基礎(chǔ)英語(yǔ)2課件

IntroductionIntroductoryQuestions1.Dopeopleofdifferentcultureshavedifferentideasaboutwhatkindsoffoodareappropriatetoeat?Ifyes,pleasegivesomeexamples.2.Arefoodlikesanddislikesalwaysrelatedtonutrition?Why?3.WhatfoodsareconsideredtabooinChineseculture?4.WhatfoodsareconsideredtaboointheUnitedStates?5.Inwhatwaysarefoodandcultureconnected?6.Doyouagreewiththesaying“Whatisfoodtoone,istoothersbitterpoison”?Ifyes,canyougivesomeexamples?OutlineParas.

1-2Maintopic:Peoplefromdifferentcultureshavedifferentideasaboutthefood.Paras.

3-6Possiblecausesoffoodlikesanddislikesa.nutritionfoundinthefoodb.people'sdifferentappetitesc.tabooPara.

7Theconclusion:Anthropologistsbelievethatmostfoodlikesanddislikesarearesultofthewaysoflifeofdifferentpeople.Para2SomepeopleinAfricathinkAfricantermitesmakeadeliciousmeal.

Manyotherpeoplewouldprobablybesickiftheyhadtoeattermites,butonehundredgramsoftermitescontainmorethantwiceasmanycaloriesandalmosttwiceasmuchproteinasonehundredgramsofcookedhamburger.Para3However,foodlikesanddislikesdonotalwaysseemrelatedtonutrition.Forexample,broccoliisfirstonalistofthemostnutritiouscommonvegetables,butitistwenty-firstonalistofvegetablesthatAmericanslikemosttoeat.Tomatoesaresixteenthonthelistofthemostnutritiousvegetables,buttheyarefirstonthelistofvegetablesthatAmericanslikemosttoeat.Para4-1Butdislikeisnottheonlyreasonwhysomecultureswillnoteatacertainfood.Insomecultures,certainfoodsaretaboo.TabooisawordfromthelanguageoftheFijiIslandsthatisusedtodescribesomethingthatisforbidden.Somefoodsaretabooincertainreligions,buttherearealsootherfoodtaboosthatarenotconnectedtoareligion.Wedonotusuallythinkaboutwhycertainthingsaretabooinourculture.Wemaynotevenknowwhytheyaretaboo.Anthropologiststrytodiscoverthehiddenreasonsfortaboos.Para4-2Forexample,thesacredcowsofIndiaarewellknown.CowscangowherevertheywanttointhestreetsofIndia,andtheycaneatanythingtheywantfromthesuppliesofthefoodsellersonthestreet.Asaresult,thecowsareaproblem.However,nooneinIndiawillkillthemoreatthem.Itistabootodoso.Thiscustomseemsstrangetootherpeople,butanthropologistsbelievethattherearereasonsforit.Para5AnotherexampleisthatAmericansdonoteatdogs,althoughpeoplefromsomeotherculturesregardthemasgoodfood.IntheUnitedStates,dogsareveryimportanttopeopleaspets.Theyareusuallyregardedaspartofthefamily,almostlikeachildinsomecases.

Inaddition,dogshavevalueasprotectionagainstcriminals.Thieveswillnotusuallyenterahousewherethereisadogbecausethedogwillbarkandpossiblyattackastrangerwhoistryingtogetintoahouse.Apparently,thedog’splaceinsocietyasacompanionandasaprotectionagainstcriminalsmakesthedogtabooasfood.

Anthropologistsbelievethatmostfoodlikesanddislikesarearesultofthewaysoflifeofdifferentpeople.Somepeopleliveinareaswheretherearebothlargeanimalsandmanyinsects.Itisdifficultforthesepeopletokilllargeanimals,anditrequiresalotofenergy.Itiseasierforthemtouseinsectsforfoodbecauseitisnotdifficulttocatchinsectsanditdoesnotrequirealotofenergy.Nomadicpeoplewhomovearoundwillnotwanttokeeppigsforfood.Peoplewillnoteatpetssuchasdogs.Americanseatalotofbeefbecausethereisplentyoflandforraisingcattleandtheirmeatcanbeshippedcheaplyforlongdistancesbyrailroads.

Para7食品與文化第一段對(duì)于什么樣的食品好吃、什么樣的食品不好吃，我們都有自己的看法。因此，一種文化的人常常覺(jué)得來(lái)自另一種文化的人所吃的食物是令人討厭或令人惡心的。例如，著名拳擊手穆哈默德·阿里訪問(wèn)非洲的時(shí)候，他的一個(gè)隨行人員看到有人揀起一只蝴蝶就吃，感到很不舒服。許多人會(huì)覺(jué)得吃老鼠令人厭惡，可是有42種不同文化的人認(rèn)為老鼠是很好吃的食物。第二段非洲有些部族認(rèn)為非洲白蟻是一種佳肴，而許多其他部族的人如果真的要吃白蟻的話，就很可能感到惡心。但是，與100克燒熟的漢堡相比，100克白蟻所含的熱量是它的兩倍多，所含的蛋白質(zhì)也接近它的兩倍。第三段然而，對(duì)食物的好惡往往和營(yíng)養(yǎng)無(wú)關(guān)。例如，花椰菜在人們常吃的最富營(yíng)養(yǎng)的蔬菜中名列榜首，但是在美國(guó)人最喜歡吃的蔬菜中它名列第21位。在最有營(yíng)養(yǎng)的各種蔬菜中西紅柿居第16位，但在美國(guó)人最喜歡吃的蔬菜中它位居第一。第四段-1但是，不喜歡吃某種食物并不是具有某些文化的人不吃某種食物的唯一原因。在有些文化中，某些食物屬于禁忌（Taboo）范圍。Taboo是斐濟(jì)群島語(yǔ)言里的一個(gè)詞，用來(lái)指被禁止的東西。有些食物在某些宗教里是禁忌的，但是也有其他一些禁忌的食物與宗教無(wú)關(guān)。我們通常并不去想為什么某些東西在我們的文化里是禁忌的。我們甚至不會(huì)知道為什么它們是禁忌的。人類(lèi)學(xué)家設(shè)法想要找出禁忌的隱秘原因。第四段-3首先，農(nóng)民需要牛來(lái)幫助耕地，所以牛很寶貴。其次，牛糞可以肥田，因?yàn)樵谟《仍S多農(nóng)民沒(méi)錢(qián)買(mǎi)肥料。第三，牛糞曬干可以當(dāng)柴火。因此，殺牛吃肉的農(nóng)民很快會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)他們?cè)僖膊荒芨?、也不能用牛糞肥田，更沒(méi)有牛糞做柴火了。第五段另外一個(gè)例子是美國(guó)人不吃狗肉，盡管其他一些文化群體把狗肉當(dāng)成美食。在美國(guó)，狗作為寵物對(duì)人來(lái)說(shuō)是十分重要的。人們通常把狗當(dāng)作家庭的一分子，甚至有時(shí)當(dāng)成他們的一個(gè)孩子。此外，狗還有防范罪犯的價(jià)值，小偷通常不會(huì)進(jìn)入有狗的房子，因?yàn)楣窌?huì)叫，而且可能會(huì)攻擊想要進(jìn)入房子的陌生人。顯然，狗在社會(huì)上作為人類(lèi)伙伴和防范犯罪的衛(wèi)士這一地位使得吃狗肉成為一種禁忌。第七段人類(lèi)學(xué)家相信，對(duì)大多數(shù)食物的好惡都源于不同部族的生活方式。有些部族生活在既有大動(dòng)物又有許多小昆蟲(chóng)的地方，要他們?nèi)ネ罋⒋髣?dòng)物是困難的，這需要花很多力氣。用小昆蟲(chóng)當(dāng)食物對(duì)他們來(lái)說(shuō)就容易些，因?yàn)樽ダハx(chóng)并不難，也不需要花很大力氣。到處遷移的游牧部族不會(huì)為吃肉而養(yǎng)豬。人們不會(huì)把像狗那樣的寵物吃掉。美國(guó)人大量食用牛肉是因?yàn)樗麄冇凶銐虻耐恋貋?lái)養(yǎng)牛，而且牛肉可以通過(guò)鐵路廉價(jià)地長(zhǎng)途運(yùn)輸。Para1Weallhaveideasaboutwhatkindsoffoodsaregoodtoeat.Wealsohaveideasaboutwhatkindsoffoodsarebadtoeat.Asaresult,peoplefromonecultureoftenthinkthefoodsthatpeoplefromanothercultureeataredisgustingornauseating.WhenthefamousboxerMuhammadAlivisitedAfrica,forexample,onememberofhisgroupbecamequitesickwhenhesawsomeonepickupabutterflyandeatit.Manypeoplewouldfinditdisgustingtoeatrats,butthereareforty-twodifferentcultureswhosepeopleregardratsasappropriatefood.

boxern.apersonwhofights(someone)withthefists,esp.asasportPara1Weallhaveideasaboutwhatkindsoffoodsaregoodtoeat.Wealsohaveideasaboutwhatkindsoffoodsarebadtoeat.Asaresult,peoplefromonecultureoftenthinkthefoodsthatpeoplefromanothercultureeataredisgustingornauseating.WhenthefamousboxerMuhammadAlivisitedAfrica,forexample,onememberofhisgroupbecamequitesickwhenhesawsomeonepickupabutterflyandeatit.Manypeoplewouldfinditdisgustingtoeatrats,butthereareforty-twodifferentcultureswhosepeopleregardratsasappropriatefood.

butterflyn.atypeofinsectwithlargeoftenbrightlycoloredwings蝴蝶Para2SomepeopleinAfricathinkAfricantermitesmakeadeliciousmeal.

Manyotherpeoplewouldprobablybesickiftheyhadtoeattermites,butonehundredgramsoftermitescontainmorethantwiceasmanycaloriesandalmosttwiceasmuchproteinasonehundredgramsofcookedhamburger.termiten.asmallwhitetropicalinsectwhicheatswood

白蟻Para2SomepeopleinAfricathinkAfricantermitesmakeadeliciousmeal.

Manyotherpeoplewouldprobablybesickiftheyhadtoeattermites,butonehundredgramsoftermitescontainmorethantwiceasmanycaloriesandalmosttwiceasmuchproteinasonehundredgramsofcookedhamburger.hamburgern.aroundflatshapemadeofbeef,whichisfriedandeatenbetweentwohalvesofabreadroll

漢堡包，漢堡牛肉餅Para3However,foodlikesanddislikesdonotalwaysseemrelatedtonutrition.Forexample,broccoliisfirstonalistofthemostnutritiouscommonvegetables,butitistwenty-firstonalistofvegetablesthatAmericanslikemosttoeat.Tomatoesaresixteenthonthelistofthemostnutritiousvegetables,buttheyarefirstonthelistofvegetablesthatAmericanslikemosttoeat.broccolin.avegetablewithathickgreenstemandtree-likedarkgreentop

花椰菜Para3However,foodlikesanddislikesdonotalwaysseemrelatedtonutrition.Forexample,broccoliisfirstonalistofthemostnutritiouscommonvegetables,butitistwenty-firstonalistofvegetablesthatAmericanslikemosttoeat.Tomatoesaresixteenthonthelistofthemostnutritiousvegetables,buttheyarefirstonthelistofvegetablesthatAmericanslikemosttoeat.nutritionn.foodconsideredassomethingthatkeepsyouhealthynutritious

a.ofhighvalueasfoodPara4-1Butdislikeisnottheonlyreasonwhysomecultureswillnoteatacertainfood.Insomecultures,certainfoodsaretaboo.TabooisawordfromthelanguageoftheFijiIslandsthatisusedtodescribesomethingthatisforbidden.Somefoodsaretabooincertainreligions,buttherearealsootherfoodtaboosthatarenotconnectedtoareligion.Wedonotusuallythinkaboutwhycertainthingsaretabooinourculture.Wemaynotevenknowwhytheyaretaboo.Anthropologiststrytodiscoverthehiddenreasonsfortaboos.taboon.

anactionorwordavoidedforreligiousorsocialreasonsPara4-3First,cowsarevaluablebecausethefarmersneedthemtohelpplowtheirfields.Second,cowmanureisusedasafertilizeronthefields.InIndia,manyfarmerscannotaffordtospendmoneyonfertilizer.Third,thecowmanurecanbedriedandburnedtomakecookingfires.Therefore,farmersthatkilltheircowsformeatsoonfindthattheycannotploworfertilizetheirfieldsormakeacookingfire.plowv.todiglandwithalargefarmingtoolwithblades

犁(地),耕(地)Para4-3First,cowsarevaluablebecausethefarmersneedthemtohelpplowtheirfields.Second,cowmanureisusedasafertilizeronthefields.InIndia,manyfarmerscannotaffordtospendmoneyonfertilizer.Third,thecowmanurecanbedriedandburnedtomakecookingfires.Therefore,farmersthatkilltheircowsformeatsoonfindthattheycannotploworfertilizetheirfieldsormakeacookingfire.fertilizern.anaturalorchemicalsubstancewhichisspreadonthelandorgiventoplants,tomakeplantsgrowwell

肥料（天然或人造肥料）fertilize

v.tospreadanaturalorchemicalsubstanceonlandorplants,inordertomaketheplantsgrowwellPara5AnotherexampleisthatAmericansdonoteatdogs,althoughpeoplefromsomeotherculturesregardthemasgoodfood.IntheUnitedStates,dogsareveryimportanttopeopleaspets.Theyareusuallyregardedaspartofthefamily,almostlikeachildinsomecases.

Inaddition,dogshavevalueasprotectionagainstcriminals.Thieveswillnotusuallyenterahousewherethereisadogbecausethedogwillbarkandpossiblyattackastrangerwhoistryingtogetintoahouse.Apparently,thedog’splaceinsocietyasacompanionandasaprotectionagainstcriminalsmakesthedogtabooasfood.

criminaln.apersonwhocommitsacrimeorcrimesPara5AnotherexampleisthatAmericansdonoteatdogs,althoughpeoplefromsomeotherculturesregardthemasgoodfood.IntheUnitedStates,dogsareveryimportanttopeopleaspets.Theyareusuallyregardedaspartofthefamily,almostlikeachildinsomecases.

Inaddition,dogshavevalueasprotectionagainstcriminals.Thieveswillnotusuallyenterahousewherethereisadogbecausethedogwillbarkandpossiblyattackastrangerwhoistryingtogetintoahouse.Apparently,thedog’splaceinsocietyasacompanionandasaprotectionagainstcriminalsmakesthedogtabooasfood.

barkv.(ofadog)tomakealoudroughnoisePara6Thetabooagainsteatingporkoccursinmorethanoneculture.ThereissomeevidencethatsomeancientEgyptiansdidnoteatpork.TheancientIsraelitesalsoregardedporkastaboo.Oneexplanationforthepig-eatingtabooisthatporkthatisnotcookedsufficientlymayspreadadiseasecalledtrichinosis.However,mostpeoplenolongerthinkthatthisisagoodexplanationfortheporktaboo.explanationn.1.thereasonsyougiveforwhysomethinghappenedorwhyyoudidsomething2.astatementorpieceofwritingintendedtodescribehowsomethingworksormakesomethingeasiertounderstandAnthropologistsbelievethatmostfoodlikesanddislikesarearesultofthewaysoflifeofdifferentpeople.Somepeopleliveinareaswheretherearebothlargeanimalsandmanyinsects.Itisdifficultforthesepeopletokilllargeanimals,anditrequiresalotofenergy.Itiseasierforthemtouseinsectsforfoodbecauseitisnotdifficulttocatchinsectsanditdoesnotrequirealotofenergy.Nomadicpeoplewhomovearoundwillnotwanttokeeppigsforfood.Peoplewillnoteatpetssuchasdogs.Americanseatalotofbeefbecausethereisplentyoflandforraisingcattleandtheirmeatcanbeshippedcheaplyforlongdistancesbyrailroads.

Para7insectn.asmallcreaturethathassixlegs,andoftenhaswings昆蟲(chóng)Anthropologistsbelievethatmostfoodlikesanddislikesarearesultofthewaysoflifeofdifferentpeople.Somepeopleliveinareaswheretherearebothlargeanimalsandmanyinsects.Itisdifficultforthesepeopletokilllargeanimals,anditrequiresalotofenergy.Itiseasierforthemtouseinsectsforfoodbecauseitisnotdifficulttocatchinsectsanditdoesnotrequirealotofenergy.Nomadicpeoplewhomovearoundwillnotwanttokeeppigsforfood.Peoplewillnoteatpetssuchasdogs.Americanseatalotofbeefbecausethereisplentyoflandforraisingcattleandtheirmeatcanbeshippedcheaplyforlongdistancesbyrailroads.

Para7nomadica.movingfromplacetoplaceratherthanstayinginoneplace

游牧部落的，流浪的(line2)Asaresult,peoplefromonecultureoftenthinkthefoodsthatpeoplefromanothercultureeataredisgustingornauseating.––Becauseofthis,peoplefromoneculturemayfeelextremelyunpleasantandalmostsickbywhatpeopleeatfromanotherculture...asaresult(of):inconsequence(of)

e.g.

Theyrefusedtopaytherent.Asaresult,theywereturnedoutoftheirhouse.Hehasbeenabsentfromclassforaslongasthreemonths.Asaresult,heisnowunabletokeepupwiththerestoftheclass(line4)...onememberofhisgroupbecamequitesickwhenhesawsomeonepickupabutterflyandeatit.––...oneofthepersonsaccompanyingAliinhisvisittoAfricafeltverymuchdisgustedatseeingsomeonetakingupabutterflyandeatingit.pickup:totakeholdof(esp.somethingsmallorlight)andliftitupfromasurface;takeup

e.g.

Thelittleboypickedupastoneandthrewitatthewindow.Thedoctorpickedupherkitanddashedout ofthedoor. cf.

I’vegottopickthisroomupbeforetheguestsarrive.(arrangeorderly)Nowlet’sfigureoutwhosecarwillstoptopickusup.(takealonginacar,ship,etc.)Thehotelbusinessalwayspicksupinsummer.(getbetter;increaseinvolume)BobhasneverhadaFrenchteacher;hepickedthelanguageupbyhimself.(acquire;gain)(line4)...onememberofhisgroupbecamequitesickwhenhesawsomeonepickupabutterflyandeatit.

(line5)...butthereareforty-twodifferentcultureswhosepeopleregardratsasappropriatefood.––...butpeoplefromasmanyasforty-twodifferentculturesconsiderratstobesomethingpropertoeat.regard...as:tolookupon...as;consider...as;thinkof...as

e.g.

Sheisgenerallyregardedasoneofthebestwritersinthecountry.Theyjustregardedusaslittlekidswhocountfornothing.cf.

Weshouldn’tregardwhatispossibleasimpossible(+adj.)Onlythencanweregardourselvesashavingdoneourduty.(+v-ingphrase)Asforhimself,heregardeditasofverylittlevalue.(+prep.phrase)Wasteisregardedasacrime.(passive)(line5)...butthereareforty-twodifferentcultureswhosepeopleregardratsasappropriatefood.(line7)...Africantermitesmakeadeliciousmeal.––...Africantermitesare/become/serveasadeliciousmeal.make:tobeorbecome(something),esp.byhavingthenecessarycharacteristics

e.g.

Thatwillmakeagoodendingtothebook.Thehallwouldmakeagoodtheater.Hewouldmakeasuccessfulbusinessman.delicious:pleasingtothebody’ssenses,esp.oftasteorsmell

e.g.

Whatdeliciousfoodwe’vehad!What’sthatdelicioussmell?(line7)Manyotherpeoplewouldprobablybesickiftheyhadtoeattermites,...––Manyotherpeoplewouldbelikelytofeeldisgustediftheyhadtoeattermites,...besick:upsetinthestomachsoastowanttothrowupwhatisinit.

e.g.

Hewasviolentlysicklastnight;itmusthavebeensomethingheate.Somepeoplewouldbesickwhentheysawthebloodofananimal.cf.

Hewassickforweeksandmissedalotofwork.(=ill)(line10)However,foodlikesanddislikesdonotalwaysseemrelatedtonutrition.––Nevertheless,whetherakindoffoodisfavoredordisgusteddoesnotnecessarilyhaveanythingtodowithnutrition.berelatedto:tobeconnectedto;havesomethingtodowith e.g.Thefallinthecostoflivingisdirectlyrelatedtothedropintheoilprice.

cf.beconnectedto:tojoin;joinbytelephone

e.g.

Theislandsareconnectedbyasteamerservicetothemainland.Iwasagainconnectedtothewrongperson.(line10)However,foodlikesanddislikesdonotalwaysseemrelatedtonutrition.dislike:n.feelingofnotliking(somethingorsomeone)

e.g.

Ihaveadislikeof/forcats.Shetookasuddendisliketohim.Shespoketohimwithgreatdislike.v.nottolike;thinktobeunpleasant

e.g.

PersonallyIdislikebeingspokentolikethat.Hegothimselfmuchdislikedbecauseofhisbadmanners.(line15)...thatisusedtodescribesomethingthatisforbidden.––...thatisusedtodescribesomethingthatisnotallowed.forbid:toorder(esp.someone)nottodosth.;refusetoallow e.g.

Ifyourfatherhadknownit,hewouldhaveforbiddenyoutomarryhim.Smokingisstrictlyforbiddenhere.Entrancetotheplacewasthenforbiddentoallforeigners.(line19)CowscangowherevertheywanttointhestreetsofIndia,...––CowscangotoanyplacetheywanttointhestreetsofIndia,...whereverisusedtointroduceanadverbialclauseofplace.

e.g.

Takethisbaggageandhangitwhereveryoucanfindenoughspace.I’llstandwhereverIcanseetheparade.Shecarriesthechildwithherwherevershegoes.(line22)Itistabootodoso.––TokillthemoreatthemisagainstthereligiouscustominIndiaandthereforeitisnotallowedtodoso.(line26)InIndia,manyfarmerscannotaffordtospendmoneyonfertilizer.––InIndia,alotofpeasantsaretoopoortobuyfertilizer.afford:(usedwithcan,couldorbeableto)haveenoughmoneyortimefor

e.g.

Thankstothesuccessofthebusiness,wecanaffordanewcarthisyear.Ican’taffordthreeweeksawayfromwork.Theywalkedbecausetheycouldn’taffordataxi.(line26)InIndia,manyfarmerscannotaffordtospendmoneyonfertilizer.cf.

Thetop-floorwindowsaffordamagnificentviewofthewholecity.(give)Thesetreesaffordapleasantshade.Lifeaffordsnohigherpleasurethanconqueringdifficulties,movingfromonestepofsuccesstoanother.(line35)Theyareusuallyregardedaspartofthefamily,almostlikeachildinsomecases.––IntheUnitedStates,dogsareusuallyviewedasmembersofthefamilyandnearlyasachildincertaincircumstances.insomecases:incertaincircumstances

e.g.

Insomecasesgoodwishesalonewillnotwork.Wemustmakeaconcreteanalysisofconcreteconditionsinsomecases.

(line35)Theyareusuallyregardedaspartofthefamily,almostlikeachildinsomecases.cf.

inmostcases:onmostoccasions

e.g.

Inmostcases,savingsaccountsareoneofthesafestandmostreliablekindsofinvestment.Inmostcases,theytrytoavoidheatedargumentsduringconversations.inanycase:whateverhappens;anyhow

e.g.

Ishallbegoingthereinanycase.InanycaseIwouldinsistonyourbeingpaid.(line36)Inaddition,dogshavevalueasprotectionagainstcriminals.––What’smore,dogsarehelpfulenoughtobeprotectorsagainst