香蕉病蟲害防治圖譜課件

香蕉主要病蟲害防治

Bananamajorpestsanddiseasescontrol

香蕉主要生產(chǎn)地

Topbananaproducingnations

Topbananaproducingnations–2007(inmillionmetrictons)1India21.778CostaRica2.0815Bangladesh1.002China8.049Thailand2.0016Honduras0.913Philippines7.4810Mexico1.9617Egypt0.884Brazil7.1011Burundi1.6018PapuaNewGuinea0.875Ecuador6.0012Guatemala1.5719Cameroon0.866Indonesia5.4613Vietnam1.3620Uganda0.627Tanzania3.5014Kenya1.19Worldtotal72.5香蕉是芭蕉科多年生的草本植物。香蕉原產(chǎn)于東南亞的熱帶地區(qū)，是世界鮮果貿(mào)易量最大的水果，目前至少有170個(gè)國(guó)家生產(chǎn)香蕉。BananaistheperennialherbaceousplantsofthefamilyMusaceae.TheyarenativetothetropicalregionofSoutheastAsia.Bananasaregrowninatleast107countriesandtheworld'slargestfreshfruittrade.Source:FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations中國(guó)香蕉分布圖

Bananadistributionin

China★★★★●●★★TaiWanGuangXiYunNanFuJiangGuangDongHaiNanGuiZhouSiChuang主要病蟲害

Majorpestsanddiseases真菌性病害Fungaldiseases煤紋病Coalandgraindisease香蕉炭疽病Bananaanthracnose香蕉彎孢菌葉斑病BananaleafspotCurvulariadisease香蕉黃斑病/褐緣灰斑病Banana-relatedmaculardisease/

Yellow

Sigatoka香蕉黑斑病Bananablackspotdisease/Black

Sigatoka暗雙孢菌葉斑病/紋病DarkleafspotfungusAgaricus/graystripe香蕉黑星病Bananascab香蕉鐮刀菌枯萎病/巴拿馬病/黃葉病BananaFusariumwilt/Panamadisease/yellowleafdisease病毒性病害ViralDiseases香蕉花葉心腐病Bananamosaicheartrot香蕉束頂病Bananabunchytopdisease細(xì)菌性病害BacterialDiseases香蕉球莖細(xì)菌性軟腐病Bananacormbacterialsoftrot線蟲病nematode香蕉線蟲病Banananematode主要蟲害Mainpests香蕉雙帶象甲Doublebananaweevil香蕉球莖象甲Bananacormweevil香蕉冠網(wǎng)蝽BananaCrownnetPentatomidae香蕉花薊馬Bananaflowerthrips香蕉紅蜘蛛Bananaredspidermite[癥狀]常見于中下層蕉葉發(fā)病。病斑深褐色，初期病斑在葉面或葉片中肋部呈不規(guī)則點(diǎn)狀斑，后病斑融合成斑塊，呈污褐色，潮濕時(shí)病斑表面產(chǎn)生深褐色霉?fàn)钗铩０l(fā)病嚴(yán)重時(shí)，蕉葉早衰，干枯，失去光合作用。[Symptoms]Thecoalandgraindiseasesymptomscommonlyhappeninthemiddleandlowerincidenceofbananaleaves.Thespotsaredarkbrownlesion.theinitiallesionintheleaforleafribsareirregularpunctatespots,afterintegrateintothedirtybrownplaquelesion.Underthemoistenvironment,thedarkbrownmildewoffungisecretionappearedonthelesionsurface.Incidenceofserious,BananaLeafwillprematureaging,dry,andlossofphotosynthesis。[病原菌]該病病原菌為半知菌亞門，長(zhǎng)蠕孢屬真菌。[Pathogen]Thisdiseasepathogen

belongstoHelminthosporiumtoalosum（syd.）Ashby,Fungiimperfecti.煤紋病Coalandgraindisease[發(fā)生與為害]

該病在日平均氣溫25℃以下，相對(duì)濕度80%以上，早春發(fā)生較嚴(yán)重，夏季日平均27℃以上的高溫季節(jié)則受到抑制。多在香蕉中下層葉片染病。在潮濕環(huán)境下產(chǎn)生大量的分生孢子，并靠風(fēng)雨傳播重復(fù)感染葉片。[occurrenceanddamage]Thisdiseasehappeninthedailyaveragetemperaturebelow25℃andrelativehumidityabove80%,andmoreseriousoccurredinearlyspring.Whensummerdailyaveragetemperaturesabove27℃,itwassuppressed.Thisdiseaseinfectmoreinthemiddleandlowerleavesofinfectedbanana.Inthehumidenvironment,thefungiproducealargenumberofconidia,andrepeatedinfectionsspreadbywindandrain.[防治方法]1.加強(qiáng)栽培管理,增加施用有機(jī)肥和鉀肥;采取滴灌，降低蕉園濕度,提高香蕉植株的抗病力。2.清潔蕉園衛(wèi)生。清除蕉園的病枯葉和落地病殘葉并燒毀，減少病原物。3.藥劑防治。發(fā)病初期可用龍燈福連1000倍；25%敵力脫乳油1000倍液；70%甲基托布津WP加

25%三唑酮可濕性粉劑1000倍液；或40%滅病威懸浮劑500倍液；或30%氧氯化銅懸浮劑300倍液進(jìn)行輪換噴霧，隔10天噴一次，連噴施2-3次。[Controlmethods]Strengtheningcultivationandmanagement,increasingapplicationoforganicfertilizerandpotash,adoptingdrippingirrigation

toreducehumidity,andimprovingthebananaplantdiseaseresistance.Cleaningbananaplantationsinhealth.Cleareddeadleavesandbananagrovesofthediseasefallsickleavesandburnedtoreducethepathogen.Chemicalcontrol.Theearlystages,wecanusefungicidessuchasRotampremixofTebuconazole+Carbendazim

30%SC1000X,Tilt25%EC1000X,

TOPSIN-M

75%WP500X+Triadimefon25%WP500X,premixof

carbendazim+sulfur40%SCorcopperoxychloride30%SC300Xtospray,sprayevery10days,andspraying2-3times.香蕉黃斑病

Banana-relatedmaculardisease

(Yellow

Sigatoka)[癥狀]此病多由老葉片先發(fā)病。逐漸向上部葉片蔓延。初期在葉面或葉背產(chǎn)生與葉脈平行的淺褐色條紋或近梭形的褐色小斑，擴(kuò)大后形成長(zhǎng)橢圓形或長(zhǎng)條形病斑，嚴(yán)重時(shí)病斑愈合成片斑，暗褐色至黑褐色，外圍有黃暈。葉片迅速早衰，局部或全葉黃化枯死，條斑中央灰白色，潮濕時(shí)著生稀疏的灰色霉?fàn)钗?。[Symptoms]Thediseaseincidenceofmorethanthefirstbytheoldleaves.GradualupwardspreadoftheMinistryofleaves.Foliage,orarisingintheearlydorsalveinparallelwithbrownishstripesornearthespindleofthesmallbrownspots,enlargedtoformalongovalorlongrectangularlesion,severelesionhealingintoafilmspot,darkbrowntodarkbrown,surroundedbyyellowhalo.Leavesrapidlyprematuresenility,inpartorinwholeleafyellowdead,thecentralwhitestripe,wet,whenthetiltingofHealthsparsegraymold.[病原菌]

為半知菌亞門，香蕉尾孢菌。[Pathogen]Thisdiseasepathogen

belongstoCercosporamusaeZimm,Fungiimperfecti.香蕉黑斑病

Bananablackspot

(Black

Sigatoka)[癥狀]

香蕉黑斑病一般先在中下部的葉片上發(fā)生，初期在葉片上產(chǎn)生棱形或近圓形小斑點(diǎn)，或間斷的黑短線條狀病斑，后擴(kuò)展成橢圓形，不規(guī)則形或長(zhǎng)橢圓狀病斑，病斑中央灰白色，外緣黑褐色，病斑邊緣無黃暈或具有黃暈，嚴(yán)重發(fā)生時(shí)多個(gè)病斑愈合，形成較大病斑，布滿葉片，葉片枯死，病斑中央著生黑色小點(diǎn)為子實(shí)體。黑斑病也為害葉片主脈和葉鞘，初期在下部葉片主脈背面和葉鞘產(chǎn)生水漬狀褐色小斑點(diǎn)，后擴(kuò)展至圓形，橢圓形，不規(guī)則狀愈合成大斑，病斑亦轉(zhuǎn)為深褐色或黑褐色。造成葉片自葉尖逐漸褪綠黃化乃至枯死，嚴(yán)重影響植株生長(zhǎng)。[Symptoms]Bananablackspotusuallyfirstoccursinthelowerleaves,initiallyproducedtheprismornear-circularsmallspots,orintermittentshort-termstripblacklesion,andthenextendedintoanoval-shaped,irregular-shapedorlongoval-shapedlesion.Thecentrallesionisgraywiththedarkbrownouteredge,andwithayellowhalo,ornohalo.Fortheseriouslesion,themultiplespotsformedalargerlesionandcoveredwiththewholeleaves,thenleadedtotheleavesdead.Thesmallblackparticlesonthecentralspotwerethepathogensporophores.Whenthefungidamagedthebackofmainveinandthesheath,thesmallbrownspotsinitiallyoccurred,thelatterextendedtothecircular,oval,orirregular-shapedpatches.Andthelesionsarealsotodarkbrownordarkbrown.Thenthechloroticleavesfromthetipcausedbythegradualyellowingandeventhedead,seriouslyaffectedplantgrowth.香蕉炭疽病

Bananaanthracnose[癥狀]病菌采前侵染果實(shí)，采后成熟的果實(shí)發(fā)病。在黃熟果實(shí)上出現(xiàn)淺褐色，綠豆大的病斑，俗稱“梅花點(diǎn)”，后擴(kuò)大呈深褐色不規(guī)則塊斑，潮濕時(shí)病斑上可見粘質(zhì)橙紅色小點(diǎn)，果實(shí)變黑褐色腐爛，果柄發(fā)病時(shí)，引起蕉指脫落。剛抽蕾的幼嫩指果頂端感病，花序腐爛，果指提早脫落，果指端侵染后變黑腐爛，影響果實(shí)發(fā)育。[Symptoms]Thisdiseasepathogeninfectthepre-harvestfruitsandcausethediseaseinthepost-harvestmaturefruit.Firstly,thelightbrownandbeanslargelesionspotsappearonthefruit,afterexpandtotheirregularblocksofdarkbrownspots.Theorange-reddotsarevisibleonthelesionunderthehighmoistsurroundings.Thefruitbecametothedarkbrownandrot.Thefruitshanksdiseasecausethatfalloffbananas.Whenjustsmokingbudfruittothetopyoungdisease,theinflorescencerot,andyoungfruitearlyfalloff,orafterinfectionthefruitfingertoprotwithblackandaffectthefruitdevelopment.[病原菌]為香蕉炭疽病菌（Colletotrichummusae）屬半知菌亞門真菌。[Pathogen]Thisdiseasepathogen

belongstoCercosporamusaeZimm,Fungiimperfecti.[防治方法]1.清潔田園衛(wèi)生，及時(shí)清除和燒毀枯葉、病花和病果。加強(qiáng)肥水管理，增強(qiáng)植株長(zhǎng)勢(shì)，提高抗病力。2.田間噴藥預(yù)防感染。3.采后進(jìn)行防腐處理。采前應(yīng)避免傷果皮，去軸分梳，用清水去掉在果表面的粉塵和殘存花器，然后放入45%特克多800倍液浸果1分鐘左右，撈起晾干，包裝貯運(yùn)，可有效減少貯藏期間蕉果腐爛。4.適時(shí)采果。采果必須在晴天進(jìn)行。[PreventionMethods]

1.Cleanninggardensanitation,timelyclearingandburningthedeadleaves,thesickflowersanddiseasesfruit.Strengtheningthefertilizerandwatermanagement,enhancingthegrowingstrongplants,andimprovingtheresistancetodisease.2.Fieldsprayingthefungicidestopreventinfection.3.Treatedwithpreservativesafterharvest.Pre-harvestpeelshouldbeavoidedinjuryandcutofffortheshaftcarding.Thenthefruitwashwithwatertoremovesurfacedustandremnantsofflower,andthendipfruitinfungicideliquidsabout1minute,pickingupthefruittodrying,packaging,storageandtransportation,whichcaneffectivelyreducethebananafruitrotduringstorage.4.Timelyfruitpicking.Fruitharvestmustbecarriedoutonasunnyday.香蕉黑星病

Bananascab[癥狀]

蕉園中后期,主要為害葉片和果實(shí)，在葉片或中肋上散生近圓形或不定形小黑斑，周圍淡褐色，病斑上散生或聚生針頭大小的黑粒。嚴(yán)重時(shí)黑斑密布愈合成斑塊，葉片變黃干枯。香蕉青果感病出現(xiàn)與葉片相同病斑，用手觸摸葉片與果實(shí)，病斑表面有粗糙感。[Symptoms]Thisdiseasemainlydamagethebananaleavesandfruitinthelatterbananagrowingpart.Theregularorirregularsmalldarkspotssurroundedbylightbrownscatteredintheleavesortheribsonthelastroundortogether

generatedtheneedlessizeofblackparticles.Theblackspotdenseandbecametobigplaques,andleavesturnyellowanddryintheperiodofseveredisease.Thefruitdiseasespotshavethesameoftheleaves.Whenyoutouchtheleafandfruitlesionsbyhand,youwillhavethesenseofsurfaceroughness.[病原菌]為香蕉大莖點(diǎn)菌[Pathogen]ThisdiseasepathogenbelongstoMacrophomamusae(Cooke)Berl.etVogl.[發(fā)生與為害]

在中國(guó)各蕉區(qū)均有發(fā)生，在水田改種香蕉田，高溫高濕多雨季節(jié)有利于該病的發(fā)生，而新種植2-3個(gè)月的蕉園小苗也發(fā)現(xiàn)發(fā)生。蕉園病殘株，葉和病果是初侵染主要來源，借助雨水濺射傳播。[Occurrenceanddamage]Whenthebananaswitchedtogrowingbananasinthepaddyfieldsandthehotandhumidrainyseason,itisconducivetotheoccurrenceofthedisease.Whilethenewlyplantedbananaplantationsin2-3months,seedlingsalsowerefoundthattookplace.Thesickbananatrees,leavesandfruitdiseasesarethemainsourceofprimaryinfection,andspreadbyrainsputtering.

[防治方法]1、農(nóng)業(yè)防治。經(jīng)常清除果園的病葉殘株，合理密植，增施有機(jī)肥料。2、果穗套袋。抽蕾掛果期用塑料薄膜套果，套袋前噴藥1-2次。3、藥劑防治。在發(fā)病初期選用75%百菌清可濕性粉劑600倍液；或50%翠貝(醚菌酯)干懸浮劑3000倍液；或60%多菌靈可濕性粉劑1000倍液+25%富力庫(kù)(三唑類,戊唑醇)水乳劑1000倍液；或30%愛苗(苯醚甲環(huán)唑+丙環(huán)唑)乳油2000倍液；或25%腈菌唑乳油1500倍液,或40%福星乳油(氟硅唑)4000倍液進(jìn)行輪換噴施蕉葉和果實(shí)。重點(diǎn)噴果實(shí)，隔7-10天施1次，連續(xù)施藥3次。

[Controlmethods]

1,Agriculturalcontrol.Regularlyremovingthediseasedleavesandstubbles,rationalcloseplanting,applicationoforganicfertilizermaterials2,Baggingthefruit.Coveringfruitwithplasticfilminbudfruitingperiod,baggingbeforespraying1-2timesbetter.3,Chemicalcontrol.Ontheonsetofthedisease,sprayingbananaleavesandfruitswithfungicides,suchas75%chlorothalonilWP,50%kresoxim-methylSC,60%CarbendazimWP,25%triazoles+tebuconazolewateremulsion,30%benzeneetherAringyl+propiconazoleEC,25%myclobutanilEC,40%FlusilazoleEC.Keysprayingthefruit,repeatingeachseparatedby7-10days,andcontinuouslyspraying3times.

香蕉鐮刀菌枯萎病

BananaFusariumWilt[癥狀]外部顯著特征為葉片發(fā)黃。植株感病后，首先在下部葉片從葉緣變黃，然后向中肋發(fā)展，黃化的葉片葉柄軟折垂掛，嚴(yán)重時(shí)整株葉片干枯死亡，假莖外部近地面處有縱行裂縫。縱剖病株假莖，可看到病變的維管束褐色條紋；橫切則呈黃紅色或紅棕褐色斑點(diǎn)或斑塊。[Symptoms]Theyellowleavesisthediseasesalientfeatures.Susceptibleplantsfirstturnyellowinthelowerleavesfromtheleafmargin,thentotheribs,anddeveloptheleafpetiolesoftyellowhangingoff.Inthesevereperiod,thewholeleavesdrydeathandthenear-surfacedepartmentoftheexternalstemshaslongitudinalcracks.Longitudinalprostrainoff,thestemsofvascularlesionscanbeseenbrownstripes;cross-sectionisyellow-redorreddish-brownpigmentationspots,orplaques.[病原菌]為半知菌亞門，尖孢鐮刀菌古巴專化型。[Pathogen]

ThisdiseasepathogenbelongstoFusariumoxyporumff.sp.cubense（E·F·smith）Snyder&Hansen,Fungiimperfecti.[發(fā)生與為害]該病屬土傳病害，可經(jīng)組培苗或吸芽帶病作遠(yuǎn)距離傳播。田間帶病的病殘株在土壤中可存活多年，為當(dāng)?shù)氐闹饕秩驹?。病害擴(kuò)散傳播主要通過流水和農(nóng)事耕作，病菌從幼根和受傷的根莖侵入，田間線蟲發(fā)生為害重的田塊，病害發(fā)生加劇。土壤濕度過大和砂壤土的蕉園發(fā)病重。[Occurrenceanddamage]

Fusariumwiltisasoilfungus.Thefungusenterstheplantsthroughtherootsandmovesupwithwaterintothetrunkandleaves,producinggelsandgums.Theseplugandcutofftheflowofwaterandnutrients,causingtheplanttowilt.Fieldsickofsickplantscansurviveinsoilformanyyears,andarethemainlocalsourceofinfection.Andthenematodeheavydamageoccurred,increasedoccurrenceofdisease.Soilmoisturetoolargeandheavysandyloamofthebananaplantationsmaycausetheincidence.暗雙孢菌葉斑病

DarkleafspotfungusAgaricus【癥狀]

葉面病斑橢圓形，發(fā)生在蕉葉各部位。初期病斑褐色，擴(kuò)大后為中央淺褐色，周圍深褐色，兩端稍尖的橢圓形斑，邊緣模糊，有黃色暈圈，病斑上的輪紋明顯或不明顯。病斑背面著生灰褐色霉?fàn)钗铮瑸椴≡訉?shí)體。[Symptoms]Leavesovalspotsoccurredinvariouspartsofbananaleaves.Theinitiallesionisbrown,thenexpandedtothecentrallightbrown,surroundedbydarkbrownandslightlypointedatbothendsoftheoval-shapedspotswiththeedgeblurandyellowhalo.Thecircularpatternofspotsisobviousornotobvious.Thetaupemildewfungisecretiononthebackofthelesionisthepathogensporophore.[病原菌]為半知菌亞門，暗雙孢屬真菌。[Pathogen]

ThisdiseasepathogenbelongstoCordanamusae（Zimm）Hohn.,Fungiimperfecti.[發(fā)生和為害]

該是中國(guó)香蕉產(chǎn)區(qū)常見的病害，以海南省、廣東省和廣西蕉園發(fā)生嚴(yán)重。其病原菌分生孢子靠風(fēng)雨傳播，高溫、高濕多雨，特別是臺(tái)風(fēng)暴雨為導(dǎo)致該病發(fā)病流行的主要因素。蕉園種植密度過大，排水不良，濕度高也有利發(fā)病。

[Occurrenceanddamage]Thisfungusdiseaseisacommondiseaseinbanana-producingareas.Theconidiaspreadbywindandrain.Thehightemperature,highhumidityandrainy,especiallythetyphoonsandtorrentialrainsarethemainfactorsleadingtothisdiseaseprevalence.Thelargeplantingdensity,poordrainageandhighhumidityareconducivetothediseaseprevalence.[防治方法]

參照煤紋病。[Controlmethods]

Thisdiseasecontrolmethodscanreferencetothecoalandgraindisease.[發(fā)生與為害]在中國(guó)廣西、海南省蕉園發(fā)生普遍，常見與暗雙孢菌葉斑病混合發(fā)生，多霧和露和多雨的潮濕天氣，特別是臺(tái)風(fēng)暴雨后有利于該病傳播和發(fā)生。[Occurrenceanddamage]Thisfungusdiseaseisacommondiseaseinbanana-producingareasandoccurswiththedarkleafspotfungusAgaricus.Themorefog,dewandthehumidrainyweather,particularlytyphoonsandstormswillbeinfavortheoccurrenceandspreadofthedisease.[防治方法]參照鏈暗雙孢菌葉斑病。[Controlmethods]Thisdiseasecontrolmethodscanreferencetothedarkleafspotfungus.香蕉球莖細(xì)菌性軟腐病

Bananacormbacterialsoftrot[癥狀]

感病初期，球莖出現(xiàn)褐色斑點(diǎn)，或由球莖與假莖交接處側(cè)面感病首先腐爛，然后向其他方向擴(kuò)展；或由球莖底部腐爛向上擴(kuò)展；感病的球莖腐爛發(fā)臭，假莖維管束變褐色。植株抗風(fēng)性差，稍用力推拉即倒，感染后期的植株葉子抽生緩慢，心葉稍矮縮或黃化狀，類似枯萎病的癥狀。

[Symptoms]

Intheearlysusceptibleperiod,thebulbsappearedbrownspots,orthejunctionsideofthestemandthepseudo-bulbsfistrot,andthenexpandtootherdirections;orthebulbatthebottomdecaywiththesmellyandthevascularoffakestemchangesbrown.Theinfectedplantspulldownbythepoorlittleharderpush,andinthelatestagetheplantleavespumpslowly,leaf-shapedshrinkoryellow,whichissimilarblightsymptoms.[病原菌]

此病屬細(xì)菌性病害，由歐氏軟腐病桿菌致病菌引致。[Pathogen]ThediseaseisabacterialdiseaseandcausesbytheErwinniacarotovra.香蕉花葉心腐病

Bananamosaicheartrot[癥狀]

本病田間發(fā)病表現(xiàn)典型癥狀是花葉和心腐，故稱花葉心腐病。花葉癥狀主要在幼齡蕉發(fā)生較嚴(yán)重。病株葉片與肋脈平行的長(zhǎng)短不一的褪綠和梭形圈斑，條紋由葉緣開始，向柄脈方向擴(kuò)展。嚴(yán)重時(shí)，嫩葉可呈現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重黃化或黃色斑駁相間排列的花葉癥狀。心腐癥狀是病害進(jìn)一步發(fā)展，病葉頂葉黃化扭曲，心葉不能正常伸展和張開，隨之腐爛。發(fā)病后期，心葉至假莖中部變黑腐爛，病株死亡。[Symptoms]

Thetypicalsymptomsofthisdiseaseinfieldaremosaicdiseaseandheartrot.Themosaicsymptomsseriouslyoccurredinyoungbanana.Diseasedleavesparalleltotheribsveinswithvaryinglengthsandspindlechloroticringstripes,startingfromtheleafmargintothehandleontheveinsdirectionofextension.Intheseriousstage,thesevereyellowormottledyellowandwhitearrangedflowersareobviousontheyoungleaves.Heartrotdiseasesymptomsarethefurtherdevelopmentofthedisease.Thediseasedtopleavesturnedyellowandtwisted,andcannotnormallystretchedandopen,thenleadedtodeadwiththedecay.Inthelaterstage,itturnsbackandrottedfromtheheartleafstemstopesudostem,andfinallyleadstothewholeplantdied.[病原菌和發(fā)病條件]

此病的病原為黃瓜花葉病毒（CMV）侵染所致的病害。傳毒媒介昆蟲主要為棉蚜和玉米蚜，是田間近距離病害傳播的主要途徑。新蕉園種植帶病種苗和蕉園附近感染花葉病毒的黃瓜、辣椒、茄、瓜類等中間寄主是田間侵染菌源來源。老蕉園的侵染源是已感病的上造留存的病株。遠(yuǎn)距離傳播主要是調(diào)運(yùn)感病蕉苗。[Pathogensanddiseaseconditions]

Thediseasepathogeniscucumbermosaicvirus(CMV).Thevector-borneinsects,mainlyforcottonaphidandcornaphidarethemainwaystocloselyspreaddiseaseinthefield.Thevirusinfectedcropssuchascucumber,pepper,eggplant,melonsandotherintermediatehostinthevicinityofthenewseedplantingbananagrovesandbananaplantationsarethebacterialinfectionsource.Theinfectionsourceintheoldbananaplantationsistheretainedvirusonthediseasedstraincreated.thetransportedinfectedbananaseedlingsmainlyisthelong-distancetransmission.[發(fā)生與為害]該病是新植蕉園幼蕉期的重要病害。造成花葉病害流行的因素是：1、種植感病的蕉苗。2、蕉園附近或蕉園內(nèi)種植感病的中間寄主植物（如黃瓜、辣椒作物）。3、天氣干旱，有利于蚜蟲的發(fā)生和傳播。[Occurrenceanddamage]Thediseaseisanimportantdiseaseduringtheyoungbananaperiodinthenewbananaplantations.Causingthediseaseepidemicmajorfactorsare:1,Plantingtheinfectedbananaseedlings.2,Plantingsusceptiblehostplants(suchascucumber,peppercrops)inthevicinityofbananaplantations.3,Dryweatherisconducivetotheoccurrenceandspreadofaphids.[防治方法]1.選種無病蕉苗。2.蕉園附近和蕉園內(nèi)盡量不種植感病的植物，如葫蘆科、茄科作物，以減少毒源。3.增施鉀肥，避免偏施氮肥，以增強(qiáng)植株的抗病性和耐病性。4.及時(shí)挖除感病蕉株，曬干，燒毀。定期更新蕉園。5.防治蚜蟲。及時(shí)噴施藥劑防治蚜蟲，可選用3%莫比郎乳油1500倍液；或10%吡蟲啉可濕性粉劑1000倍液；或20%好安威乳油1000倍液進(jìn)行輪換噴霧，隔7天施1次，連續(xù)施2-3次，葉片正、背面均勻噴霧。[ControlMethods]1.

Plantingthedisease-freebananaseedlings.2.Avoidingtoplantintermediatehostsinthevicinityofthebananaplantations,suchasCucurbitaceae,Solanaceaecrops,inordertoreducethevirussources.3.Increasingappliedpotassiumfertilizationandavoidingthepartialuseofnitrogenousfertilizerstoenhanceplantdiseaseresistanceanddiseasetolerance.4.Timelyexcavatingthesusceptibleplantswiththatdriedandburned.Regularlyrenewbananaplantations.5.Controlaphids.Timelysprayingchemicalcontrolofaphidsbysprayingthepesticides,suchas3%MoLangEC,10%ImidaclopridWP,or20%AirotationEC.[病原菌]

此病是香蕉束頂病毒（BBTV）引起的病害。蕉園內(nèi)通過香蕉交脈蚜（又稱黑蚜）傳播束頂病毒。[Pathogen]Thediseasecausedbythebananabunchytopvirus(BBTV).Thisvirusisspreadfromplanttoplantbyblackaphids.[發(fā)生與為害]海南省香蕉產(chǎn)區(qū)均有此病發(fā)生，對(duì)香蕉生產(chǎn)影響很大。天氣干旱，蚜蟲發(fā)生嚴(yán)重，則發(fā)生較重，反之，則發(fā)生輕。施用充足基肥，且精細(xì)管理的蕉園，發(fā)病較輕，蕉園基肥不足，管理粗放的則發(fā)病較重。[Occurrenceanddamage]Thisdiseasecommonlyoccursinbanana-producingareasandhasagreatimpactonbananaproduction.Iftheweatherisdrought,theaphidsseriouslyhappen,andthenthisdiseasetakesplaceaheavier.Utilizatingthesufficientbasemanureandthefinemanagementofbananagroves,thisdiseasetakesplacealight.[防治方法]參照香蕉花葉心腐病。[Controlmethods]Thisdiseasecontrolmethodscanreferencetothebananabunchytopdisease.香蕉線蟲病

Banananematode[癥狀]

根線蟲為害香蕉根部，受害根短而肥大，小根上有時(shí)形成腫瘤，阻礙營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分等的輸送，造成植株矮小、葉片黃化、黃葉，抽蕾困難或果穗不能正常下彎，果實(shí)細(xì)小，僵硬，或掛果后不能載重而易倒伏。線蟲為害的根感染病菌變黑腐爛，有效根少。有時(shí)癥狀似束頂病，但蕉柄脈無“青筋”。[Symptoms]Thebananarootnematodedamagedthebananaroots.Theinjuredrootsbecameshortandhypertrophyandsometimestheformationofthetumorsareobviousinthesmallroots,whichhinderthedeliveryofnutritionalingredientsresultinginthestuntedplantsandsmallyellowleaves.Andthatthebudsdifficultlydrawoutorfruitbudsabnormallybendunderordoesnotloadeasilyafterfruitinglodging,andthefruitsaresmallandrigid.Therootsdamagedbynematodesturnblackandrotwheninfectedbyotherfungiorbacteria,andtheeffectiveandhealthrootsareless.Sometimesthesymptomsmaybealikethebunchytopdisease,buttherearenot"blueveins"inthebananastalkvein.[病原菌]

中國(guó)香蕉根線蟲有30多種，其中螺旋線蟲、根結(jié)線蟲和矮化線蟲分布最廣。[Pathogen]Therearemorethan30speciesbananarootnematodesinChina,inwhichspiralnematodes,root-knotnematodeandstuntnematodewidelydistributedthemost.[發(fā)生與為害]

海南省香蕉產(chǎn)區(qū)普遍發(fā)生線蟲病，但以管理粗放的沙質(zhì)土壤的蕉園，干旱時(shí)尤其嚴(yán)重，在粘質(zhì)土則極少發(fā)病。

[Occurrenceanddamage]Thenematodesdiseasecommonlywidespreadinbanana-producingareasinHainan,particularlyintheextensivelymanagementandsandysoilbananaplantationsandinthedroughtweather.[防治方法]1.選用無病苗，輪作與曬土。2.加強(qiáng)田間管理。及時(shí)清除病殘根，減少蟲源；增施有機(jī)肥和合理灌溉，促進(jìn)新根生長(zhǎng)，增強(qiáng)植株抗病和耐病能力。3.藥劑防治。及時(shí)施用殺線蟲劑是控制香蕉根結(jié)線蟲的有效方法。①育苗前用20%線克水劑或98%必速滅微粒劑處理苗圃土壤徹底殺滅線蟲（同時(shí)可殺滅病菌和雜草種子），培育無線蟲病苗。②移植時(shí)每植穴可用10%福氣多顆粒劑15kg/公頃；或5%好年冬顆粒劑50kg/公頃，混勻土壤和基肥后種植。③種植后發(fā)現(xiàn)感蟲，應(yīng)于營(yíng)養(yǎng)生長(zhǎng)前期用20%地蟲克20g/株，或線蟲必克18g/株，均勻撒施在蕉頭周圍20～30厘米的土面，然后覆土5～10厘米；或用1.5%菌線威可濕性粉劑4000倍液灌根（約1kg藥液/株）；或1.8%齊螨素乳油2000倍液＋40%辛硫磷乳油1000倍液灌根。每3個(gè)月施藥一次，施藥次數(shù)視線蟲密度而定。[Controlmethods]1.Plantingthedisease-freeseedlings,rotatingwithothercrops,andmakingsoildry.2.Strengtheningthefieldmanagement.Promptlyremovingthesickrootstoreducethenematodessource;Utilizatingtheorganicfertilizerandreasonableirrigation,promotingthenewrootsgrowthtoenhancethecapacityofplantdiseaseresistance.3.Chemicalcontrol.Thetimelyapplicationofnematicidestocontrolroot-knotnematodeofbananasistheeffectiveway.香蕉雙帶象甲

Doublebananaweevil[分布與為害]

香蕉雙帶象甲普遍分布于海南各香蕉產(chǎn)區(qū)。成、幼蟲蛀食香蕉假莖、葉柄，花軸，被害處蛀食道縱橫交錯(cuò)，因此流膠、腐爛。風(fēng)吹易折或無法抽蕾，給蕉農(nóng)帶來較大損失。[Distributionanddamage]Thisinsectwidelydistributedinthebanana-producingareasinHainan.Theadultsandlarvalborerthebananapesudostem,petiole,andfloweraxis.Theplasticliquidflowfromtherottedcrossingboredesophagus.Thestemeasilybreaksbywindandthebudcannotdrawout,whichbringsgreaterlossforthebananafarmers.[形態(tài)特征]

香蕉雙帶象甲，又稱香蕉假莖象甲。成蟲體長(zhǎng)13-16毫米，體背面暗紅褐色，腹面近黑色，前胸背板兩側(cè)各具一條向后向前漸窄的黑縱帶。幼蟲淡黃白色，肥大，無足，頭殼紅褐色，后緣圓形。[Morphology]Thedoublebananaweevil(OdiporuslongicllisOlivies)alsowasknownasbananapesudostemweevil.Theadulthasa13-16mmbodylength,withdullred-brownbackandnearlyblackventralsurface.Thereisabackward-forwardgraduallynarrowblacklongitudinalbandontheeachsideofthepronotum.Thelarvaisyellowishandwhite,hypertrophy,andhasnotfeet.Itsheadcapsuleisreddish-brownanditstrailingedgeiscircle.[生活習(xí)性]

一年發(fā)生4代以上，且世代重疊。主要以幼蟲越冬，成蟲避光，喜在潮濕的香蕉外層葉鞘內(nèi)活動(dòng)。成蟲產(chǎn)卵于表層葉鞘組織內(nèi)，孵化的幼蟲在原地蛀食，后向莖內(nèi)蛀食，繼而向上或向下鉆蛀，有時(shí)還蛀食中脈。一般不蛀食球莖。老幼蟲在表層葉鞘的香蕉纖維內(nèi)作室化蛹。幼蟲不耐水浸，蛹被水浸或暴曬也易造成致死[Habits]Theinsectscanreproductivemorethan4generationsayear,andthegenerationsoverlap.Itoverwintersmainlyinthelarvalstage.Theadultsjoythedarkandactwithinthemoistbananaoutersheath.Adultslayeggsonthesurfaceofleafsheathtissue,andthehatchedlarvaefirstboredinthesameareasandthenmovedupwardordownwardinsidethestems.Itsometimesboredthemidribbutgenerallynotthebulbs.Theolderlarvaemakeroomtopupateinsidethebananafibersofthesurfacesheath.Thelarvaecannotbeintolerantthewaterandpupaewerealsoeasilydieinsoakingorexposuretotheshine.[防治方法]1、清潔蕉園，清除枯爛葉鞘，進(jìn)行暴曬集中燒毀。2、清除老蕉園的殘?bào)w，灌水浸泡2-3天，浸死幼蟲和蛹。3、藥劑防治。種植前每穴施3%好年冬顆粒劑30g；或線蟲克無蹤超微顆粒劑30g；香蕉營(yíng)養(yǎng)生長(zhǎng)期采用40%乙酰甲胺磷乳油500倍液或98%巴丹可溶性粉劑600倍液噴灑，以噴灑假莖內(nèi)鞘濕透為止。[Controlmethods]1,Cleaningthebananagroves,clearinganddryingrottenleafsheathtobeburnedtogether.2,Removingthesickdebrisandoldbananagrovestosoakfor2-3daysinordertomakelarvaeandpupaedead.3,Chemicalcontrol.Sprayingthepesticidesinsidethepseudo-stemsheathsoakedup.香蕉球莖象甲

Bananacormweevil[分布與為害]

又稱香蕉象鼻蟲，是海南省香蕉的主要害蟲之一。局部地區(qū)，蕉株害率在10%-20%，個(gè)別田塊高達(dá)80%以上。幼蟲蛀害蕉株近地面的球莖和根須，幼蕉受害，心葉變黃，葉心卷縮變小，甚至全株枯死。嚴(yán)重時(shí)，球莖被害腐爛或掛果株長(zhǎng)勢(shì)弱，穗小果質(zhì)差且易折斷。[Distributionanddamage]Italsoisknownasthebananaweevilandisoneofthemajorpests.Therateofharmfulplantsis10%-20%insomeareas,individualterracesupto80%.Thelarvaedamagethebulbsandrootsoftheyoungtreesneartheground.Forvictimsofyoungbanana,theheartleafturnyellowandbecamesmallandcurling,orevenwhole-plantdead.Intheseriousstage,thebulbsdecayorthefruitingstemsaregrowingweak,andthespikeissmallandeasilybreakwiththepoorqualityfruits.[形態(tài)特征]成蟲全身黑褐色，具蠟質(zhì)光澤，密布刻點(diǎn)，體長(zhǎng)10—11毫米，前胸背板長(zhǎng)橢圓形，背板上布大刻點(diǎn)，中部是一光滑無刻點(diǎn)的直帶紋。鞘翅粗糙，翅面有刻點(diǎn)溝明顯。老熟幼蟲黃白色，頭朱紅色至赤褐色，腹部大，體彎曲。[Morphology]Adultisdarkbrownbodywithwaxylusterandcarvedcloudspoint.Thebodylengthis10-11mm.Thepronotumislongovalshapecoveredtheclothlargepunctuate.Inthecentralregionthereisasmoothnon-engravedstraightband.Elytraisroughsurfaceanditswingsengravedobviouspoints.Oldlarvaeisyellow-whiteanditsheadisredorauburnwiththebigbellyandbendingbody.[生活習(xí)性]

成蟲避光，群居性，多棲息于球莖附近或殘株中，夜間爬出活動(dòng)。卵產(chǎn)于球莖表面，孵化后幼蟲即由外向球莖內(nèi)部蛀食，在球莖內(nèi)形成蟲道，老熟幼蟲向外移動(dòng)蛀食，并在蟲道中化蛹不做繭。羽化后的成蟲仍暫居蟲道中，經(jīng)數(shù)日后從蟲道上端鉆出。[Habits]Adultsaregregarious,joydarkandactinthenight.Theyhabitinthestubbleornearbythebulbs.Itseggsproducedinthebulbsurface.Thehatchedlarvaeboredthebulbsandformedtheinsectroad.Oldmaturelarvaemoveoutwardintheinsectroadtopupate.Thejustemergentedadultisstillstayintheinsectroadandafterafewdayslaterdrilledout.[防治方法]

參照香蕉雙帶象甲防治。[Controlmethods]

Thisinsectcontrolmethodcanreferencetothedoublebananaweevil.香蕉冠網(wǎng)蝽

BananaCrownnetPentatomidae

[分布與為害]

海南的蕉園均有分布。成蟲和若蟲群棲于香蕉葉片背面刺吸危害，被害部位呈現(xiàn)許多褐黑色小斑點(diǎn)，而在葉片正面呈現(xiàn)花白色斑點(diǎn)，葉片早衰干枯。[DistributionandHarm]ItdistributesinallbananaplantationsinHainan.Theadultsandnymphshabitonthebackofthebananaleafandmakesuckinghazards.Thevictimpositionshowedmanysmallblackspotsandshowedthebrownandwhiteflowersspotsontheleaves,whichleadtoleafprematuresenescenceanddry.[形態(tài)特征]

成蟲體長(zhǎng)2.1~2.4毫米，初羽化時(shí)銀白色，漸變成灰白色。頭小，棕褐色。復(fù)眼大而突出，黑褐色，觸角4節(jié)，喙4節(jié)，前胸背板具網(wǎng)狀紋，形狀特異，胸部腹板的中央兩側(cè)隆起，中央成槽狀，喙置于槽中。前翅長(zhǎng)橢圓形，膜質(zhì)透明，具網(wǎng)紋，后翅狹長(zhǎng)，達(dá)腹末，無網(wǎng)紋，有毛。卵長(zhǎng)橢圓形，稍彎曲，頂端有一卵圓形的灰褐卵蓋。初產(chǎn)時(shí)無色透明，后期白色，1齡若蟲初孵時(shí)白色，以后體色變深，體光滑，體刺不明顯，復(fù)眼淡紅色，喙伸達(dá)第四腹節(jié)，5齡若蟲頭部黑褐色，復(fù)眼紫紅色。[Morphology]Thebeginningofeclosionlarvalissilver-whiteandthenfadesintogray.Adulthasthebodylengthfrom2.1to2.4mmwithabrownsmallhead.Thedarkbrowncompoundeyesarelargeandprominent.Theantennaehave4segmentsandthebeakhave4segments.Thepronotumhasashape-specificmeshpatternandthecentralchestwebplateisatrough-liketankplacedwithabeak.Theforewingislongovalandtransparentwithreticulatepattern,buttheposteriorwingislongandarrow,uptotheendofabdomen,withhairyandnoreticulatepattern.Theeggislongandoval,slightlycurved,andcoveredanovalficelleegglidonthetop.Thenewlyeggsarecolorlessandtransparent,andthenbecamewhite.Thenewlyhatchednymphsarewhite,laterbecamedeepandsmooth,withlightredcompoundeyesandbeakstretcheduptothefourthabdominalsegment.Thefifthinstarnymphhasablackbrownheadandpurple-redcompoundeyes.[生活習(xí)性]

該蟲在海南世代重疊，無明顯的越冬休眠現(xiàn)象。成蟲產(chǎn)卵于葉背的葉肉組織內(nèi)，常集中成堆，每堆10-20?；蚋?，并有分泌紫色膠狀物覆蓋保護(hù)。蟲孵后棲葉背取食；成蟲則喜歡在蕉株頂部1-3片嫩葉葉背取食和產(chǎn)卵危害。[Habits]ThisinsectsinHainanareoverlapinggenerationsandnoobviousoverwinteringdormancyphenomen.Adultslayeggsinthemesophylltissueofthebackleaf.Theeggsareoftenconcentratedpiles,andeachpilehas10-20ormoretabletscoveredpurplejelly.Afterhatching,thelarvalfeedonthebackleaves,andadultspreferfeeding1-3tabletsleavesat