學(xué)術(shù)英語寫作Unit-8Results課件

學(xué)術(shù)英語寫作Unit-8.Results學(xué)術(shù)英語寫作Unit-8.Results學(xué)術(shù)英語寫作Unit-8.Results2學(xué)術(shù)英語寫作Unit-8.Results學(xué)術(shù)英語寫作Unit1Option1Option2Option3Option4ResultsorDataAnalysisResultsorDataAnalysisResultsandDiscussionResultsorDataAnalysisDiscussionDiscussionDiscussionandConclusion(s)Conclusion(s)Conclusion(s)2Option1Option2Option3OptionFunctionContentGrammarandWritingSkills33FunctionoftheResultsSectionThefunctionoftheResultssectionistopresenttheresults,inanorderlyandlogicalsequenceusingbothillustrativematerials(TablesandFigures)andtext.4FunctionoftheResultsSectioWhyisitnecessarytousetexttodescribetheresultssincedetaileddatausuallyappearintablesorfigures?Youmustcommunicateyourownunderstandingandinterpretationoftheresultstoyourreaders.5WhyisitnecessarytousetexWordshavesurprisingpower,andcanencouragepeopletoformstrongimpressions.Ascanbeseeninthefigure,thetwocurvesareverysimilar.Ascanbeseeninthefigure,thetwocurvesarenoticeablydifferent.6Wordshavesurprisingpower,aContentoftheResultsSectionThissectioncontainssomecommentsonwhatyoufoundorobservedratherthanjustadescriptionofyourfindingsandobservations.7ContentoftheResultsSectionIntheResultssection,donotjustpresentdata,butsummarizeandinterprettheirmeaningforthereaderbypresentingthemasresults.Onlydatathathavebeeninterpretedwillbemeaningfulforyourreaders.Dataarevaluesderivedfromscientificexperiments(concentration,absorbance,mean,percentincrease).Resultsinterpretdata(e.g.,“Absorbanceincreasedwhensampleswereincubatedat25℃insteadofat15℃).8IntheResultssection,donotExamplea)Heartratewas100beatsperminuteafterdigitaliswasadded(Fig.3).b)Heartrateincreasedto100beatsperminuteafterdigitaliswasadded(Fig.3)c)Heartrateincreasedfrom60to100beatsperminuteafterdigitaliswasadded(Fig.3).9Example9GrammarandWritingSkills1.Tensea)Presentsimpleb)Pastsimple10GrammarandWritingSkills1.Te1)ThevariationinthetemperatureofthesamplesovertimeisshowninFigure2.2)Figure2showsthevariationinthetemperatureofthesamplesovertime.3)AsFigure2shows,thetemperatureincreasedrapidly.(Thetemperatureincreasedrapidly,asshowninFigure2.)4)Thetemperatureincreasedrapidly(seeFigure2)111)Thevariationinthetemper5)Wefoundthatthepressureincreasedasthetemperaturerose,whichindicatedthattemperatureplayedasignificantroleintheprocess.6)Wefoundthatthepressureincreasesasthetemperaturerises,whichindicatesthattemperatureplaysasignificantroleintheprocess.125)Wefoundthatthepressu2.Vocabulary

a)Sequenceb)Frequencyc)Quantityd)Causality132.Vocabulary13a)SequenceTimesequencemeanshowlongeachsteptookandwhereitoccurredinthesequence.Youcannotuseonlythenornext.14a)Sequence14Atthebeginningthetemperaturewasstable,aspredicted.Thetemperatureincreasedto49℃andthendroppedto30℃.Thetemperatureincreasedto49℃butsoondroppedto30℃.Thetemperatureincreasedto49℃andlaterdroppedto30℃.Thetemperaturedroppedsharplywhenwereducedthepressure.Attheendtherewasanoticeabledropintemperature.15AtthebeginningthetemperatuThewordsandphrasesthatcommunicatesequencecanbedividedintoeightgroups.1)Thefirstgroupcontainswordsandphraseswhichrefertoeventsthatoccurredbeforeyoubeganyourexperiment/simulationorbeforeyoubeganobservingyourresults:Itwasapparentbeforehandthatareductionintemperaturewouldbeadesirableoutcome.16Thewordsandphrasesthatcom2)Thesecondgroupmarksthebeginningoftheexperiment/simulationorthefirstresultyouaredescribing:Atthebeginningthetemperaturewasstable,aspredicted.3)Thethirdgroupobtainswords/phraseswhichtellyoutheorderinwhicheventsoccurredbutdonotgiveanyinformationaboutthetimesequence:Thetemperatureincreasedto49℃andthendroppedto30℃.172)Thesecondgroupmarksthe4)Thefourthgroupisusedtocommunicatethattherewasashortperiodoftimebetweentwoevents:Thetemperatureincreasedto49℃butsoondroppedto30℃.5)

Thefifthgroupcommunicatesthattheperiodoftimebetweeneventswaslong,orthattheeventoccurredneartheendofthesequence:Thetemperatureincreasedto49℃andlaterdroppedto30℃.184)Thefourthgroupisusedto6)Thesixthgroupisextremelyusefulandimportant.Itcontainswordsandphrasesthatareusedtocommunicatethateventsoccurredatthesametimeoralmostatthesametime,orduringthesameperiod,andthereforetheitemsinthisgrouparesometimesusedtocommunicateapossiblecausalrelationshipbetweenevents:Thetemperaturedroppedsharplywhenwereducedthepressure.196)Thesixthgroupisextremel7)Theseventhgroupmarkstheendofthesequenceofevents:Attheendtherewasanoticeabledropintemperature.8)Thelastgroupreferstoeventsthatoccurredafteryoufinishedyourexperiment/simulationorafteryoufinishedobservingtheresults:Attheendtherewasanoticeabledropintemperaturebutitwasdecidedafterwardstoomititfromtheinputdata.207)Theseventhgroupmarkstheafterafterwardsasassoonasatfirstatthatpointatthebeginningattheendatthesametimeatthestartbeforehandbeforelongearliereventuallyfinallyfirstlyformerlyimmediatelyinadvanceinthebeginninginthemeantimeintheendinitiallyjustthenlastlylaterlateronmeanwhilenextoriginallypreviouslypriortosecondlyshortlyaftersimultaneouslysoonstraightawaysubsequentlythentobeginwithtostartwithtowardstheenduponwhenwhile21afterfirstlypreviously21b)FrequencyItisimportanttocommunicateclearlyhowoftenaparticulareventorresultoccurred.Notethatfrequencylanguageisoftenusedinasubjectiveway:ifsomethingissaidtooccurfrequently,thiscouldbeinrelationtohowoftenitwasexpectedtooccur.22b)FrequencyItisimportanttoAscanbeseeninFig.1,theeffectoccurredin23%ofcases.Theeffectwasseenfrequently.Theeffectwasseenoccasionally.23231).each/everytimewithoutexceptiononeach/everyoccasionalwaysinvariably2)habituallyasarulegenerallynormallyusually3)regularlyrepeatedly4)frequentlyoftencommonly5)moreoftenthannot6)asoftenasnot(neuralfrequency)7)sometimesonsomeoccasionsattimes8)occasionallynowandthenfromtimetotime9)rarelyseldominfrequently10)hardlyeverbarelyeveralmostneverscarcelyever11)onnooccasionnotonceatnotimenever241).each/everytime24c)QuantityQuantitylanguagecanbeusedtoreplacenumbers(many)oritcanbeusedtocommentonnumbers(asmanyas45).Youcandescribeyourresultsinnumbersorpercentagesbutthosenumbersorpercentagesarealreadyvisibletoyourreaderinthegraphortable:yourreaderneedstoknowwhatthenumberorquantitiesmeaninordertounderstandthem.25c)QuantityQuantitylanguagecForexample,ifthetableorgraphofyourresultsshowsthattheeffectyouwerelookingforoccurredin23%ofcases,youcancommunicatethisasastrongresult(inasmanyas23%ofcases)oraweakresult(inonly23%ofcases).AscanbeseeninFig.1,theeffectoccurredin23%ofcases.26Forexample,ifthetableorgThewordsandphrasesthatcommunicatequantitycanbedividedintofivegroups.1)Thefirstgroupcontainswordsandphraseswhichmakethesize/quantitylookbig:Aconsiderableamountofresidueremainedinthepipe.2)Thesecondgroupcontainswordsorphraseswhichmakethesize/quantitylooksmall:Barely23%oftheresidueremainedinthepipe.27Thewordsandphrasesthatcom3)Thethirdgroupisusedtoemphasizehowbig/small/high/lowthesize/quantityis:Theamountthatremainedwasevenhigher/evenlowerthanpredicted.4)Thefourthgroupisusedtocommunicatethatthesize/quantityissimilar/closetoanother.Almostall/Almosthalfoftheresidueremainedinthepipe.283)Thethirdgroupisusedto5)Thefifthgroupisusefulwhenyouneedtosaysomethingaboutquantitybutyoudonotwanttocommityourselftoaninterpretationofhowbigorsmallitwas:Someoftheresidueremainedinthepipe.295)Thefifthgroupisusefulwagreatdeal(of)afewalittleanumber(of)appreciableappreciably(high/lower)approximatelyasmanyasasfewasatleastbarelybelowbyfarclose(to)considerableconsiderably(high/lower)even(higher/lower)exceptionally(high/low)extremely(high/low)fairly(high/low)far(high/low)fewfewer(than)greater(than)hardlyinsomecasesjustjust(over/under)30agreatdeal(of)considerable3lesslittlemarginalmarginally(higher/lower)markedmarkedlymoderatemore(than)mostmuchnearlynegligiblenoticeablenoticeablynumerousonlyover(half/25%)particularlyplentypracticallyquitereasonablyrelativelysignificantlyslightsmallso(high/low)somesomewhatsubstantialsubstantiallytosomeextentunderupwardsofvirtuallywell(under/over)31lessnumeroussomewhat31d)Causality

Thissectionisdesignedtoprovideyouwithavarietyoflanguageoptionstorepresentyourunderstandingoftherelationshipbetweentheeventsyouobserved.Xproducedy.Xoriginatediny.Xislinkedtoy.32d)CausalityThissectionisSomeverbs/phrasescommunicateaclear/strongcausalconnection.cause,produce,bedueto

Somerefertoapartialcause.

beafactorin,contributeto33Someverbs/phrasescommunicateSomerefertotheinitialorfirstcauseinacausalchain.originateininitiateTherearealsoverbsandphraseswhichcommunicateaweakcausalconnection.berelatedtolink34Somerefertotheinitialorf(be)a/thecauseof(be)a/theconsequenceof(be)afactorin(be)a/theresultof(be)duetoaccompany/(be)accompaniedaccountfor/(be)accountedforaffect/(be)affectedarisefromascribeto/(be)ascribedtoassociate/(be)associatedattributeto/(be)attributedtobringabout/(be)broughtaboutcause/becausedbycomefromconnectto/(be)connectedtocontributecreate/(be)createdderive/(be)derivegiverisetogenerate/(be)generatedinfluence/(be)influencedinitiate/(be)initiatedlink/(be)linkedoriginateinproduce/(be)producedrelate/(be)relatedresultfromresultinstemfromyieldtrigger/(be)triggered35(be)a/thecauseofconnectto/Causalstatementssuchasxcausedyareriskybecausetheymaybedisprovedatalaterstage.1)toweakenthecausalverbxwaslinkedtoy.36Causalstatementssuchasxca2)toaddafrequencyqualifier:

xoftencausedy.xcommonlycausedy.xrarelycausedy.372)toaddafrequencyqualifie3)toaddaquantityqualifier:xcausedyinmanycases.xcausedyinsomecases/tosomeextent.xcausedyinvirtuallyallcases.383)toaddaquantityqualifier4)toaddamodalverb:xmayhavecausedy.xmighthavecausedy.394)toaddamodalverb:39Youcanusemorethanoneinasentence,dependingonhow‘weak’youwantyourclaimtobe—butbecareful;ifyouaddtoomany,thesentencemaynotmeanverymuchatall:Theevidencepointstothepossibilitythatinmanycases,xcancontributetocertaintypesofy.40YoucanusemorethanoneinaHerearesomeotherwaysofreducingyourriskandresponsibilityby“softening”acausalstatement:Itappearsthat…Itcan/maybeinferred/assumedthat…Itis(very/highly/extremely)probable/likelythat…Itis(widely/generally)acceptedthat…Itis/maybethought/recognized/believed/feltthatItis/may/canbeassumedthat…Itseems(very/highly)probable/likelythat…Itseems(likely)that…Itwouldseem/appearthat…41HerearesomeotherwaysofreTheevidencepointstothelikelihood/probabilitythat…Theevidencesuggeststhat…Thereisaclear/good/definitestrongpossibilitythat…Thereisevidencetoindicatethat…Thisimplies/seemstoimply/mayimplythat…Thereseemstobe/isatendencytoItisthought/said/recognizedthat42TheevidencepointstothelikFigure1:containscorresponds(to)demonstratesdisplaysillustrateslistspresentsprovidesreportsrepresentsrevealsshowssummarizes43Figure1:contains43謝謝觀賞謝謝觀賞44學(xué)術(shù)英語寫作Unit-8.Results學(xué)術(shù)英語寫作Unit-8.Results學(xué)術(shù)英語寫作Unit-8.Results2學(xué)術(shù)英語寫作Unit-8.Results學(xué)術(shù)英語寫作Unit45Option1Option2Option3Option4ResultsorDataAnalysisResultsorDataAnalysisResultsandDiscussionResultsorDataAnalysisDiscussionDiscussionDiscussionandConclusion(s)Conclusion(s)Conclusion(s)46Option1Option2Option3OptionFunctionContentGrammarandWritingSkills473FunctionoftheResultsSectionThefunctionoftheResultssectionistopresenttheresults,inanorderlyandlogicalsequenceusingbothillustrativematerials(TablesandFigures)andtext.48FunctionoftheResultsSectioWhyisitnecessarytousetexttodescribetheresultssincedetaileddatausuallyappearintablesorfigures?Youmustcommunicateyourownunderstandingandinterpretationoftheresultstoyourreaders.49WhyisitnecessarytousetexWordshavesurprisingpower,andcanencouragepeopletoformstrongimpressions.Ascanbeseeninthefigure,thetwocurvesareverysimilar.Ascanbeseeninthefigure,thetwocurvesarenoticeablydifferent.50Wordshavesurprisingpower,aContentoftheResultsSectionThissectioncontainssomecommentsonwhatyoufoundorobservedratherthanjustadescriptionofyourfindingsandobservations.51ContentoftheResultsSectionIntheResultssection,donotjustpresentdata,butsummarizeandinterprettheirmeaningforthereaderbypresentingthemasresults.Onlydatathathavebeeninterpretedwillbemeaningfulforyourreaders.Dataarevaluesderivedfromscientificexperiments(concentration,absorbance,mean,percentincrease).Resultsinterpretdata(e.g.,“Absorbanceincreasedwhensampleswereincubatedat25℃insteadofat15℃).52IntheResultssection,donotExamplea)Heartratewas100beatsperminuteafterdigitaliswasadded(Fig.3).b)Heartrateincreasedto100beatsperminuteafterdigitaliswasadded(Fig.3)c)Heartrateincreasedfrom60to100beatsperminuteafterdigitaliswasadded(Fig.3).53Example9GrammarandWritingSkills1.Tensea)Presentsimpleb)Pastsimple54GrammarandWritingSkills1.Te1)ThevariationinthetemperatureofthesamplesovertimeisshowninFigure2.2)Figure2showsthevariationinthetemperatureofthesamplesovertime.3)AsFigure2shows,thetemperatureincreasedrapidly.(Thetemperatureincreasedrapidly,asshowninFigure2.)4)Thetemperatureincreasedrapidly(seeFigure2)551)Thevariationinthetemper5)Wefoundthatthepressureincreasedasthetemperaturerose,whichindicatedthattemperatureplayedasignificantroleintheprocess.6)Wefoundthatthepressureincreasesasthetemperaturerises,whichindicatesthattemperatureplaysasignificantroleintheprocess.565)Wefoundthatthepressu2.Vocabulary

a)Sequenceb)Frequencyc)Quantityd)Causality572.Vocabulary13a)SequenceTimesequencemeanshowlongeachsteptookandwhereitoccurredinthesequence.Youcannotuseonlythenornext.58a)Sequence14Atthebeginningthetemperaturewasstable,aspredicted.Thetemperatureincreasedto49℃andthendroppedto30℃.Thetemperatureincreasedto49℃butsoondroppedto30℃.Thetemperatureincreasedto49℃andlaterdroppedto30℃.Thetemperaturedroppedsharplywhenwereducedthepressure.Attheendtherewasanoticeabledropintemperature.59AtthebeginningthetemperatuThewordsandphrasesthatcommunicatesequencecanbedividedintoeightgroups.1)Thefirstgroupcontainswordsandphraseswhichrefertoeventsthatoccurredbeforeyoubeganyourexperiment/simulationorbeforeyoubeganobservingyourresults:Itwasapparentbeforehandthatareductionintemperaturewouldbeadesirableoutcome.60Thewordsandphrasesthatcom2)Thesecondgroupmarksthebeginningoftheexperiment/simulationorthefirstresultyouaredescribing:Atthebeginningthetemperaturewasstable,aspredicted.3)Thethirdgroupobtainswords/phraseswhichtellyoutheorderinwhicheventsoccurredbutdonotgiveanyinformationaboutthetimesequence:Thetemperatureincreasedto49℃andthendroppedto30℃.612)Thesecondgroupmarksthe4)Thefourthgroupisusedtocommunicatethattherewasashortperiodoftimebetweentwoevents:Thetemperatureincreasedto49℃butsoondroppedto30℃.5)

Thefifthgroupcommunicatesthattheperiodoftimebetweeneventswaslong,orthattheeventoccurredneartheendofthesequence:Thetemperatureincreasedto49℃andlaterdroppedto30℃.624)Thefourthgroupisusedto6)Thesixthgroupisextremelyusefulandimportant.Itcontainswordsandphrasesthatareusedtocommunicatethateventsoccurredatthesametimeoralmostatthesametime,orduringthesameperiod,andthereforetheitemsinthisgrouparesometimesusedtocommunicateapossiblecausalrelationshipbetweenevents:Thetemperaturedroppedsharplywhenwereducedthepressure.636)Thesixthgroupisextremel7)Theseventhgroupmarkstheendofthesequenceofevents:Attheendtherewasanoticeabledropintemperature.8)Thelastgroupreferstoeventsthatoccurredafteryoufinishedyourexperiment/simulationorafteryoufinishedobservingtheresults:Attheendtherewasanoticeabledropintemperaturebutitwasdecidedafterwardstoomititfromtheinputdata.647)Theseventhgroupmarkstheafterafterwardsasassoonasatfirstatthatpointatthebeginningattheendatthesametimeatthestartbeforehandbeforelongearliereventuallyfinallyfirstlyformerlyimmediatelyinadvanceinthebeginninginthemeantimeintheendinitiallyjustthenlastlylaterlateronmeanwhilenextoriginallypreviouslypriortosecondlyshortlyaftersimultaneouslysoonstraightawaysubsequentlythentobeginwithtostartwithtowardstheenduponwhenwhile65afterfirstlypreviously21b)FrequencyItisimportanttocommunicateclearlyhowoftenaparticulareventorresultoccurred.Notethatfrequencylanguageisoftenusedinasubjectiveway:ifsomethingissaidtooccurfrequently,thiscouldbeinrelationtohowoftenitwasexpectedtooccur.66b)FrequencyItisimportanttoAscanbeseeninFig.1,theeffectoccurredin23%ofcases.Theeffectwasseenfrequently.Theeffectwasseenoccasionally.67231).each/everytimewithoutexceptiononeach/everyoccasionalwaysinvariably2)habituallyasarulegenerallynormallyusually3)regularlyrepeatedly4)frequentlyoftencommonly5)moreoftenthannot6)asoftenasnot(neuralfrequency)7)sometimesonsomeoccasionsattimes8)occasionallynowandthenfromtimetotime9)rarelyseldominfrequently10)hardlyeverbarelyeveralmostneverscarcelyever11)onnooccasionnotonceatnotimenever681).each/everytime24c)QuantityQuantitylanguagecanbeusedtoreplacenumbers(many)oritcanbeusedtocommentonnumbers(asmanyas45).Youcandescribeyourresultsinnumbersorpercentagesbutthosenumbersorpercentagesarealreadyvisibletoyourreaderinthegraphortable:yourreaderneedstoknowwhatthenumberorquantitiesmeaninordertounderstandthem.69c)QuantityQuantitylanguagecForexample,ifthetableorgraphofyourresultsshowsthattheeffectyouwerelookingforoccurredin23%ofcases,youcancommunicatethisasastrongresult(inasmanyas23%ofcases)oraweakresult(inonly23%ofcases).AscanbeseeninFig.1,theeffectoccurredin23%ofcases.70Forexample,ifthetableorgThewordsandphrasesthatcommunicatequantitycanbedividedintofivegroups.1)Thefirstgroupcontainswordsandphraseswhichmakethesize/quantitylookbig:Aconsiderableamountofresidueremainedinthepipe.2)Thesecondgroupcontainswordsorphraseswhichmakethesize/quantitylooksmall:Barely23%oftheresidueremainedinthepipe.71Thewordsandphrasesthatcom3)Thethirdgroupisusedtoemphasizehowbig/small/high/lowthesize/quantityis:Theamountthatremainedwasevenhigher/evenlowerthanpredicted.4)Thefourthgroupisusedtocommunicatethatthesize/quantityissimilar/closetoanother.Almostall/Almosthalfoftheresidueremainedinthepipe.723)Thethirdgroupisusedto5)Thefifthgroupisusefulwhenyouneedtosaysomethingaboutquantitybutyoudonotwanttocommityourselftoaninterpretationofhowbigorsmallitwas:Someoftheresidueremainedinthepipe.735)Thefifthgroupisusefulwagreatdeal(of)afewalittleanumber(of)appreciableappreciably(high/lower)approximatelyasmanyasasfewasatleastbarelybelowbyfarclose(to)considerableconsiderably(high/lower)even(higher/lower)exceptionally(high/low)extremely(high/low)fairly(high/low)far(high/low)fewfewer(than)greater(than)hardlyinsomecasesjustjust(over/under)74agreatdeal(of)considerable3lesslittlemarginalmarginally(higher/lower)markedmarkedlymoderatemore(than)mostmuchnearlynegligiblenoticeablenoticeablynumerousonlyover(half/25%)particularlyplentypracticallyquitereasonablyrelativelysignificantlyslightsmallso(high/low)somesomewhatsubstantialsubstantiallytosomeextentunderupwardsofvirtuallywell(under/over)75lessnumeroussomewhat31d)Causality

Thissectionisdesignedtoprovideyouwithavarietyoflanguageoptionstorepresentyourunderstandingoftherelationshipbetweentheeventsyouobserved.Xproducedy.Xoriginatediny.Xislinkedtoy.76d)CausalityThissectionisSomeverbs/phrasescommunicateaclear/strongcausalconnection.cause,produce,bedueto

Somerefertoapartialcause.

beafactorin,contributeto77Someverbs/phrasescommunicateSomerefertotheinitialorfirstcauseinacausalchain.originateininitiateTherearealsoverbsandphraseswhichcommunicateaweakcausalconnection.berelatedtolink78Somerefertotheinitialorf(be)a/thecauseof(be)a/theconsequenceof(be)a