTestament.Inthispoem,Christisportrayedastheyoungwarriorstridingtoembracedeathandvictory,whiletherood(crossitselftakesontheburdenofhissuffering.TheseculargroupofpoemevokestheAnglo-Saxonsenseoftheharshnessofcircumstanceandthesadnessofthehumanlot.Beowulf,atypicalexampleofOldEnglishpoetry,isregardedtodayasthenationalepicoftheAnglo-Saxons.However,theheroandthesettingofBeowulfhavenothingtodowithEngland,forthestorytookplaceinScandinavia.ItdescribestheexploitsofaScandinaviahero,Beowulf,infightingagainstamonsterandafire-breathingdragon.InthesesequencesBeowulfisshownnotonlyasagloriousherobutalsoasaprotectorofthepeople.Thematicallythepoempresentsavividpictureofhowtheprimitivepeoplewageheroicstrugglesagainstthehostileforcesofthenaturalworldunderawiseandmightyleader.Thepoemisanexampleoftheminglingofnaturemythsandheroiclegends.;TheNormanConquestbroughtEnglandmorethanachangeofrulers.Politically,afeudalistsystemwasestablishedinEngland;religiously,theRome-backedCatholicChurchhadamuchstrongercontroloverthecountry;andgreatchangesalsotookplaceinlanguages(French,LatinandOldEnglishco-existed.WiththeNormanConqueststartsthemedievalEnglishliterature,whichcoversaboutfourcenturies,from1066uptothemid-14thcentury.ItisChauceralonewho,forthefirsttimeinEnglishliterature,presentedtousacomprehensiverealisticpictureoftheEnglishsocietyofhistimeandcreatedawholegalleryofvividcharactersfromallwalksoflifeinhismasterpieceTheCanterburytales.GiovanniBoccaccioandTheDecameronFengMeng-longand“Sanyan”or“ThreeWords”:StoriestoCautiontheWorld(ComprehensiveWordstoWarntheWorld,StoriestoAwakentheWorld(ConstantWordstoAwakentheWorld,andStoriestoInstructtheWorld(IllustriousWordstoInstructtheWorldAboutGeoffreyChaucer:(富二代GeoffreyChaucer(c.1340-1400wasoneofthefineststorytellersintheEnglishlanguage,aswellasbeingagreatpoetandanaccomplishedprosewriter.Historiansareuncertainabouthisexactdateofbirth.Geoffrey'swell-to-doparentspossessedseveralbuildingsinthevintagequarterinLondon.NotmuchisknownaboutGeoffrey'sschoolcareer.HemusthavehadsomeeducationinLatinandGreek.OutofschoolhewentonasapageinthehouseholdoftheCountessofUlster.ChaucerroseinroyalemploymentandbecameaknightoftheshireforKent.Asamemberoftheking'shousehold,ChaucerwassentondiplomaticerrandsthroughoutEurope.Fromalltheseactivities,hegainedtheknowledgeofsocietythatmadeitpossibletowriteTheCanterburyTales.ChaucerdiedinOctober1400andwasburiedinWestminsterAbbeyinLondon.HewasthefirstofthosethataregatheredinwhatwenowknowasthePoet'sCornerinWestminsterAbbey.TheinfluenceofRenaissancewasalreadyfeltinthefieldofEnglishliteraturewhenChaucerwaslearningfromthegreatItalianwriterslikePetrarchandBoccacciointhelastpartofthe14thcentury.Heaffirmedman?srighttopursueearthlyhappinessandopposedasceticism;hepraisedman?senergy,intellect,quickwitandloveoflife;heexposedandsatirizedthesocialvices,includingreligiousabuses.Itthuscanbesaidthat,inEnglishliterature,Chaucerboremarksofhumanismandanticipatedaneweratocome.Fromhisbirthtohisdeath,Chaucerdealtcontinuallywithallsortsofpeople,thehighestandthelowest,andhisobservantmindmadethemostofhisever-presentopportunity.Inhisworks,Chaucerexploresthethemeoftheindividual?srelationtothesocietyinwhichhelives;heportraysclashesofcharacters?temperamentsandtheirconflictsovermaterialinterests;healsoshowsthecomicandironiceffectsobtainablefromtheclassdistinctionsfeltbythenewlyemergedbourgeoisie.Inshort,Chaucerdevelopshischaracterizationtoahigherartisticlevelbypresentingcharacterswithbothtypicalqualitiesandindividualdispositions.AboutTheCanterburyTales:GeoffreyChaucerwroteTheCanterburyTales,acollectionofstoriesinaframestory,between1387and1400.ItisthestoryofagroupofthirtypeoplewhotravelaspilgrimstoCanterbury(England.WhiletravellingtoCanterbury,thepilgrims,whocomefromalllayersofsociety,tellstoriestoeachothertokilltime,shotthroughwithcunningwitanddryhumor.AlthoughincompleteatthetimeofChaucer'sdeath,itisgenerallyregardedashisgreatestworkormasterpiece.TheTalesthemselvesrangefromtheexemplarysaints'livestoldbythenuns,tothebawdy,comictalesofthemillerandthereeve,alwaysshotthroughwithChaucer'scunningwitanddryhumor.Chaucerleaveshisreaderswiththeimpressionthatthewholeofmedievalsocietyhaspassedbeforetheireyes.Theaimofthepresentedition,withits'on'notesandglosses,istoenablereaderswithlittleornopreviousexperienceofmedievalEnglishtoreadandenjoythislandmarkinEnglishLiterature.ChaucerintroducedfromFrancetherhymedstanzasofvarioustypestoEnglishpoetrytoreplacetheOldEnglishalliterativeverse.InTheCanterburyTales,heusedtherhymedcoupletofiambicpentameterwhichistobecalledlatertheheroiccouplet.heroiccouplet(英雄對偶、英雄雙韻體;eachline10syllabus;iambicpentameter(抑揚(yáng)格五音步;TheCanterburyTalesTheGeneralPrologue1Whanthat/April/withhis/showres/soote/WheninAprilthesweetshowersfallandshoot2Thedroghte/ofMarch/hathper/cedto/theroote/,downthroughthedroughtofmarchtopiecetheroot,3AndbathedeveryveyneinswichlicourAndbathedeveryvein(oftheplantsinsuchliquid4Ofwhichvertuengendredistheflour;Bywhichpowerthefloweriscreated;5WhanZephiruseekwithhissweetebreethWhentheWestWindalsowithitssweetbreath,6InspiredhathineveryholtandheethIneverywoodandfieldhasbreathedlifeinto7Thetendrecroppes,andtheyongesonneThetendernewleaves,andtheyoungsun8HathintheRamhishalfcoursyronne,HasrunhalfitscourseinAries,9Andsmalefowelesmakenmelodye,Andsmallfowlsmakemelody,10ThatslepenalthenyghtwithopenyeThosethatsleepallthenightwithopeneyes11(SoprikethhemNatureinhircorages,(SoNatureincitesthemintheirhearts,12Thannelongenfolktogoononpilgrimages,Thenfolklongtogoonpilgrimages,13Andpalmeresfortosekenstraungestrondes,Andprofessionalpilgrimstoseekforeignshores,14Tofernehalwes,kowtheinsondrylondes;Todistantshrines,knowninvariouslands;15AndspeciallyfromeveryshiresendeAndspeciallyfromeveryshire'send16OfEngelondtoCaunterburytheywende,OfEnglandtoCanterburytheytravel,17Thehoolyblisfulmartirfortoseke,Toseektheholyblessedmartyr,18Thathemhathholpenwhanthattheywereseeke.Whohelpedthemwhentheyweresick.AllthispackedintothosefirstfewlinesofTheGeneralPrologueoftheCanterburyTales.Thelinesarelearnedandmostofallliterary.TheopeninglinesoftheCanterburyTalesconstituteasimplelyriccelebratingthereturnofSpringaftertheharshnessofwinter,acommonformofmedievalFrenchlyric.ItbecamewidespreadinEnglishaswell.TheseareallinthebackgroundofChaucer'sopeninglines,echoinginthemindsofhislisteners.ThereisintheopeninglinesoftheCanterburytalesakindofcelebrationoffertility,thesamejoyfulwelcometospringandithasalltheelementsoftheconventionalfirststanzaofthelovelyric--thesingingbird,thespringingflower,andthetime--AprilorMay,earlyspring.ItisthesamemovementwesawinWhentheNightingaleSings--thetimeisspring,theflowersbloom,thebirdssing,andthenyounglove.Alltheseelements,evenlove,areinthisopeningsentenceoftheCanterburyTales--theSpringsetting,thebirds,theflowers,theimpulsetowardlove.TothisChauceraddsanothertraditionofthecelebrationofSpring,thatofthelearnedLatintradition.ChaucerdoesnotsimplytellyouthatthedewsfellontheearthasGuillaumedoes.Hegivesinsteadabriefscientificdescription,tellinghowthedewsengenderthevirtues--whichmeanspowers--whicharethehumorsthatwillproducetheflowers.HereishowSpringwasdescribedinanactualscientificTreatise,VincentofBeauvais'thirteenth-centuryencyclopediaofNaturalHistory.ItwasaworkthatChaucerknewverywellandofwhichmayevenhave--Ithinkprobably--ownedacopy:Indeedthesunpenetratingtotherootsofgrassesandplants,drawsoutthefreezinghumorwhichwinterhadbrought,andthegrassesandplants,feelingtheiremptiness,drawinthehumoroftheearth,whichaddingtoittheheatofitsownhumor,thehearofthesuntransmitsittotheplants,andthustheyarerevivedandgrowgreen;whenceitisthatthismonthiscalledApril,sincethisiswhentheearthisopened.Theporesoftheearthareopened,andhumorsbegintomoveupwardsinbeasts,trees,andman...andthereforeAprilispaintedwithaflower,forinthatmonthApriltheearthhaththatbeginningtobeclothedandadornedwithflowersChaucernotonlysaysitisApril,hedefinesthetimebyexactreferencetotheCosmos--totheyoungsunjustemergingfromthezodiacalsignoftheRam,sothattheactiontakesplaceinagrandcosmicsetting--onearth,surroundedbytheninespheres--thesevenplanets,thefixedstars,allmovinginaharmonyproducedbythereconciliationofopposites,themusicofthespheres.ChaucerlearnedthisfromLatinliterature.Finally,thehighstyleinwhichtheselinesarewrittenisanemphaticallyliterarywayofwriting.Itisbookish,conventional,treatingcommonplaces.Thatistosaythatthissortofdescriptionofspringisnotnew.ItisonethatChaucer'ssophisticatedfirsthearersknewfromscoresofpoems.TheyknewitforexamplefromtheProloguetotheLegendofGoodWomen,whichwastheworkChaucerwroteandpublished--thatisreadaloudinpublic--justbeforeheturnedtotheCanterburytales.HereispartofthedescriptionofSpringinthatPrologue:Andherearetherestoftheingredients--thesingingofbirds,theoutburstofgreeneryandflowers.ThatisthestandarddescriptionofSpring,casthereinthehighstyle.ThatistosayitisnottheWestWind,asinthefamousMiddleEnglishlyric.Questions:1.TheworkthatPresented,forthefirsttimeinEnglishliterature,acomprehensive,realisticpictureoftheEnglishsocietyofhistimeandcreatedawholegalleryofvividcharactersfromallwalksoflifeismostlikely____________.A.WilliamLangland?sPiersPlowmanB.GeoffreyChaucer?sTheCanterburyTalesC.JohnGower?sConfessioAmantisD.SirGawainandtheGreenKnight2.AmongthegreatMiddleEnglishpoets,GeoffreyChaucerisknownforhisproductionof__________.A.PiersPlowmanB.SirGawainandtheGreenKnightC.ConfessioAmantisD.TheCanterburyTalesLecture2theRenaissancePeriodEachperiodisareactionagainstthelastperiod.Everyperiodeclipsedbytherapidriseofnextperiod.HistoricalBackgroundTheRenaissancemarksatransitionfromthemedievaltothemodernworld.Generally,itreferstotheperiodbetweenthe14thandmid-17thcentury.ItfirststartedinItaly,withtheflowingofpainting,sculptureandliterature.TheRenaissance,whichmeansrebirthorrevival,isactuallyamovementstimulatedbyaseriesofhistoricalevents,suchastherediscoveryofancientRomanandGreekculture,thenewdiscoveriesingeographyandastrology,thereligiousreformationandtheeconomicexpansion.Therefore,inessence,isahistoricalperiodinwhichtheEuropeanhumanistideasinmedievalEurope,tointroducenewideasthatexpressedtheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisie,andtorecoverthepurityoftheearlychurchfromthecorruptionoftheRomanCatholicChurch.Twofeaturesarestrikingofthismovement.Theoneisathirstingcuriosityfortheclassicalliterature.Anotheristhehumanism,whichmeansthenewfeelingofadmirationforhumanbeautyandhumanachievement.HumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance.Itsprangfromtheendeavortorestoreamedievalreverencefortheantiqueauthors,fortheGreekandRomancivilizationwasbasedonsuchaconceptionthatmanisthemeasureofallthings.Throughthenewlearning,humanistsnotonlysawtheartsofsplendorandenlightenment,butthehumanvaluesrepresentedintheworks.Inthemedievalsociety,peopleasindividualswerelargelysubordinatedtothefeudalistrulewithoutanyfreedomandindependence;andinmedievaltheology,people?srelationshipstotheworldaboutthemwerelargelyreducedtoaproblemofadaptingtooravoidingthecircumstancesofearthlylifeinanefforttopreparetheirsoulsforafuturelife.ButRenaissancehumanistsfoundintheclassicsajustificationtoexalthumannatureandcometoseethathumanbeingsweregloriouscreaturescapableofindividualdevelopmentinthedirectionofperfection,andthattheworldtheyinhabitedwastheirsnottodespisebuttoquestion,explore,andenjoy.Thus,byemphasizingthedignityofhumanbeingsandtheimportanceofthepresentlife,theyvoicedtheirbeliefsthatmandidnotonlyhavetherighttoenjoythebeautyofhislife,buthadtheabilitytoperfecthimselfandtoperformwonders.ThefirstperiodoftheEnglishRenaissancewasoneofimitationandassimilation.PetrarchwasregardedasthefountainheadofliteraturebytheEnglishwriters.ForitwasPetrarchandhissuccessorswhoestablishedthelanguageofloveandsharplydistinguishedthelovepoetryoftheRenaissancefromitscounterpartsintheancientworld.ShakespearelivedinsuchaperiodandalsosuchaperiodmadehimthemostfamousandmostimportantEnglishwriter.IntheearlystageoftheRenaissance,poetryandpoeticdramawerethemostoutstandingliteraryformsandtheywerecarriedonespeciallybyShakespeare.WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616:(富二代,姐弟戀Shakespeareisoneofthemostremarkableplaywrightsandpoetstheworldhaseverknown.Withhis38plays,154sonnetsand2longnarrativepoems,hehasestablishedhisgiantpositioninworldliterature.ShakespearewasbornprobablyonApril23,1564,intoamerchant?sfamilyInStratford-on-Avon.TownHespenthischildhoodinthatbeautifulmarkettownandattendedtheStratfordGrammarSchool.Hisrealteacherswerenatureanditspeoplethatsurroundedhim.In1582,hemarriedawomanseveralyearshissenior.From1591to1611,Shakespearewasintheprimeofhisdramaticcareerandhisplayscameoutoneafteranother.But,hedidnotconfinehisgeniusmerelytothetheater.In1593and1594,hepublishedtwonarrativepoems,VenusandAdonis(《維納斯與安東尼斯》andTheRapeofLucrece.(《魯克麗斯受辱記》.Healsowrotesonnets,whichwerepublishedin1609.By1597,ShakespearewassoprosperousthatheboughtthelargesthouseinStratford,knownasNewPlace.About1610heleftLondonandretiredtoStratford,thoughhecontinuedtowriteforsometime.HediedonApril23,1616.TherealmainstreamoftheEnglishRenaissanceistheElizabethandrama.Shakespeareismainlyfamousforhisgreatplays,especiallytheoutstanding"FourGreatTragedies".("Hamlet","KingLear","Othello"and"Macbeth"Theyhavesomecharacteristicsincommon.Eachportrayssomenoblehero,whofacestheinjusticeofhumanlifeandiscaughtinadifficultsituationandwhosefateiscloselyconnectedwiththefateofthewholenation.Eachherohashisweaknessofnature:Hamlet,themelancholicscholar-prince,fecesthedilemmabetweenactionandthemind;Othello?sinnerweaknessisMadeuseofbytheoutsideevilforce;theoldkingLearwhoisunwillingtototallygiveuphispowermakeshimselfsufferfromtreacheryandinfidelity;andMacbeth?slustforpowerstirsuphisambitionandleadshimtoincessantcrimes.Withtheconcentrationonthetragichero,Shakespearedramatizesthewholeworldaroundthehero.Alongwiththeportrayaloftheweaknessorbiasofthehero,weseethesharpconflictsbetweentheindividualandtheevilforceinthesociety,whichshoesthatShakespeareisagreatrealistinthetruesense.Heisalsotheauthorofsomeotherfamousplays,suchas"RomeoandJuliet".HamletisgenerallyregardedasShakespeare?smostpopularplayonthestage,forithasthequalitiesofa“blood-and-thunder”thrillerandaphilosophicalexplorationoflifeanddeath.Theplaywasprobablywrittenaround1601,basedonawidespreadlegendinnorthernEurope.HetakesthebareoutlinesofRevengeTragedy,butwhatheaddsisinfinitelymoreinterestingthanwhatheadopts.Andthetimelessappealofthismightydramaliesinitscombinationofintrigue,emotionalconflictandsearchingphilosophicmelancholy.Byrevealingthepower-seeking,thejostlingforplace,thehiddenmotives,thecourteoussuperficialitiesthatveillustandguilt,Shakespearecondemnsthehypocrisyandtreacheryandgeneralcorruptionattheroyalcourt.Shakespeare,asahumanistofthetime,wasshockedbythefeudaltyrannyanddisunityandinternalstruggleforpoweratthecourtwhichledtocivilwars.Inhisplays,hedoesnothesitatetodescribethecrueltyandanti-naturalcharacterofthecivilwars,buthedidnotgoallthewayagainstthefeudalrule.Inhisdramaticcreation,especiallyinhishistoriesortragedies,heaffirmstheimportanceofthefeudalsysteminordertoupholdsocialorder.Shakespeareisagainstreligiouspersecutionandracialdiscrimination,againstsocialinequalityandthecorruptinginfluenceofgoldandmoney.Butthereisalsoalimittosympathyforthedowntrodden.Hefearsanarchy,hatesrebellionanddespisesdemocracy.Thus,hefindsnowaytosolvethesocialproblems.Intheend,theonlythinghecandoasahumanististoescapefromtherealitytoseekcomfortinhisdream.ShakespearehasacceptedtheRenaissanceviewsonliterature.Heholdsthatliteratureshouldbeacombinationofbeauty,kindnessandtruth,andshouldreflectnatureandreality.Basedonthisconsideration,hehasclaimedthroughthemouthofHamletthatthe“end”ofdramaticcreationistogivefaithfulreflectionofthesocialrealitiesofthetime.SonnetAsonnetisalyricpoemconsistingofasinglestanzaoffourteeniambicpentameterlineslinkedbyanintricaterhymescheme.ItwasintroducedtoEnglandfromItalybySirThomasWyattandHenryHoward,EarlofSurrey.(ItisaverypopularpoemformandusedwidelyinEnglishliterature.IntheElizabethera,EdmundSpenserwasalsofamousforhissonnets.Andlater,JohnMilton,ByronandKeatsallcontributedexcellentsonnets.Shakespeare'ssonnetsarealsoverygood.Hewrote154sonnets,whicharetheonlydirectexpressionofthepoet?sownfeelings.Amongthem,numbers1-126areaddressedtoayoungman,belovedofthepoet,ofsuperiorbeautyandrankbutofsomewhatquestionablemoralsandconstancy.Thesonnets127-152formalesscoherentgroup,whichinvolveamistressofthepoet,amysteriousdarklady,whoissensual,promiscuous,andirresistible.Thefinaltwosonnetsdonotapparentlybelongtoeitherthefriendorthedarkladysequence,theyaretranslationoradaptationsofsomeversionofaGreekepigram.We'llfirstintroduceSonnet18,themostfamoussonnetwrittenbyShakespeare.Thoughthesonnetisafixedform,buttherhymeschemeofthesonnetisnotfixed.(fewminutesforstudentstofindoutthispoem'srhymescheme.Answer:ababcdcdefefgg.ThisisatypicalrhymeschemeusedbyShakespeareinallhissonnets.WhatarethethemeofShakespeare?ssonnet18?Theme:Anicesummer?sdayisusuallytransient,butthebeautyinpoetrycanlastforever,toexpressthedeeplovetohisfriendTheMerchantofVeniceFamouscomedywrittenbyShakespeareinhisyouthSetting:Venice,theMiddleAgeCharacters:Bassanio,Antonio,Shylock,Portia(letstudentsdiscussthecharactersPortia:Shakespeare'sidealwoman,beautiful,intelligent,cultured,gracious,independent,adaughterofRenaissanceShylock:mostsuccessfulcharacter,aJew,agreedyandmercilessusurerandalsoavictimofracialdiscriminationandreligiouspersecution(sympathyTheme:Mercywinsovermalice.Theselectionisthemostfamoussceneofthewholeplayandalsotheclimaxoftheplay.(Askstudentstoreaditthoroughlyaftertheclass.Intheclass,we'lllearnashortparttakenfromthescene.(thefamousstatementaboutmercymadebyPortia(thelastbutnotleastformoftheplay:versedramawritteninblankversemostlyblankverse:unrhymediambicpentameter.SoonafterblankversewasintroducedbyHenryHoward,EarlofSurreyinhistranslationofVirgil'sworks,itbecamethestandardmeterforElizabethanandlaterpoeticdramasandsomepoets,suchasJohnMilton,alsoemployedthisformtowritetheirlongpoems.Questions:1.thecradleoftheRenaissanceis_________.A.GermanyB.EnglandC.AmericaD.Italy2.therealmainstreamoftheEnglishRenaissanceis______.A.theElizabethandramaB.theElizabethanproseC.theElizabethanpoemD.theElizabethannovel3.“ShallIcomparetheetoasummer?sday?”thisisthebeginninglineofoneofShakespeare?s________.A.songsB.sonnetsC.playsD.comedies4.“tobeornottobe——thatisthequestion.”Whosaidthiswords?A.KingLearB.RomeoC.AntonioD.Hamlet5.Shakespearehasestablishedhisgiantpositioninworldliteraturewithhis____plays,_____sonnetsand_____longpoems.6.“thusconsciencedoesnotmakecowardsofusall,AndthusthenativeshueofresolutionIssickliedo?erwiththepalecastofthought,AndenterprisesofgreatpitchandmomentWiththisregardtheircurrentsturnawryAndlosethenameofaction.”(1.Whatdoes“thenativeshueofresolution”mean?(2.Whatdoes“thepalecastofthought”standfor?(3.Whatideadothelinesexpress?DeterminationoractivityConsiderationorhesitationToomuchthinkingmadeactivityimpossibleLecture3FrancisBacon:(官二代FrancisBacon(1561-1626,arepresentativeoftheRenaissanceinEngland,andthefirstimportantEnglishessayist,isawell-knownphilosopher,scientist,essayist,andisespeciallybestknownforhisessayswhichgreatlyinfluencedthedevelopmentofthisliteraryform.HewasalsothefounderofmodernscienceinEngland.Hiswritingspavedthewayfortheuseofscientificmethod.Thus,heisundoubtedlyoneoftherepresentativesoftheEnglishRenaissance.Baconlaysthefoundationformodernsciencewithhisinsistenceonscientificwayofthinkingandfreshobservation(logicthinking,abstractthinking,inductivereasoningratherthanauthorityasabasisforobtainingknowledge.HisessaysisthefirstexampleofthatgenreinEnglishliterature,whichhasbeenrecognizedasanimportantlandmarkinthedevelopmentofEnglishprose.BeingthesonofElizabeth?sfirstLordKeeper(內(nèi)務(wù)總管、掌璽大臣,Baconhadafortunateheritageandbackground.HestudiedatCambridge,enteredParliament,andgraduallyestablishedhisreputation.Attheheightofhiscareer,underKingJames,hebecameLordKeeperandthenLordChancellorofEngland(大法官.Buthelateraccusedoftakingbribesinoffice.Headmittedacceptingpresentsbutdefendedinjusticeofhisact.Afterstokenimprisonment,heretriedindisgracetohisestatetospendthelastfiveyearsofhislife.Baconhadawiderangeofknowledge.Hisworkscanbedividedintothreegroups.ThemostimportantworksofhisfirstgroupincludeTheadvancementofLearning(《學(xué)術(shù)的進(jìn)展》.Hisphilosophicalworksalsobelongtothefirstgroup.Hisliteraryworksareinthesecondgroup,amongwhichthemostfamousisEssays.(《散文集》MaximsofLaw(《法律原理》andTheLearnedReadinguponStatuteofUsers(《法令使用讀本》arethetwofamousworksfromthethirdgroup.TheadvancementofLearningisagreattractoneducation,inwhichhedividesknowledgeintotwokinds.OneistheknowledgeobtainedfromtheDivineRevelation,theotheristheknowledgefromtheworkingsofhumanmind.Heholdsthatthesetwosortsofknowledgewouldnotcontradicteachother.Suchacompromisemightnotbeacceptabletoday,butithadgreatsignificanceinbacon?stime,forheseparatestheology(神學(xué)fromscientificobservationsandexperiments,thusmakingagreatstepforwardinscience.Accordingtobacon,man?sunderstandingconsistsofthreeparts:historytoman?smemory,poetrytoman?simaginationandcreation,andphilosophy