2002年3月高級口譯真題

2002年3月高級口譯真題SECTION1:LISTENINGTEST(30minutes)PartA:SpotDictationDirections:Inthispartofthetest,youwillhearapassageandreadthesamepassagewithblanksinit.Fillineachoftheblankswiththewordsyouhaveheardonthetape.WriteyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Rememberyouwillhear.thepassageONLYONCE.Ivebeenreadingsomeveryinterestingresearchrecently.Itisabouthowpeoplesmoodsare_______________(1).Inthepastdecadeorso.therehasbeenagreatdealofspeculationabouttherelationshipbetweenthetwo.Youknow,howtheyalwayssaythatpeople________________(2)aremoreoutgoingthanthosefromthenorth.Well,itseemsthatthere____________(3)init.Throughmanyyearsofresearch,somescientistshavebeenabletoshowthatifyouare______________(4)acertainminimumamountofsunlightonly,whetherinsummerorwinter,youmaywellbecome_____________(5).AresearchertookagroupoffiftypeoplelivinginthenorthernpartofFinlandwhowenttotheirdoctorinthewintermonthsand___________(6).InthatpartofFinland,whichisaNorthernEuropeangreatervalidity,choseaswide________________(7)aday.Theresearcher,inordertoachievegreatervalidity,choseaswide_______________(8)ashecould-theseweremenandwomen,whowere________________(9)andhaddifferentjobsorprofessionalcareers,asacoupleofAmericans.Halfofthegroup______________(12)aregularamountoftimeonasnubbedandtheotherhalfofthegroupweregivensome______________(13)whichareusedtorelievedepression.Afterthetreatment,thesnubbedgroupactuallyshowedafasterand________________(14)thanthepillgroup.Twentyoutofthe25peopleinthesnubbedgroupreportedthattheyfeltconsiderablybetterafteronly___________________(15)whereasthesamenumberofpeopleinthepillgroupsaidthatthey_________________(16)aftersevendays.Allofthesunbedgroupsaidthattheyfeltconsiderablybetter________________(17)ofusingthesunedwhereastwoofthepillusersstillclaimedthatthey________________(18)aftersixweeksofpill-takingandtenofthepillgroupstillfeltmarginallybetter.________________(19)seemedparticularlyresponsivetothesunbedtreatmentbuttherewas_________________(20)betweentheresponsesofdifferentnationalities.PartB:ListeningComprehensionDirections:Inthispartofthetesttherewillbesomeshorttalksandconversations.Aftereachone,youwillbeaskedsomequestions.Thetalks,conversationsandquestionswillbespokenONLYONCE.NowlistencarefullyandchoosetherightanswertoeachquestionyouhaveheardandwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERQuestions1to5arebasedonthefollowingradioprogramme.1.(A)Becausesheistoobusyfindinginformationinthelibrary.(B)BecausesheseestheuseoftheInternetastoogreatachallengeforher.(C)BecausesheherselfhasnotyetgotconnectedtotheInternet.(D)BecausetheuseoftheInternetisnotconvenientorcheap.2.(A)Theplacessheisparticularlyinterestedin.(B)Theplacesshehasjustfoundthatday.(C)Someelectroniccompanysites.(D)Someadvertisingpages.3.(A)MarvellElectronics.(B)AndrewMarvel.(C)Englishlanguagepages.(D)TheUniversityof4.(A)Aninteractivepage.(B)AvillageinSuffolk.(C)Ahousesurroundedbysoldiersandtanks.(D)Oneoftheregimentssurroundingahouse.5.(A)Alittlebitsad.(B)Somewhatamused.(C)Quitehappy.(D)Verymuchdaunted.Questions6to10arebasedonthefollowingnews.6.(A)Abigcutintherateofunemployment.(B)Amajorincreaseinmilitaryspending.(C)Aboostinfundingfordomesticsecurity.(D)Areductioningovernmentexpenditure.7.(A)Anagreementonbilateraltrade.(B)Anagreementtosolvecontroversiallabourunionissues.(C)Atreatytosettlethedisputesovertheterritorialwaters.(D)Abasicaccordconcerninganinvestmentpact.8.(A)Three.(B)Four.(C)Six.(D)Seven.9.(A)TheIndiantroopspenetratedthePakistaniterritory.(B)ThePakistanireservedivisionsstartedtotakeupbattlepositions.(C)Bothsidescalledforatemporary24-hourcease-fire.(D)Thetwocountriesshelledeachothersterritories.10.(A)Agroupoffivewantedtohijacktheplane.(B)Amanattemptedtoblowuptheairliner.(C)Therewasamechanicalfaultwithoneengine.(D)Onepassengerwasfoundtoholdafalsepassport.Questions11to15arebasedonthefollowinginterview.11.(A)Whenshewas50.(B)Lessthan20yearsago.(C)Alittlemorethan20yearsago.(D)Around30yearsago.12.(A)Theyfinditdifficulttogetjobsinlaw.(B)Theycantpracticefulltime.(C)Theygetmarriedandhavechildren.(D)Theyfindthepayisnotcompetitive.13.(A)Shefeelsthatsheishelpingpeoplesolveproblems.(B)Sheiscompletelyfreetoscheduleherowntime.(C)Sheisamplyrewardedthroughhardwork.(D)Shethinksthathercareerwinsherhighrespect.14.(A)Familycasesareoftenreservedforfemalebarristers.(B)Maleandfemalebarristersarenottreatedequally.(C)Barristershavetowearwigsandgownsbutsolicitorsarenotallowedto.(D)Thejobisverydemandingonhertime.15.(A)Thefemalejudgesaretougheronwomenthanmalejudges.(B)Themalejudgesarenotsosympathetictowomenasfemalejudges.(C)Clientsaresometimestrainedastohowtobehavetowardsfemalebarristers.(D)Maleandfemalebarristersretireatapproximatelythesameage.Questions16to20arebasedonthefollowingtalk.16.(A)Offeringexplanationsforabrokenpersonality.(B)Advertisingaproductforrelievingdepression.(C)Discussingwhatisresponsibleforlowmoods.(D)Recommendingwaystofightbadfeelings.17.(A)Aradioannouncer.(B)Atelevisionpresenter.(C)Apsychiatrist.(D)Amagazineeditor.18.(A)Lonelinessisonlysomethingthatwesufferfromsometimes.(B)Onlyafewpeoplearoundusfeellonelyfromtimetotime.(C)Lonelypeopleareadvisedtotakesometablets.(D)Eatinganddrinkingatfixedtimeskillloneliness.19.(A)Joinalocalsportsclub.(B)Attendeveningclasses.(C)Askpeopleroundtostaywithyou.(D)Doshoppingwithnewfriends.20.(A)Buyaleafletonloneliness.(B)SendanenvelopetoWeeklyNews.(C)Phonethespeakeragain.SECTLON2:READLNGTEST(30minutes)Directions:Inthissectionyouwillreadseveralpassage.Eachoneisfollowedbyseveralquestionsaboutit.YouaretochooseONEbestanswer,(A),(B),(C)or(D),toeachquestion,AnswerallthequestionsfollowingeachpassageonthebasisofwhatisstatedorimpliedinthatpassageandwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Questions1～5HelenBeasleysaysshedidnotsetouttobecomeasurrogatemother.The26-year-oldlegalsecretaryfromShrewsbury,Six-and-a-halfmonthsafterherfirstsurrogatepregnancybegan,astwinbabieskickinsideher,Beasleycouldnotbemuchfartherfromahappyending.ShesmiredinabitterlegalbattlewithCharlesWheelerandMarthaBerman,theSanFranciscoattorneyswhofoundherclassifiedadontheInternetandflewheroverlastMarchforatriptoafertilityclinic.PregnantwithonemorebabythanWheelerandBermanwanted,Beasleysays,shehasreceivedonly1,000ofthe20,000theyoriginallyagreedtopayher.ThefateofthetwinsshescarryingbutdoesnotwantorhavelegalrightstowillbedecidedbyaCaliforniacourt,inoneofthemostbizarresurrogacycasesyet.BeasleyacknowledgestheWheelerandBerman,whohaverefusedtotalktothemedia,madeitclearintheirdiscussionsthattheywantedjustonechild.Whatsmore,notesStanfordlawprofessorDeborahRhode,"theirswasaveryextensivecontract.Therewere50clauseprovidingforeverycontingency,"includingthecaseofamultiplepregnancy,arealpossibilitygiventhatthreedonoreggsfertilizedbyWheeler'sspermwereimplantedinBeasleyswomb.ThecontractrequiredBeasleytohonorthecouplesdecisionaboutwhethertohaveaselectivereduction,theterminationofoneormorefetusesinamultiplepregnancy.Still,Beasleysays,"Ididntrealizetheywouldgosoballistic"overtheideaoftwins.BeasleyclaimsshewouldhavegonethroughwiththeselectivereductionhasWheelerandBermanmadethearrangementsearlyinthepregnancy.But,asshetellsit,therewasalengthye-mailrowbetweenthetwosidesafterBeasleyreturnedtoEngland:itwasapettyaffairinwhicheachaccusedtheotherofgoingonvacationwithoutwarning,butittookweekstomediate.BythetimeWheelerandBermanbookedBeasleysflighttoCaliforniaforthereduction,itwasweek13ofherpregnancy,shesays.Atthatstage,Beasleyfeltthatterminatingafetuswaswrong.Plus,thelatedateincreasedtheriskthatbothfetuseswouldbelostintheprocedure.Herhighbloodpressurewasalreadycomplicatingthepregnancy.BeasleyclaimsthatWheelerandBermanslawyer,whodeclinedtocomment,presentedherwithtwooptions:toterminateonefetusasrequestedorterminatebothandstillgetpaid.Unwillingtodoeither,Beasleytriedtocompromiseoptionofseekingotherpotentialparent.Shesaysbothsidesofferedcandidatesbutfoughtoverwhat-ifanything-thenewcomerswouldpayWheelerandBermanfortheirin-vitrofertilizationanddonor-eggexpenses.InBritainthematterwouldhavebeensimpler.There,surrogatemothershavefulllegalrightstothebabiestheybearforatleastthefirstsixweeks.ButsincethecontractwassignedinCalifornia,Beasley,nowlivinginSanDiego,supportedbyherlawyerthere,issuingtoseverthecouplesrightsoverthechildrenandclaimunspecifieddamages.BylastThursdaythebloodwassobadthatBermanhadthemanwhocametoserveherwithpapersthrownoutofherofficebuilding.Thisverypubicdebaclehassurrogacysupportersprettysteamedtoo."TheonlyvictimsIseeinthiscasearethosebabiesandsurrogateparentingitself,"saysShirleyZager,directoroftheIllinois-basedOrganizationofParentsThroughSurrogacy,herselfasurrogatemother.AccordingtolawprofessorRhode,changesofhearthappeninonly4outofevery10,000legalsurrogatearrangements;however,suchcasesusuallyinvolvethesurrogatemomwantingtokeepheroffspringaftertheyreborn,Andeventhoughtheyhavebeenthroughalottogether,Beasleyhasnosuchplansforthetwins."Financially,emotionally,Idonthavethemeans,"shesays.Theirhappyendingwillhavetowait.1.Accordingtothepassages,HelenBeasleybecameasurrogatemothermainlybecause______.(A)shewantedtohaveadaughterofherown(B)shelikedtobeavoluntaryeggdonor(C)shehadmuchsympathyforthosechildlessfamilies(D)sheneededthemoneyfromsurrogateparenting2.Theword"row"inthesentence"therewasalengthyemailrowbetweenthetwosides"(Para.4)canbereplacedby________.(A)negotiation(B)argument(C)communication(D)dialogue3.ItcanbefoundfromthepassagesthatthecontractbetweenBeasleyandWheelerandBerman_____.(A)wasunfairtothesurrogatemother(B)wasquitecomprehensiveandacceptedbybothparties(C)didnotincludeclausesrelatedtomultiplepregnancy(D)specifiedthereductionofpaymentincaseofmultiplepregnancy4.Accordingtothepassage,BeasleyrefusedtoterminateoneofthefetusesoutofallthefollowingreasonsEXCEPTthat____.(A)herhighbloodpressurewouldleadtodangerinoperation(B)bothofthetwinfetuseswouldfacetheriskofbeinglost(C)theterminationwouldbetoolateafterweek13ofherpregnancy(D)thedecisiontoreducefetuseswascruelandunethical5.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage?(A)Beasleyisgoingtokeepthetwinsherself.(B)Bothsidesareseekingpotentialparents.(C)Thelawsconcerningsurrogatemotheringaredifferentinthetwocountries.(D)Thecaseisquiteunusualcomparedwithmostothersurrogatecases.Questions6～10Disastercrushesonemannow,afterwardothers-EuripidiesIfthereareanybystandersleftintheworld-peopleonthesidelines,unaffectedbymajoreventsofwar,terrorism,globalcapitalismandtechnologicalchange-theyareveryfew.InhabitantsofremotePacificislandsortheforestsoftheAmazonmightmeritthedescriptioniftheywerenotdirectlyaffectedbyenvironmentalprbolemsandtheencroachmentofcommercialhungerforrawmaterials.Similarly,countrieswhichclaimneutralityarenotreallynonoonesside,theyareoneveryonesside-asrevealedbythefactthatescapedalliedprisonerscouldfindsafetyinSwitzerlandduringthewaragainstNazism,whileatthesametimetheirpursuerscouldequallysafelybanktheirmoneythere.Butitisotherwiseimpossibleforanyonenowtostandasidefromworldaffairs.Itisanillusiontothinkthatonecanavoidthelineoffire,orclaimexemptionfromtheeffectofforcesthatsmashandgrindagainsteachotherinternationally.Civilianpopulationsarenowfrontlinetroops;theybecamesointhe20thcenturyswars,shutteringbombinganddeprivation,theirmobilizationinthoseimmensestrugglesmakingthematargetevenintheirhomes,theaimbeingasmuchtounnerveastokillthemforademoralizedenemyisasgoodasadefeatedone.Terrorismhasexactlytheaim,asitsnameimplies,offrighteningcivilianpopulationsintoforcingtheirgovernmentstoconcede.Ittakesonlyafewdeterminedpeopletoachievethis,applyingthelesson-learnedfromtheSpartansatThermopileviatheRussianbandswhichharassedNapoleonsretreatingGrandArmee,totheresistancefightersandinsurgentseverywhereinthemodernworld-thatsmallforcescandefeatbigones;inthecaseofwholepopulations,bymeansofpsychologicalwar.Thusawell-directedterroristattackisdestructivefarbeyonditsprimarysite;itcanparalyzecommunications,clogthewheelsofordinarylife,panicmillions,wipevalueoffstockexchanges,destroyindustriesandtherebylivelihoods-allasafunctionofpurelypsychologicalaftershock,whoseeffectivenessliesinitsreachingfurtheroutwardinspaceandtime,radiatingoutwardsfromtheoriginalfocus,insomerespectsintensifyingintheprocess.Sayingthattherearenobystandersanymoremeansthateveryoneisininvolvedineverything.Eveninactionisaction;ifyouseesomeoneinjuredanddonothingtohelp,youhaveactednegatively.Thereisachoiceaboutone'smannerofinvolvement;aswitness,victim,fighter-forpeace,andcommonsense;orasthekindwhodoesphysicalbattle,whichisjustifiedwhenitopposesgreaterevils-orashelperofthevictims,sincetheonlycertaintyisthattherewillalwaysbevictims.Runningawaydoesnogood,especiallypsychologicalandintellectualrunningaway.Thisdoesnotjustmeanrefusaltofacethefactthatweallnowliveinsomedegreeofphysicaldanger,eveninourordinarylivesinotherwisepeacefulcircumstances.Italsomeansrefusaltorecognize,thinkthroughandtrytodealwiththesourcesofthatdanger-thesourcesofresentment,suspicion,hatredandfinallyconflictwithinandbetweenpeoples.Amongthemainsourcesarethese,andtheyarelinked:disparitiesinwealthandpower,andfundamentaldifferencesofculture,especiallyreligiousandmoralculture.Thelinkliesinthewaywealthandpowercan,evenifunintentionally,makethoseinpovertyandweaknessfeelhumiliatedandtherefore-inrespectoftheirreligiousandmoralculture-insulted.Theseinflamemoreconcretecausesofopposition,suchasexistintheMiddleEast,theBalkansandIrelandformorerecenthistoricalreasons.Themixtureisalwaysvolatile,andthecantsofnationalism,ofthesacredor(worstofall)bothareeverhandyforwhippingadangerousminorityintoviolentanger.Therestistragedy.Thisanalysisimpliestheremedy,infinitelyeasiertostatethantoeffect.Itistomaketheworldfairer,andtoliberateitfromthedistortinginfluenceofantiquatedbeliefs-attheveryleast,byremovingthemfromthepublicarena,allowingeveryonetheretobeanindividualhumanbeingratherthanalabel,andinvitingourrespectaccordingly.6.Infrontofterrorism,accordingtotheauthor,_______.(A)mostofcivilianpopulationsarebystanders(B)noonecanbeabystandertoday(C)therearestillsomebystandersintheworld(D)abystanderissuretobeonthesideofterrorists7.Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtothesentence"Civilianpopulationsarenowfrontlinetroops."(Para.2)?(A)Civiliansarerecruitedintothearmytofightterrorism.(B)Civiliansaremobilizedtoavoidterroristattacks.(C)Civiliansbecomethedirectvictimsofterroristattacks.(D)Civiliansturnouttobelosersinthepsychologicalwar.8.Withthestatement"Eveninactionisaction",theauthorimpliesallofthefollowingEXCEPTthat______.(A)youcanonlyacteitherpositivelyornegatively(B)youcannolongerremainneutral(C)youcannotbutavoidinvolvementinonewayortheother(D)youcanonlychoosethemannerofinvolvement9.Accordingtotheauthor,theonlywaytogetridofterrorismis_____.(A)toeliminatealltheterrorists(B)tochangetheattitudeofbystanders(C)todestroythelinksbetweenwealthandpower(D)tocreateasocietywithjusticeandequality10.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat_____.(A)thesourcesofterrorismarevariedandcomplicated(B)terrorismoriginatedintheMiddleEast(C)terrorismhasonlyhadashorthistory(D)thesolutiontoterrorismisliberationfromnationalismQuestions11～15OneofthebiggestsurprisesofmylifeinAmericaistheNewYorkCitysubway.Iveactuallycometoenjoyit.WhenIfirstmovedherein1989,well-meaningfriendswarnedmeawayfromthealreadyoctogenarianundergroundrailroad,notoriousamongbothresidentsandvisitorsasthelastpleasantandmostdangerousmeansofgettingaroundthisCityThatNeverSleeps.Yetiswasalsothefastestandthemosteconomicalmeansofdoingso.Withthatdilemma,IbeganmylifeasaNewYorker-andIveremainedambivalenteversince.Thesubwayisthethingwelovetohate.Schedulesareunreliable.Trainscomewhentheycome,ornotatall.Breakdownsaresofrequentthatwomenhavebeenknowntogivebirth,stuckinsometunnel,Staffarefewandtheirannouncementsincomprehensible.Theinfrastructureisancientandcrumbling.Fromtimetotime,burstwaterpipesfloodstations,paralyzingtraffic.Thecityshomelessliveontheplatforms,sleepingonbenches(orinthetrainsthemselves)andheighteningpassengers-insecurity.Everyfewmonthsthepapersreportthefamiliarhorrorofyetanotherinnocentrandomlypushesunderthewheelsofanoncomingtrain.Muggings,rapesandmurdersarenotcommon,buttheyhappen.Addtothistheoftendirtycarsandgraffiti-scrawledstations,thehellishheatinsummerandthearcticfreezeofwinter,andyouhavequiteanindictment.AwriteratTheWashingtonPostcalledtheNewYorksubway"anear-unworkablemixtureoftheancient,theold,theoutmodedandtheinefficient."Andhewasbeingsympathetic.Why,then,doNewYorkersswearbyit?Oneradoniseconomic:1.50totravelanydistance,anywhereinthecity.Comparethatwitha$12cabfarefrom,say,theUnitedNationstoColumbiaUniversity,ontheothersideofManhattan.TravelingtoNewYork'ssocalledouterboroughsofQueens,BrooklynortheBronx-anythingentailingabridgefromManhattan-caneasilycostthreetimesasmuch.Thesubwayisalsofast.AridefrommidtownManhattantoFlushingMeadows,thesiteoftheU.S.Openheelstournament,cantakeaslittleas25minutes;thesametripisupwardsofanhourbycar,andthenyoustillhavetofindparking.SmallwonderthatevenmillionairescarryaMetrocard,thecardwithaplasticstripthathasreplacedthemetaltokensofold.Andconsideringjusthowmuchmovingandhaulingthesubwaydoeseachday,youcanthelpbutbeimpressed.Forthesubwayissubwayisanenduringmarvelofmass-transitengineering:trainsmake6,800tripseachdayover731milesofrail,carrying3.7millionpeople.Thesubway,Ifind,isalsooddlyliberating.Ittakesyounotonlytoyourdestination,butalongthewaytoanotherworld.Asyouwaitforyourtrain,youcanlistento(sometimes)talentedmusiciansfromaroundtheglobe,somemerelypoundingondrums,otherstryingoutbonafiderepertoiresforwhateverpatronswillputnottheirhats.YourfellowridersareajostlingmicrocosmofateemingCosmopolis:men,womenandchildrenfromeverystratumofsociety,ofeveryimaginablecolor,sportingallkindsofdress(orundress)andchatteringinmostofthelanguagesoftheplanet.Romancesamongsubwayridersarenotunknown;marriageshavebeenreportedbetweenpeoplewhometasstraphangers.Ofcourse,thereisnofirstclass.Ononetriprecently,InotedaWallStreetbankerheadinghomeinhispinstrippedsuitnexttoadeadlockedRastafarianintornbluejeans,asaBangladeshiwaiterdisapprovinglyeyedaminiskirtHispanicsecretaryacrossfromhimstrugglingwithherlipstick.Abovethem,apublic-serviceadinSpanishshowedcartooncharacterslearningtheimportanceofAIDSprevention.IftheUnitedNationsiswheretheworldshakeshands,theNewYorksubwayiswheretheworldrubsshoulders.AmbivalentImaystillbe.ButIvecometobelievesomethingelseaboutthesubway-thatitepitomizes,asnothingelsecan,thecityssoul.NewYorkjournalistJimDwyercapturessomethingofthisurbanZeitgeistinhisbook"SubwayLives.""Thesubwayshavebecomethegreatpubliccommonsofthecity,whereactsoftheheartandwarpedadventuresareplayedouteveryday,"hewrites."Onlyinthedimwarrensofthesubway,cursedaccompliceofdailyexistence,canthefullspectrumofcitylife-withallthebewilderingdiversityofitspathologiesanditsglories-beglimpsed,felt,andattimesevenunderstood."Ahomage?Ofasort.Imnotquitesopoetic,butIdoknowthatthesubwayisasessentialtothecharacterofNewYork,toitssoulandsenseofitself,astheEmpireStateBuildingorCentralPark,Thatssomethingmanywell-heeledtouristsdontrealize.YouhaventbeentoNewYorkifyouveneverthesubway.1.Thesentence"Thesubwayisthingwelovetohate."canbestbeparaphrasedbywhichofthefollowing?(A)Weeitherloveorhatethesubway.(B)Welovemorethanwehatethesubway.(C)Wehatemorethanwelovethesubway.(D)Webothloveandhatethesubway.12.Inthequestion"Why,then,doNewYorkersswearbyit?"(Para.2),thephrase"swearby"canbereplacedby_____.(A)showhatredfor(B)havemuchconfidencein(C)makeamockeryof(D)givegreatpromiseto13.Whentheauthorwrites"Thesubway,Ifind,isalsooddlyliberating."(Para.3)hemostprobablymeansthan_____.(A)Thesubwayrevealsitselfasacosmopolitanworld(B)Thesubwayisagreattheatricalstage(C)Thesubwayhasthemostdemocraticatmosphere(D)Thesubwayevokesstrangefeelingoffreedom14.Itcanbeconcludedthatinwritingtheessay,theauthor_____.(A)giveanobjectivedescriptionoftheNewYorksubway(B)introducestheNewYorksubwayfromhispersonalexperience(C)givessuggestionsonhowtheNewYorksubwaycanbeimproved(D)expressesheropposingemotionalattitudetowardstheNewYorksubway15.Thelasttwoparagraphscanbeconsideredas_____.(A)asummaryofwhathasbeendescribedinthepreviousparagraphs(B)arepetitionoftheviewsexpressedsofar(C)anintensificationofthethemeoftheessay(D)anexemplificationofthetopicoftheessayQuestions16～20OnJuly2,thefirstfullyimplantedartificialheartwasstitchedintothechestofRobertL.Tools,a59-year-oldtechnicallibrarian,atJewishHospitalinLouisville.Hisfailingbeardhadsodebilitatedhimthatdoctorshadgivenhimlessthan30daystolive;surgeonssaidatbest,thehigh-techdevicemightdoublethatnumber.Well,60dayshavecomeandgone,andToolshassurvived.HisAbioCorheart,developedbyAbiomedInc.inDanvers,Mass,itafarcryfromthetechnologyofthe1980s,whenvolunteersdiedgrimdeathstetheredtopumpsthesizeofwashing,cajoles.Incontrast,theAbioCoriscompletelyenclosedinthechestcavity,itspumpingratecontrolledbymicroprocessors,anditsbatteryunitchargedthroughtheskinbyabeltwornaroundthewaist.Withnowiresortubesconnectingthehearttooutsidepowersources,therearefewopeningsforinfection.Wherethetechnologycomesupshort-theheartisheavyandtoolargetobeinsertedinchildrenorinmanywomen-advancesinnewmaterialsandmicroelectronicsshouldquicklykickin.Butnow,societymustgrapplewithafreshconundrum:Whenwillbemoneytopayforthesemiracledevicescomefrom?Andhowwillsocietydeterminewhenitistherighttimeforthe